International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942

Designing for Accessibility: Creating Inclusive

Spaces in Architecture
Ar. Vikram Singh1, Ar. Saurabh Saxena2
1
Associate Professor Cum Head of Department, ITM School of Architecture & Town Planning, Bakshi Ka Talab, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,
India
2
Assistant Professor, School of Architecture & Planning, B. B. D. University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract: This comprehensive study delves into the vital issue of designing for accessibility, focusing on the creation of inclusive
spaces in architecture within the context of India. It begins by exploring the background of architectural design in India, considering
the nation's rich history and its diverse, multifaceted cultural context. The article then presents an overview of the concept of
accessibility in architecture, underlining its importance in accommodating India's diverse population, particularly given the
demographics highlighted by the 2011 Census data. The necessity of inclusive spaces is underscored, considering India's ratification of
the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) and the obligations it entails. This leads to an
exploration of the principles of universal design and various architectural features that enhance accessibility, as well as the role of
technology in promoting accessibility. Case studies of the Arushi Centre, the National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH), and The
Bhavan provide practical examples of successful implementation of accessible design. Each case study examines the background of the
institution, the architectural features that enhance accessibility, and the impacts these have had on the community and individuals with
disabilities. The article concludes by discussing the challenges and opportunities in promoting accessible design in India, with emphasis
on potential solutions and the crucial roles of legislation, awareness, and technical expertise. It asserts that despite the complexities and
challenges, the pursuit of universally accessible design is both a moral imperative and a legal obligation, which can ultimately benefit
all members of society. Finally, it calls for a collective strive towards a vision of architecture that respects and celebrates diversity,
promotes equality, and enhances the quality of life for everyone.

Keywords: Accessibility, Inclusive Spaces, Architecture, Universal Design, Disability Rights, UNCRPD (United Nations Convention on
the Rights of Persons with Disabilities), Community Impact, Legislation, Awareness, Quality of Life, Cultural Diversity

1. Introduction Given this context, the role of architects and urban planners
becomes crucial. They are tasked with envisioning and
Architecture is more than just the design of buildings. It creating spaces that accommodate the diverse needs of the
involves the creation of spaces that define our interaction Indian population, taking into account the varying abilities
with the built environment, shaping our experiences and and requirements of individuals. This is no small task. It
influencing our daily lives. The significance of architecture involves comprehensive understanding, innovative thinking,
expands beyond aesthetic appeal, extending into the realms and meticulous planning. It necessitates the integration of
of social inclusion, accessibility, and sustainability. It is not accessibility features in the design process from the outset,
merely about constructing buildings; it is about building rather than as afterthoughts or additions. In the journey
societies. towards creating inclusive spaces in architecture, India has
seen both challenges and triumphs. There are instances of
In a country as diverse as India, the importance of designing architectural designs that fall short of accessibility standards,
for accessibility in architecture cannot be overstated. With a presenting barriers to people with disabilities. However,
population exceeding 1.3 billion and a significant proportion there are also shining examples of inclusive design, where
of individuals living with disabilities, the need for inclusive architects have successfully integrated accessibility features
spaces is pressing. "Accessibility" in architectural design into their projects, creating spaces that are welcoming and
refers to the creation of environments that can be usable by all. These instances offer valuable lessons and
experienced and navigated by all, irrespective of their age, insights for future endeavours in this domain.
gender, disability status, or other factors. It encompasses the
principles of universal design, aiming to eliminate barriers In this article, we delve into the concept of accessible design
that could potentially exclude individuals, thereby in India, its significance, the challenges faced, and its
promoting inclusivity and social integration. However, successful realisations in the form of case studies. We
accessibility in architecture is not just a social requirement; discuss the principles of universal design and their
it is a legal and ethical imperative. The United Nations application in the Indian context. Through this exploration,
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities we aim to underscore the importance of designing for
(UNCRPD), which India ratified in 2007, underscores the accessibility, catalysing conversations and actions towards
rights of persons with disabilities to access physical creating more inclusive spaces in architecture in India.
environments, transportation, information, and
communications on an equal basis with others. This mandate 1.1 Background of Architectural Design in India
has far - reaching implications for architectural design,
necessitating a shift from the traditional design paradigm to India boasts a rich architectural heritage, stretching back
one that foregrounds accessibility and inclusivity. several millennia. The country's architectural history is

