Number System? 1.2.2 RinaTy Ae fase of tinary number syste epee O stands for OFF state 3 1 wh J gerstandsonly binary numbers) siféary Bit 71 Every inimeisey fed Sa octal number aystern ie ete eh 4.2.3 Octal Number System Son number system has only eight (6) digi Gand 7 in this number system. The 4.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System [A Hexadecimal number system has sixteon ric values from 0 to 9 and A (16) alphanumer swith to F Every number (value) represents 1,2.3.4,5,6,7,8,9,4.B, C.D, Eand Fin umber system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because ithas 16 alphanumeric values. Here Ais 10, 1. Cis 12, Dis 13, Eis 14and Fis 15, o, t Bist 4.3 Conversion From Decimal To Binary And Vice Versa 4.3.1 Convert Decimal To Binary the given decimal number is divided repeat Pestedly by 2 sna fom decimal to binary, wa get 0 a2 the final quotient JThe following steps are consi eA pen dantuns stared a, Go convert numbers fr ows the procedure of conversion) remainders are noted down till decimal to binary formula that 5 ‘ Stop 1: Divide the given decimal number by 2 and note down the remainder. | Step: ove divide the obtained quotient by 2, and note the remainder again eee e neaboue steps untilyougetoasthe quotient | Step 4: Now, write the remainders in such a way that the last remainder is written first, fol inthe reverse order. + followed bythe Step 5: This can also be understood in another way which states that the Least Significant Digit {USD} nat the bottom, (SD) of the binary number is at the top and the Most ue of the given decimal number Significant Di ‘This number is the binary valor Systom umber S¥ aample 1 ooh 20),,t0 binary number se decinal nuMbOF 3D is oxpee "form in the mse 05 (30).. = (144 following vany 10), te exampl an convert (545). toa binary number form i wees "number form in the following way ts0 Answer: 1000100001 {{3I— =a Info-bit: In all numbe Eo power zero is 4 ymple:2°=1, 8 10%=1. 161. Miso 4.3.2 BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION ‘The steps to Convert binary to decimal are as follows: stop 1: Multiply cach digit starting from the rightmost digit by the powers of 2. Here, we start with 20 and increase the exponentby 1 as we move onto the lelt ecto. step 2: The sum of all these values obtained for each digit gives the equivalent value of the given binary number in the decimal system.=— Number System. Example We can convert 10101 binary numb The binary number 10101 js expressod as (10101), = O29 OK 294 1 x24 (OXDIAC ZI) Thus, the binary number 10101 is expressed as (2 1) a: th as | most common? Example 3: ; Vue number systam 2 eseq (101101}:in decimals: TURZ OR 214241 2202+ TAD? Eman having five finge, °8 7 1x3240x164 Inde ted-sonze tel [ onchhand, ancitenintarsh Example 4: (110000001 11001). in decimal is of ofa jaw, tiitoflofofofolo[i1|3 3 ot — 33 {| 12 [ 11 | a0 [9 |e [7] 6] 5 | 4 aa ee 4x2 1x2 | ox281 | ox2%® | O52" | ox2* | ona” | onat | ax2é | avz® | 1x2? | on Fs E scars sisziaos| o [oo | ofololol}ziwlele on =8192+4096+32+16+8 +1 #12345 1.4 Decimal To Octal Conversion The steps to convert decimal to octal are as follows: | S21: Divide the given decimal number by 8 and note down the remainder. Step 2: Now, divide the obtained quotient by 8, and note the remainder again. Step 3: Repeat the above steps until you get Oas the quotient. in the reverse order. Example - Example 2: (12345)rcm . poe . Remainder - Remainder 8/ 12345 8 473 tsp sts ye 3| 59 1 8] 192 7 8 7 t 8 24 0 z 7 : = o Msp o 3 MSD Answer (30071), Answer (731) -Number System DIGITAL-ERA 1.3.1 Octal To Decimal Conversion crops to eONVENT : Wwe fom Bctal to decinval are mectal number only uses digits tom 0 te 7, ave first arrange the ectal number with the power Me evaluate all the power of 8 values sue step ainwmber 80%s 1, 81 is 8, ete., and write down the value of each step $: Ones the values obtained, we multiply each number, gop de inalstop is toadd the product of all the umbers to obtain the decimal number. Enample 1. Octal Number (3007198 into decing Se abtain the decimal numb atwillbe 3 0 7 = = 3 2 2 3°8* | o*gs oa? | 7 =g1 12288 | o 0 6 | ome Result=12288+0+0+5641=12345 Decimal Number is; (12345),, Example 2: Octal Number (140), into decimal will be: 4.6 Decimal To Hexadecimal Conversion The steps to convert decimal to hexadecimal aro as fellows. step 1: Divide the given decimal number by 16 and note down the remainder. step 2: Now, divide the obtained quotient by 16, and note the remainder again step 3: Repeat the above steps until you get 0 as the quotient step 4: Now, write the remainders in such 9 way that the ecim: ar s140 Inst remainder is written first, 0404 = (90.0 followed by the rest in the reverse order. Remainder Example 1: 16 | 12345 Convert (12345)0=(__}w qi laa oe Hoxadecimal Number is (3039)1« 16 | 48 3 16 0 3 uso i re ‘ AlNumber System Example 2: Convert (725)=( dee Hexadecimal Number is (2D5) por 16. TO CORVErE a auc 1.6.1 Hexadecimal To Decimal Conversion jing the base num The conversion of