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Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1255
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
marked by a fascinating tapestry of influences, resulting cognitive abilities, to effectively use and experience the built
from its diverse cultural traditions, ancient civilizations, and environment. It involves creating spaces that are not only
a series of invasions and colonial rule. Each epoch has left physically accessible but also promote a sense of belonging
indelible imprints on the landscape, contributing to the and inclusivity.
architectural diversity and complexity that India is known
for today. Accessibility in architectural design is fundamentally about
understanding and responding to the diverse needs and
The ancient period witnessed the birth of the Indus Valley abilities of all users. This includes not just people with
civilization, one of the world's oldest urban civilizations, disabilities, but also the elderly, children, pregnant women,
where planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro and individuals with temporary impairments, among others.
demonstrated advanced urban architecture with roads, It's a recognition that the spectrum of human abilities is vast
drainage systems, and multi - story brick houses. The and varied, and that the built environment should reflect this
Mauryan architecture brought about the use of stone in diversity.
constructing structures, a practice exemplified in the Ashoka
Pillars. The principle underlying accessible design is 'universal
design, ' a term coined by architect Ronald Mace. Universal
The medieval period of Indian architecture was marked by design is the concept of designing products and
the influence of Islamic dynasties. Monumental structures environments to be usable by all people to the greatest extent
such as forts, palaces, mosques, and tombs, characterized by possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized
intricate carvings and geometric patterns, were developed design. It encompasses seven key principles:
during this period. Notable examples include the Qutub 1) Equitable Use: The design is useful and marketable to
Minar in Delhi, Humayun's Tomb, and the world - renowned people with diverse abilities.
Taj Mahal, which is a testament to the Mughal architectural 2) Flexibility in Use: The design accommodates a wide
prowess. range of individual preferences and abilities.
3) Simple and Intuitive Use: The design is easy to
The colonial era introduced European styles into Indian understand, regardless of the user's experience,
architecture. Structures from this period reflect a fusion of knowledge, language skills, or current concentration
Indian and Western architectural styles, with Gothic, level.
Victorian, and Art Deco influences prevalent. Significant 4) Perceptible Information: The design communicates
buildings from this period include the Victoria Terminus and necessary information effectively to the user, regardless
the Gateway of India in Mumbai, and the India Gate and of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.
Rashtrapati Bhawan in Delhi. 5) Tolerance for Error: The design minimizes hazards and
the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended
Post - independence, modern Indian architecture sought to actions.
develop an Indian identity while responding to global 6) Low Physical Effort: The design can be used efficiently
architectural trends. Architects like Le Corbusier, with his and comfortably with a minimum of fatigue.
design of Chandigarh, and Louis Kahn, with the Indian 7) Size and Space for Approach and Use: Appropriate size
Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, played significant and space is provided for approach, reach,
roles in shaping modern Indian architecture. manipulation, and use, regardless of the user's body
size, posture, or mobility.
In recent times, contemporary Indian architecture seeks to
balance tradition with modernity, local with global, and In architecture, these principles translate into various design
aesthetics with sustainability. Renowned architect B. V. elements such as ramps and elevators for people with
Doshi, the first Indian Pritzker laureate, exemplifies this mobility issues, tactile paving and Braille signage for the
balance in his work, which harmonizes Indian culture and visually impaired, visual alarms for the hearing impaired,
traditions with modern design principles. and clear, intuitive signage for everyone, among others. The
goal is to create a built environment that can be navigated
While the historical narrative of Indian architecture is well - independently and confidently by all users.
documented and celebrated, the country's approach to
accessibility in design has been relatively recent. It is only in However, accessibility in architecture is not just about
the past few decades that accessibility and inclusivity have physical design elements. It also involves a commitment to
started receiving the attention they deserve in architectural social inclusion and a recognition of the right of all
discourse and practice in India. Despite legal mandates and individuals to participate fully in society. This commitment
growing awareness, the journey towards fully accessible and should be reflected not just in the design of individual
inclusive architecture in India is still ongoing, presenting buildings but also in the planning of cities and public spaces.
both challenges and opportunities for architects, urban In essence, designing for accessibility is about creating a
planners, and policymakers. society where everyone, regardless of their abilities, has an
equal opportunity to live, work, and play.
1.2 Overview of the Concept of Accessibility in
Architecture

In its broadest sense, accessibility in architecture refers to

the ability for all people, regardless of their physical or

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1256
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
1.3 The Importance of Accessibility in India's Diverse equitable and inclusive society, where everyone has the
Population opportunity to live, work, and play.

India is a country of incredible diversity, home to over 1.3 2. The Imperative of Accessibility
billion people representing a wide array of ethnicities,
religions, languages, and socio - economic backgrounds. The principle of accessibility, particularly in architectural
This diversity also extends to the physical and cognitive design, transcends mere convenience. It forms the bedrock
abilities of India's population, with over 26.8 million people of an inclusive, equitable society, setting the tone for social
identified as having a disability according to the 2011 integration and communal harmony. In a country as diverse
Census of India. These numbers, combined with the and populous as India, the significance of accessibility
country's rapidly ageing population, underscore the critical cannot be overstated. This chapter explores the compelling
importance of designing for accessibility in India. need for inclusive spaces in India, guided by the country's
demographic data and international commitments.
Inclusive and accessible design is not just about catering to
people with disabilities. It also encompasses the needs of the 2.1 Overview of the Demographic Data (Census 2011)
elderly, children, pregnant women, and individuals with
temporary impairments. It is about ensuring that all citizens, To fully appreciate the importance of accessibility in India,
regardless of their physical or cognitive abilities, have the one must first understand the country's demographic
opportunity to participate fully in society. This is landscape. According to the 2011 Census of India, the
particularly relevant in a country like India, where societal country is home to over 26.8 million people with disabilities,
participation is often hindered by barriers in the built representing about 2.21% of the total population. These
environment. disabilities range from visual and hearing impairments to
locomotor disabilities and mental illness.
The principles of universal design, which form the
foundation of accessible architecture, are particularly However, this number only represents individuals who self -
applicable in the Indian context. These principles advocate identified as having a disability during the census process.
for the creation of environments that are usable by all people Many experts argue that the actual number of people with
to the greatest extent possible, without the need for disabilities in India is likely much higher due to under -
adaptation or specialized design. In a country with such a reporting and the stigma associated with disabilities in many
diverse population, the implementation of these principles communities. Estimates from the World Bank suggest that
can help ensure that everyone, regardless of their abilities, up to 8 - 10% of the population, or approximately 90 - 120
can navigate the built environment independently and million people, might be living with some form of disability.
confidently. Furthermore, the census data also indicates a growing
population of elderly individuals in India. The number of
Accessible design in architecture can contribute significantly people aged 60 and over has increased significantly in recent
to the social, economic, and personal empowerment of years, reaching nearly 104 million in 2011. By 2050, this
individuals with disabilities and other marginalized groups number is projected to rise to about 319 million, comprising
in India. By removing barriers in the built environment, we nearly 20% of the total population.
can enable these individuals to access education,
employment, healthcare, and other essential services,
thereby enhancing their quality of life and societal
participation.

Furthermore, accessible design can also benefit society as a

whole. In addition to promoting inclusivity and social
justice, it can also contribute to economic growth by
enabling more people to participate in the workforce and
access consumer goods and services.

However, despite its importance, the implementation of

accessible design principles in India's built environment
remains a significant challenge. This is due to a variety of
factors, including lack of awareness, inadequate legislation,
and insufficient technical expertise. Overcoming these
challenges will require concerted efforts from architects,
urban planners, policymakers, and society as a whole. This segment of the population often faces mobility and
health issues that can make it challenging to navigate the
In last, the importance of designing for accessibility in built environment. Thus, the growing number of elderly
India's diverse population cannot be overstated. It is not just individuals further underscores the need for accessible and
a social, legal, and ethical imperative, but also a practical inclusive design in India.
necessity in a country where a significant proportion of the
population lives with some form of disability. Through It's also essential to consider other population segments that
inclusive and accessible design, we can create a more can benefit from accessible design, such as pregnant women,

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Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1257
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ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
individuals with temporary impairments due to injury or 2.3 The Necessity of Inclusive Spaces in India
illness, and children. All these diverse needs within the
population highlight the critical importance of designing for Inclusive spaces are crucial in India, a country characterized
accessibility in India's built environment. by its immense diversity and complex socio - cultural
dynamics. The need for inclusivity in architecture and urban
2.2 India’s Ratification of the UNCRPD and Its planning is driven by various factors, including demographic
Implications data, legal obligations, social equity, and economic
considerations. The creation of inclusive spaces is essential
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons to promote social integration, enhance the quality of life for
with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is an international treaty all citizens, and contribute to the country's sustainable
intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with development.
disabilities. Parties to the Convention are required to 1) Demographic Considerations: As discussed earlier,
promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human India is home to a significant number of people with
rights by persons with disabilities and ensure equality of disabilities, a rapidly aging population, and various
opportunities. other population segments who can benefit from
accessible design. Designing inclusive spaces that cater
India ratified the UNCRPD in 2007, demonstrating the to the needs and abilities of all users is crucial to ensure
country's commitment to the principles of dignity, their full participation in society and access to essential
autonomy, non - discrimination, and full participation and services such as education, healthcare, and employment.
inclusion in society for persons with disabilities. The 2) Legal Obligations: India's ratification of the UNCRPD
ratification marked a paradigm shift in India’s approach to and the enactment of the Rights of Persons with
disability, moving from a welfare model to a rights - based Disabilities Act in 2016 highlight the country's
model, recognizing individuals with disabilities as active commitment to creating an inclusive society. These
members of society with equal rights and opportunities. legal frameworks mandate the removal of barriers and
the creation of accessible spaces in the built
The implications of this ratification are substantial and far - environment. Architects, urban planners, and
reaching, particularly in the context of architectural policymakers must prioritize accessibility to comply
accessibility. Article 9 of the UNCRPD specifically with these legal obligations.
mandates that Parties to the Convention must take 3) Social Equity: Inclusive spaces are essential for
appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities fostering social cohesion and reducing inequalities.
have access to the physical environment, transportation, They promote a sense of belonging and integration for
information and communications technologies, and other individuals with disabilities and other marginalized
facilities open to the public. This includes both the removal groups, who have historically been excluded from
of existing obstacles and barriers and the prevention of new mainstream society. Accessible design also helps to
ones. challenge and change societal attitudes towards
disability, contributing to a more equitable and just
In response to its obligations under the UNCRPD, India society.
enacted the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in 2016, 4) Economic Benefits: Inclusive spaces have significant
replacing the previous Persons with Disabilities (Equal economic advantages for both individuals and society as
Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) a whole. By removing barriers to participation,
Act of 1995. The new Act has a broader scope and accessible design enables people with disabilities to
recognizes a wider range of disabilities, in line with the contribute to the workforce, boosting economic growth
UNCRPD. It also imposes stricter requirements for and reducing dependency on social welfare. Inclusive
accessibility in public buildings and services, including spaces can also enhance the marketability of buildings,
provisions for penalties for non - compliance. as they cater to a broader range of users, ensuring that
businesses and public facilities can reach a wider
Despite these legislative efforts, the implementation of audience.
accessible design principles in India's built environment 5) Sustainable Development: The creation of inclusive
remains a significant challenge. This is due to a variety of spaces aligns with the United Nations Sustainable
factors, including lack of awareness, insufficient technical Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 11,
expertise, and inadequate enforcement mechanisms. which aims to "make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. " Inclusive and
Nevertheless, the ratification of the UNCRPD has set a clear accessible design contributes to the realization of these
direction for India's efforts towards achieving accessibility goals by promoting social integration, economic
and inclusion. It provides a strong legal and ethical mandate development, and environmental sustainability.
for architects, urban planners, and policymakers to prioritize
accessibility in their work and contributes to a growing In conclusion, the necessity of inclusive spaces in India is
recognition of the rights and dignity of persons with evident in the country's demographic, legal, social,
disabilities in India. economic, and sustainable development contexts. By
prioritizing accessibility and inclusivity in architectural and
urban planning practices, India can work towards creating a
society where all citizens, regardless of their abilities, have