hexadecimal to decimal is done by ¥5'"9 decimal form ‘eacecimal to decimal inhexedecir™ i hevad to decimal form: number in hexa in order starting from the, Step 1: Write the decimal equivalentofeach digitoftheMU MPT gs 16, ‘Step 2: Multiply the digits from right to loft with exponent mostdigit Step 3: Then add all the products. The resultant sum i The hexadecimal digit is expanded to multiply each the right moving forward towards the right withthe increas multiplied numbers are added. Example 1: ‘Convert hexadecimal number (25), to its decimal form. (25),,=2* 169+5% 16" 25 1625%1 imal system. erin the dec pe ewer of 16. THE POWST Starts arog, rpor the conversion te Compe, fs the num digit with the Ps ein powe! =32+5 =37 Therefore, (25), = (37h eve Example 2: 2 D (13) Ss Hexadecimal Numberis:(205)16 2 1 Qt Pestions lve Result wag? | aarie* [sea6? yuiae =512420845 216? | 2: ae =725 512 208 5 Decimal Numbers: (725) 1.7 Binary Arithmetic The fundamental aspects of binary arithmetic are binary addition, binary subtraction, binary multiplication, and binary division. Binary arithmetic operations use specific rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division using ‘0's and'1"s. 1.7.1 Binary Addition Binary addition is the process of adding two binary numbers together. The rules for binary addition are as follows: mesumber System (se DIoHrAL-ERA example 2: (agate + (11002 tnfo-bit: The carry ie abit thats ara carried over to the next column. For example: in binary system while solving the Addition problem: 11+ 11'= 110, there a carry of 7 in the first column. This means that 11 411 is equal to 110 in binary, oF 6 in fecimal. gnother. The rules for binary subtraction are a example 1: subtract (101) from (1001). s follows: .7.3 Binary Multiplication inary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication, but with some important differences. For xample, there are no carrying or berrowing involved in binary multiplication.Number System Example 1: (osx (101) = a= isalectate esas [se] GH t0 ott are x Answer 110111 Soa sing the binary multiplication rules, multiply (110): and (11) 1 1.7.4 Binary Di Binary division is similar to decimal division, but with some important 10 teeta differences. For example, there are no remainders involved in binary division. Example 1: Solve using the long division method: 10010 = 11. Solution: . 110 quotient ©), tL 11 PIDOTS J e9i —1 —"1i 2 (25h0 (hk 11 uy (10111)2 x (1011)> a1 0b M1100 / 1110 00 Remainder 00 100 Quotient Divide (1100 by(a1}e 14/2200 O Remainder 1.8 Applications of Binary Arithmetic Binary arithmetic is the foundation of the digital world, playing a erucial role in various applications such 4.€omputers- At the heart of every computer lies the central processing unit (CPU), which perform, calculations and processes information using binary arithmeti¢) Each instruction, data, and mem address is represented by a sequence of Os and 1s. The CPU performs arithmetic operations lke addon subtraction, multiplication, and division on these binary numbers to execute programs and genary aus ¥-a-3 Wows 2(Digital Electronics- Digital circuits, she building blocks of electronic devices like smartphones, tables and embedded systems, rely on binary logis) Transistors, the fundamental components of these cireviz can be either ON (representing 1) or OFF (representing 0). By manipulating these ON/OFF states, digia Circuits perform various functions like signal processing, data transmission, and control operations based on binary arithmetic les. iNumber System DDIGITAL-ERA 3. Qata Communications: In the digital 2 Bate Communintion: nthe sala, nfvmntion tant th fo of inary data cot rls and cornmunicavon channel) Ta dat cou btn, ng, ai, vie or ony other Sige format, Binoy archaic poe al in mcaxing, aaingy ad cong he Gata during transmission. on ecglges ed or ay esc oer eines 20-3 oann us 4(Cryptography - ography i wv 4(copptosraphy. Crptography i technique code tho date such iat th coded dot only seen ana accessed by the person for whom it sen) Cryptography nur for secuyn our ih wat Se Dctras coc ctancncea em ceem ton scons Smarr seine = Summary Number systems are the techniques to represent numbersin the computer system architecture: ABinary number system has only two digits that are0 and 1 (Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0to7 Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeri the given decimal number is divide icvalues from 0to9 and Ato F. « Toconvert numbers from decimal to binary, .d repeatedly by 2 and the remainders are noted down till we get as the final quotient. 1al multiplication, but with some important differences: xample, Binary multiplications similar to de ‘al division, but with some important differences. For © Binary division is similar to decim there are no remainders involved in binary division. Binary arithmetic is the foundation of the digital world, playing & crucial role in various applications Ike in computers, Digital electronics, Data communication, ‘Cryptography etc.