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1258
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
the opportunity to participate fully and enjoy a high quality accommodate a wide range of individual preferences and
of life. abilities. This principle is centered around the understanding
that different users have different needs and abilities, and
3. Understanding Accessibility in Design hence, a one - size - fits - all approach is not appropriate in
design.
Designing for accessibility requires a comprehensive
understanding of the various components that contribute to The key aspects of the principle of flexibility in use include:
an inclusive built environment. This involves a deep a) Choice in Methods of Use: The design should provide a
appreciation of universal design principles, a keen eye for choice in methods of use to accommodate individual
architectural features that can enhance accessibility, and a preferences and abilities. For instance, doors could be
recognition of the role technology can play in promoting opened manually, through a push button, or
accessibility. automatically, providing different options for people
with different abilities.
3.1 The Principles of Universal Design b) Facilitation of User's Accuracy and Precision: The
design should facilitate the user's accuracy and
Universal design is a design philosophy that aims to create precision. For instance, a stepped entryway could have
environments and products that can be accessed, understood, handrails on both sides, which not only provide support
and used to the greatest extent possible by all people, for people who need it but also offer an additional
regardless of their age, size, ability, or disability. This option for those who prefer to use it.
concept was developed by a team of architects, product c) Adaptability to the User's Pace: The design should be
designers, engineers, and environmental design researchers adaptable to the user's pace. For example, automatic
led by Ronald Mace at North Carolina State University. The doors could be designed to adjust their speed based on
seven principles of universal design are: the user's movement speed, providing more time for
those who move more slowly.
1) Equitable Use: Equitable use, the first principle of
universal design, emphasizes that a design should be useful Flexibility in use recognizes the diversity among users and
and marketable to people with diverse abilities. This encourages the creation of designs that are versatile and
principle is crucial to ensure that every design not only adaptable, meeting the needs of a wide range of users with
meets the functional requirements of its users but also different abilities and preferences. By adhering to this
respects their dignity and rights. principle, architects can create spaces that not only
accommodate diversity but also celebrate it.
The key aspects of the principle of equitable use include:
a) Avoidance of Segregation or Stigmatization: The design 3) Simple and Intuitive Use: Simple and Intuitive Use is
should not isolate, segregate, or stigmatize any group of the third principle of universal design. It emphasizes that a
users. For instance, a ramp for wheelchair users should design should be easy to understand and use, regardless of
not be hidden at the back of a building but should be the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current
integrated into the main entrance design so that all users concentration level.
share the same experience.
b) Provision for the Same Means of Use for All Users: Key aspects of the principle of simple and intuitive use
Whenever possible, the design should provide the same include:
means of use for all users. This means that all users a) Elimination of Unnecessary Complexity: Design should
should be able to access and use the facility in the same aim to reduce unnecessary complexity. This means
way. If this is not possible, the design should ensure that designing spaces that are straightforward and easy to
the experience of different user groups is equivalent. navigate, and systems that are easy to understand and
c) Equal Access to All Features and Services: All features, operate.
services, and information within a building or b) Consistency with User Expectations and Intuition: The
environment should be accessible to everyone. For design should be consistent with what users expect and
instance, all users, whether they navigate a space on foot intuitively understand. This can be achieved by using
or using a mobility aid, should have the same access to commonly accepted symbols, colors, and layouts that
information, controls, and services. most users are familiar with.
d) Privacy, Security, and Safety: The design should ensure c) Accommodation of a Wide Range of Literacy and
that all users have an equal level of privacy, security, and Language Skills: The design should consider users with
safety. No user group should be subjected to risks or different levels of literacy and language skills. This can
hazards that are not common to all users. be achieved by using clear, simple language in signage
By adhering to the principle of equitable use, architects can and information, and supplementing text with easily
ensure that their designs respect the diversity of user needs recognizable symbols or pictograms.
and enable all users to participate in activities on an equal d) Provision of Effective Prompting and Feedback: The
basis. This principle encourages an inclusive approach to design should provide effective prompting and feedback
design that recognizes the wide range of human abilities and during and after task completion. For instance, an
respects user rights to inclusion. elevator might provide auditory feedback when it reaches
a floor, or visual cues might indicate which way to swipe
2) Flexibility in Use: Flexibility in use, the second a card at a security gate.
principle of universal design, highlights that a design should
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ISSN: 2319-7064
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By adhering to the principle of simple and intuitive use, slopes, or low headroom areas, and feedback
architects can create spaces and systems that are not only mechanisms can alert users if they have made an error
easy to navigate and operate but also reduce the cognitive in operation, such as pressing the wrong button.
load on users, making their experiences more enjoyable and 3) Provision of Fail - safe Features: The design should
less stressful. This principle promotes a user - friendly include fail - safe features that protect users when errors
approach to design that respects the diverse abilities and do occur. For example, handrails can prevent falls if a
skills of all users. person loses their balance on a stairway, and safety cut -
offs can halt machinery if a user's hand gets too close to
4) Perceptible Information: The principle of Perceptible a dangerous area.
Information, the fourth in the series of Universal Design 4) Discouraging Unconscious Actions in Tasks that
principles, emphasizes that a design should communicate Require Vigilance: The design should discourage
necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of unconscious actions in tasks that require vigilance. This
ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities. might involve designing controls that require a
Key aspects of the principle of Perceptible Information deliberate action to operate, thereby minimizing the risk
include: of accidental activation.
a) Redundant Presentation of Essential Information: This
suggests that information should be presented in By adhering to the principle of Tolerance for Error,
multiple ways to ensure that it is accessible to people architects can create spaces and products that not only
with different sensory abilities. For example, an elevator reduce the risk of accidents but also boost the confidence
might provide both auditory announcements and visual and autonomy of users. This principle is particularly
indicators of floor numbers. beneficial for people with disabilities, older adults, and those
b) Maximization of "Legibility" of Essential Information: with temporary health conditions, but ultimately enhances
Essential information should be easy to perceive and safety and usability for all users.
understand. This might involve using large, clear fonts
for text, high contrast colors for visual elements, clear 5) Low Physical Effort: The sixth principle of universal
and concise language, and simple, universally design is Low Physical Effort. This principle asserts that a
recognized symbols. design should be usable comfortably and with a minimum of
c) Differentiation of Elements in Ways that can be fatigue. By ensuring that a design can be used efficiently and
Described: Elements should be distinguishable by comfortably, architects can create environments that are
means other than color or sound alone, to ensure that more accessible and inclusive.
they are perceivable by individuals with color blindness
or hearing impairments. This can be achieved by using Key aspects of the principle of Low Physical Effort include:
different shapes, sizes, textures, or spatial relationships. 1) Neutral Body Position: The design should allow for a
d) Compatibility with a Variety of Techniques or Devices neutral body position to be maintained by the user.
used by People with Sensory Limitations: Design This reduces physical strain and increases comfort. For
should be compatible with assistive devices used by instance, door handles and other controls should be
people with sensory limitations. For example, a website positioned at heights that can be easily reached without
should be designed to be compatible with screen readers bending or stretching.
used by people with visual impairments. 2) Use of Reasonable Operating Forces: The design
e) By adhering to the principle of Perceptible Information, should require reasonable operating forces. For
architects can ensure that their designs communicate instance, doors should not be so heavy that they
effectively with all users, regardless of their sensory require excessive force to open or close, and buttons or
abilities or the conditions under which they are using switches should be easy to operate.
the space or product. This principle promotes a design 3) Minimization of Repetitive Actions: The design should
approach that respects the diverse sensory abilities of minimize repetitive actions to reduce the risk of
users and ensures that everyone can access and physical strain or injury. For instance, tasks requiring
understand essential information. repetitive manual operations, such as entering a PIN
f) Tolerance for Error: Tolerance for Error is the fifth number, could be replaced with simpler alternatives
principle of universal design. It underscores that a like contactless entry systems.
design should minimize hazards and the adverse 4) Minimization of Sustained Physical Effort: The design
consequences of accidental or unintended actions. By should minimize sustained physical effort. For
incorporating this principle, designs can contribute to instance, seating should be provided at appropriate
the safety, confidence, and independence of all users. locations to allow individuals to rest, and the provision
of mechanical aids or automated systems can reduce
Key aspects of the principle of Tolerance for Error include: the need for sustained physical effort.
1) Arrangement of Elements to Minimize Hazards:
Elements of a design should be arranged to minimize By adhering to the principle of Low Physical Effort,
hazards. For example, equipment or furniture should be architects can create environments that are not only more
positioned to avoid creating obstacles, and potential comfortable and less fatiguing to use, but also safer and
tripping or collision hazards should be eliminated. more accessible, particularly for people with physical
2) Warnings of Hazards and Errors: The design should disabilities or those who are aging.
provide warnings of hazards and errors. For instance,
warning signals could be used to alert users to steps,

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ISSN: 2319-7064
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6) Size and Space for Approach and Use: The seventh for support. Ramps should be designed as an integral
and final principle of universal design is Size and Space for part of the building, rather than as an add - on. They
Approach and Use. This principle emphasizes that a design should be wide enough to allow for easy
should provide appropriate size and space for approach, maneuverability and should have level landings at the
reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of the user's body top and bottom, and where the ramp changes direction.
size, posture, or mobility. 2) Lifts: Lifts (or elevators) are essential in multi - storey
buildings to provide access to all levels. Lifts should be
Key aspects of the principle of Size and Space for Approach designed to accommodate a wheelchair, and controls
and Use include: should be positioned at a height that can be reached by a
a) Clear Line of Sight to Important Elements: The design person in a wheelchair.
should provide a clear line of sight to important
elements for any seated or standing user. For instance, In addition to standard lifts, platform lifts can be used to
signage or information displays should be positioned at navigate shorter vertical distances, such as a change in level
heights that can be seen both by individuals who are within a floor. These can be particularly useful in retrofitting
standing and those who are seated. accessibility features into existing buildings where space is
b) Reach to All Components and Operable Parts: The limited.
design should allow for reach to all components and It's important that lifts include audible signals and Braille
operable parts. This might involve placing controls and buttons to assist visually impaired individuals. Additionally,
dispensers at heights that can be reached by all users, emergency communication systems within lifts should be
including those who are of short stature or who use a designed to be accessible to all.
wheelchair.
c) Accommodation of Variations in Hand and Grip Size: Incorporating ramps and lifts into architectural design is a
The design should accommodate variations in hand and crucial aspect of creating inclusive spaces that respect the
grip size. For example, door handles and controls diversity of users and their mobility needs. By considering
should be designed to be easily grasped and operated by these features from the beginning of the design process,
hands of all sizes. architects can ensure that their buildings are truly accessible
d) Provision of Adequate Space for the Use of Assistive to all.
Devices: The design should provide adequate space for
the use of assistive devices. For instance, corridors and 2. Wide Doorways and Corridors: In designing accessible
doorways should be wide enough to accommodate architecture, the width of doorways and corridors is a
wheelchairs, and seating areas should have space for significant consideration. It ensures the ease of movement
guide dogs. for individuals using mobility aids, like wheelchairs,
e) By adhering to the principle of Size and Space for crutches, or walkers, and aids in the smooth flow of traffic in
Approach and Use, architects can ensure that their general.
designs are accessible and usable by all, regardless of
physical size, mobility, or use of assistive devices. This As per the guidelines mentioned in the 'Harmonised
principle promotes the creation of inclusive Guidelines and Space Standards for Barrier Free Built
environments that respect the diversity of users and Environment for Persons With Disability and Elderly
their abilities. Persons' issued by the Government of India:
1) Doorways: The minimum clear opening for a doorway
3.2 Architectural Features That Enhance Accessibility should be 900mm (approximately 35.4 inches) to allow
for the comfortable passage of a wheelchair. The door's
Incorporating accessibility into architectural design goes handle should be easily reachable, ideally placed at a
beyond just adhering to legal requirements. It is about height of 800mm to 1000mm (approximately 31.5 to
creating spaces that can be fully experienced by everyone, 39.4 inches) from the floor. Lever handles are often
regardless of physical abilities. Here are several architectural easier to operate than round knobs, particularly for those
features that can significantly enhance accessibility: with limited hand strength or dexterity.
2) Corridors: Corridors should be wide enough to enable
1. Ramps and Lifts: Ramps and lifts are two critical two wheelchair users to pass each other comfortably. The
elements in the design of accessible architecture. They serve recommended minimum width of a corridor should be
as alternatives to stairs, enabling individuals who use 1800mm (approximately 70.9 inches).
mobility aids such as wheelchairs or walkers, as well as
those who have difficulty climbing stairs, to navigate In multi - storey buildings with long corridors, rest spaces
different levels within a building or outdoor space. should be provided at regular intervals. Any obstruction that
1) Ramps: Ramps provide a sloped access route that can be reduces the effective width, such as a radiator or a fire
used by people with wheelchairs, walkers, or strollers, extinguisher, should be recessed into the wall or otherwise
as well as those who have difficulty climbing stairs. designed so as not to intrude into the corridor space.
They should have a gentle incline, typically
recommended as no more than a 1: 12 slope, which Creating accessible doorways and corridors is about more
means for every inch of vertical rise, there should be 12 than just complying with legal requirements. It is about
inches (or one foot) of horizontal run. This ensures that designing spaces where everyone, regardless of their
the ramp is not too steep for comfortable and safe use. physical abilities, can move freely and independently. By
Handrails should be provided on both sides of the ramp taking these considerations into account, architects can

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ISSN: 2319-7064
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create environments that are truly inclusive and welcoming 3) Maintenance: Regular cleaning can prevent the build -
for all users. up of dirt or grease that can reduce the slip resistance of
a surface. However, harsh cleaning methods or
3. Level Surfaces: Level surfaces are essential for creating chemicals that might degrade the surface and its non -
accessible environments. They enable individuals with slip properties should be avoided.
mobility issues or visual impairments to navigate spaces 4) Testing and Standards: There are several standards and
safely and independently. An uneven floor surface, abrupt tests available to measure the slip resistance of flooring
level changes, or steep slopes can present significant materials. In India, the National Building Code provides
obstacles for individuals using wheelchairs or walkers, and guidelines on the appropriate slip resistance for different
can also increase the risk of trips and falls. types of spaces.
Key considerations in providing level surfaces include: 5) Rugs and Mats: If rugs or mats are used, they should
1) Flooring: The choice of flooring material can have a have non - slip backings to prevent them from moving.
significant impact on accessibility. Smooth, non - slip However, caution should be taken as rugs can
surfaces are typically the best choice. They should be sometimes present a tripping hazard, particularly for
firm and stable to support the use of mobility aids and individuals with visual impairments or mobility issues.
prevent slips and falls. Care should be taken to avoid
high pile carpets, uneven tiles, or loose rugs that can By incorporating non - slip surfaces into their designs,
snag on wheelchairs or cause tripping. architects can create safer, more accessible environments
2) Transitions: Where different floor materials meet, the that can be navigated confidently by all users, regardless of
transition should be as smooth as possible to prevent their mobility levels.
tripping hazards or difficulties for wheelchair users.
Similarly, where there is a change in level, such as at 5. Clear Signage: Clear, effective signage plays a crucial
the entrance to a building or at the threshold of a door, it role in creating accessible environments. It helps all
should be minimized, or a ramp should be provided. individuals, particularly those with sensory disabilities, to
3) Slopes: Where slopes are necessary, they should be as understand and navigate spaces confidently and
gentle as possible. According to the 'Harmonised independently. A well - designed signage system is easy to
Guidelines and Space Standards for Barrier Free Built read, understand, and locate.
Environment for Persons With Disability and Elderly Key aspects of clear signage in accessible design include:
Persons' issued by the Government of India, ramps 1) Visibility: Signs should be placed at a height and
should have a gradient no steeper than 1: 12. location where they can be easily seen. They should not
4) Obstacle Free: Level surfaces should be free of be obscured by other elements in the environment. The
obstacles. Care should be taken to avoid placing objects size of the sign and the lettering should be large enough
or fixtures that may obstruct the pathway or create a to be read from a distance.
tripping hazard. 2) Contrast: There should be a high contrast between the
5) Maintenance: Maintaining level surfaces is as important text and the background of the sign to make it easier to
as their initial design. Regular checks should be made to read. This is particularly important for those with visual
ensure surfaces remain in good condition, with no impairments.
cracks, bumps, or other damage that could cause 3) Symbols and Pictograms: Wherever possible, symbols
difficulties. or pictograms should be used in addition to text to
6) By prioritizing level surfaces in architectural design, convey information. Symbols should be simple,
architects can ensure that spaces are not only accessible intuitive, and universally understood.
but also safer and more comfortable for all users. 4) Braille and Tactile Lettering: Braille and raised lettering
can be included on signage to assist individuals who are
4. Non - slip Surfaces: Non - slip surfaces are an essential blind or have low vision.
feature of accessible design, contributing significantly to the 5) Language: The language used on signs should be
safety and usability of spaces. A well - designed non - slip simple, clear, and easily understood. In a multilingual
surface can prevent slips and falls, particularly in areas country like India, signs should be provided in the local
prone to wetness, like bathrooms, kitchens, entrances, and language, Hindi, and English to reach a broader
outdoor areas. audience.
6) Illumination: Signage should be well - lit to ensure it
Key considerations when incorporating non - slip surfaces can be read in all lighting conditions.
into architectural design include: 7) Location Indicators: In larger complexes, maps or
1) Material Selection: Choose materials with high slip directory signs should be provided at key locations,
resistance for floors, particularly in areas that may get such as entrances and elevator lobbies, to help orient
wet. Textured surfaces, such as certain types of tile, users and direct them to their desired locations.
stone, or rubber flooring, can provide additional 8) Auditory Signage: In addition to visual signs, auditory
traction. However, the surface should not be so rough signals can be beneficial in certain situations, such as at
that it becomes difficult for wheelchair users or others pedestrian crossings or in elevators.
with mobility aids to move comfortably.
2) Drainage: Good drainage is important in preventing the By prioritizing clear, comprehensive signage in their
build - up of water which can create a slip hazard. This designs, architects can create environments that are not only
is particularly crucial in outdoor spaces, like walkways accessible but also intuitive and easy to navigate for all
and ramps. users, regardless of their sensory abilities.

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Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1262
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ISSN: 2319-7064
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6. Adequate Lighting: Adequate lighting is crucial for approaching each of the restroom's elements, such as the
creating accessible environments. It enhances safety and sink, toilet, and hand dryer or towels.
comfort, assists in navigation, and facilitates the c) Fixtures: Restroom fixtures should be installed at
performance of various tasks. Lighting design should cater heights that are reachable from a seated position. This
to the needs of all users, including those with visual includes sinks, soap dispensers, hand dryers or towel
impairments, older adults, and individuals with specific light dispensers, and waste bins.
sensitivities. d) Toilet Stalls: Accessible toilet stalls should be larger to
accommodate a wheelchair or a caregiver if needed.
Key considerations when incorporating adequate lighting Grab bars should be installed by the toilet to aid in
into architectural design include: transferring.
1) Uniformity: Lighting should be evenly distributed to e) Non - slip surfaces: Restrooms can often be wet and
avoid creating shadows or glare, which can be thus, slippery. Installing non - slip flooring can help
disorienting or uncomfortable, especially for individuals prevent accidents.
with visual impairments. f) Signage: Clear signage indicating the location and
2) Brightness: Different spaces and tasks require different accessibility features of the restroom is important. This
levels of brightness. For instance, task areas like reading should include universally recognized symbols for
tables or kitchen counters may need brighter, more disability access.
focused light, while general areas may require softer, g) Emergency Call Button: An emergency call button
diffused light. within easy reach of the toilet and the floor can provide
3) Contrast: Proper contrast is important to help a way for a person who has fallen or otherwise needs
individuals distinguish between different surfaces and assistance to call for help.
perceive depth accurately. However, excessive contrast
can lead to glare, which should be avoided. By focusing on these areas, architects can ensure that
4) Colour Rendering: Lighting should accurately represent restrooms are accessible, safe, and comfortable for all users,
different colours, which is crucial for tasks like cooking regardless of their physical abilities or age. This not only
or reading signs. This is often measured by the Colour complies with legal requirements but also contributes to a
Rendering Index (CRI), and a higher CRI is generally more inclusive and welcoming environment.
desirable for most indoor spaces.
5) Control: Wherever possible, users should be able to 8. Adjustable Systems: Inclusive spaces embrace the
control the lighting level to suit their needs and comfort. concept of flexibility to accommodate the varied needs of
This can be achieved through the use of dimmer different users. Adjustable systems are a fundamental aspect
switches, adjustable fixtures, or smart lighting systems. of this approach, enabling environments to be easily
6) Emergency Lighting: Adequate emergency lighting modified to suit individual needs and preferences. These
should be provided to guide all occupants safely out of may include elements like adjustable lighting, movable
the building in case of a power outage or other furniture, adaptable layouts, and more.
emergencies. Key considerations when incorporating adjustable systems
7) Natural Light: Natural light is beneficial for both into architectural design include:
visibility and overall wellbeing. Architects should aim 1) Lighting: Adjustable lighting systems allow users to
to maximize the use of natural light through the modify the intensity and, in some cases, the color of the
strategic placement of windows, skylights, and light to suit their activities, moods, or specific visual
reflective surfaces. needs. This can be achieved through the use of dimmer
switches, adjustable fixtures, or smart lighting systems.
By incorporating these considerations into their designs, 2) Furniture: Adjustable furniture, such as height -
architects can ensure their spaces are well - lit and accessible adjustable desks or chairs with adjustable backrests and
to all users, enhancing both the functionality and the armrests, can provide ergonomic support and enhance
aesthetic appeal of the environment. comfort for a wide range of users.
3) Layouts: Adaptable layouts, such as those provided by
7. Accessible Restrooms: Designing accessible restrooms movable walls or modular furniture, allow spaces to be
is a critical aspect of inclusive architecture. These facilities reconfigured to accommodate different activities or
should be easy to enter, navigate, and use by everyone, number of users. For example, a large meeting room
including people with disabilities, the elderly, and those who could be divided into smaller breakout spaces when
require assistance. needed.
4) Controls: Controls for systems such as lighting, heating,
Key considerations when designing accessible restrooms cooling, or window shades should be accessible and
include: easy to operate. Where possible, controls that can be
a) Entrance: Restroom doors should be wide enough to operated remotely or through voice commands can
allow wheelchair users to pass through comfortably. enhance accessibility for users with mobility or
Automatic or push - button doors can be beneficial, as dexterity challenges.
they eliminate the need for physical strength to open the 5) Technology: Technology plays a crucial role in creating
door. adjustable systems. Innovations like smart home
b) Space: There should be ample space within the restroom technology can enable users to control various
for a person using a wheelchair or walker to move environmental factors with ease, often from a single
around freely. This includes space for turning and for device.

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Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1263
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ISSN: 2319-7064
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6) Acoustics: Adjustable acoustic systems, such as Key considerations when incorporating auditory and visual
movable partitions or sound masking devices, can help alarms into architectural design include:
control noise levels in different parts of a space, 1) Auditory Alarms: These are essential for alerting
enhancing comfort and concentration. individuals in case of emergencies. The sound should be
loud and distinct enough to be heard above ambient
Incorporating adjustable systems into architectural design noise levels. The use of varying frequencies can also
requires a user - centered approach, taking into account the help to ensure the alarm is noticeable to people with
diverse needs of potential users. This not only enhances different ranges of hearing.
accessibility but also promotes a sense of autonomy and 2) Visual Alarms: Visual alarms, such as flashing lights,
inclusion for all users, contributing to their overall wellbeing are vital for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing.
and satisfaction with the space. They should be installed in all areas, including
3) and individual rooms, and should be bright enough to
9. Universal Handles and Controls: Universal handles catch attention without causing discomfort.
and controls are an integral part of creating accessible and 4) Vibrating Alarms: For individuals who may not hear an
inclusive spaces. They ensure that doors, windows, auditory alarm or see a visual alarm, vibrating alarms
appliances, and other systems can be easily operated by can be used. These can be integrated into systems like a
everyone, regardless of their physical capabilities or age. wearable device or a bed.
5) Placement: Alarms should be placed in locations where
Key considerations when incorporating universal handles they can be easily seen or heard. Visual alarms should
and controls into architectural design include: not be obscured by furniture or other objects.
1) Design: Handles and controls should be designed for 6) Testing and Maintenance: Regular testing and
use with a closed fist. Lever - style door handles, push maintenance of alarm systems are crucial to ensure they
buttons, or touch - sensitive controls are generally more function correctly when needed. Users should also be
accessible than round doorknobs or small, fiddly educated on what different alarms signify and how to
switches. respond to them.
2) Placement: Controls and handles should be positioned at 7) Compliance with Standards: The design and installation
heights that are easy to reach for both standing and of alarm systems should comply with relevant standards
seated users. They should also be located in intuitive and regulations to ensure their effectiveness and
positions that align with the natural movements of the reliability.
user.
3) Force: The amount of force required to operate handles By incorporating auditory and visual alarms in their designs,
or controls should be minimal to accommodate those architects can ensure that all occupants, regardless of their
with limited strength or dexterity. Doors, in particular, sensory abilities, are promptly alerted in case of an
should be easy to open and close, and should not close emergency, thus enhancing the safety and inclusivity of the
too quickly. built environment.
4) Visual Contrast: Handles and controls should stand out
visually from their surroundings to make them easy to 3.3 The Role of Technology in Promoting Accessibility:
locate for individuals with visual impairments. This can
be achieved through the use of contrasting colors or Technology has transformed the way we design and interact
finishes. with our built environments, offering innovative solutions to
5) Tactile Cues: For users with visual impairments, tactile enhance accessibility and inclusivity. From smart home
cues can be helpful. For example, controls could have systems that allow users to control their environment with a
raised or textured markings that can be felt with the touch or voice command, to assistive devices that support
fingertips. mobility and communication, technology is reshaping
6) Technology: Advances in technology have led to the architectural design to cater to a diverse range of needs and
development of smart controls that can be operated abilities.
remotely or through voice commands, offering further
accessibility options. Key areas where technology is promoting accessibility in
architecture include:
By incorporating these considerations into their designs, 1) Smart Home Systems: These systems allow users to
architects can create environments that are not only control various aspects of their environment, such as
accessible but also intuitive and easy to navigate for all lighting, heating, cooling, window shades, and security
users, regardless of their physical abilities or age. This systems, often from a single device or voice command.
enhances the usability and inclusivity of the space, This can greatly enhance accessibility for individuals
promoting a sense of independence and dignity for all users. with mobility or dexterity challenges.
2) Assistive Devices: Devices such as stair lifts, adjustable
10. Auditory and Visual Alarms: Safety is a crucial aspect beds, or communication aids can support individuals
of accessible design, and alarms play a significant role in with various disabilities to live more independently.
ensuring it. To create a truly inclusive space, it is vital to 3) Navigation Aids: For individuals with visual
incorporate both auditory and visual alarms to cater to impairments, technology such as GPS - based apps or
people with varying abilities, including those with hearing or smart canes can provide valuable assistance in
vision impairments. navigating built environments. Similarly, audio

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Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1264
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ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
descriptions or tactile maps can enhance the Through its design and operations, the Arushi Centre
accessibility of public spaces like museums or galleries. embodies the organization's belief in the potential of every
4) Accessible Interfaces: Touchscreens, voice recognition, individual and their right to live with dignity and respect. It
gesture control, and other intuitive interfaces can make stands as a testament to the power of architecture in
technology more accessible to individuals with various facilitating inclusion and empowerment.
disabilities. These technologies can be incorporated into
various elements of a building, such as elevators, 4.1.2 Architectural Features that Enhance Accessibility
information kiosks, or home appliances. at the Arushi Centre
5) Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): The Arushi Centre stands out due to its thoughtful
These technologies can be used in the design process to architectural design, which prioritizes accessibility. Here are
simulate different experiences and evaluate the some of the key features that make the Centre a benchmark
accessibility of a design before it is built. They can also in accessible design:
offer immersive experiences that can be adapted to 1) Single Level Layout: The entire building is planned on a
different abilities. single level, negating the need for stairs, ramps or lifts.
6) Internet of Things (IoT): IoT devices can enhance This simple yet effective design choice ensures easy
accessibility by automating various tasks and enabling navigation for all, including wheelchair users and those
remote control of various systems. For example, a user with mobility impairments.
could remotely check if their doors are locked or control 2) Wide Corridors and Doorways: The Centre incorporates
their home’s temperature from their smartphone. wider than average corridors and doorways, which not
only allow for easy movement of wheelchair users, but
By integrating these technologies into their designs, also provide ample space for the visually impaired using
architects can create environments that are not only canes for navigation.
physically accessible but also digitally inclusive. This can 3) Tactile Paths: The building uses tactile flooring to guide
greatly enhance the autonomy and quality of life for individuals with visual impairments around the premises.
individuals with disabilities, and contribute to a more These textured paths can be felt underfoot or with a cane,
inclusive and equitable society. helping users navigate the space independently.
4) Accessible Restrooms: The restrooms are designed to be
4. Case Studies fully accessible, with features like grab bars, lowered
sinks, and enough maneuvering space for a wheelchair.
Examining case studies provides an understanding of the 5) Use of Contrasting Colors: The Centre employs
practical application of principles discussed. Here, we delve contrasting colors and textures to define different spaces
into two architectural projects in India that exemplify the and surfaces, aiding those with visual impairments.
essence of designing for accessibility. 6) Adequate Lighting: The building ensures plenty of
natural and artificial light, making it easier for everyone,
4.1 Case Study 1: The Arushi Centre, Bhopal especially individuals with visual impairments, to
navigate the space.
4.1.1 Background of the Arushi Centre 7) Audio System: The building features an audio system
Arushi, meaning 'first rays of the sun', is a non - profit that assists individuals with visual impairments in
organization based in Bhopal, India, dedicated to the navigating the space, providing them with auditory cues
empowerment of persons with disabilities. Established in about their location and nearby amenities.
1996, the organization works towards the development of an 8) Automated Doors and Windows: Doors and windows in
inclusive society where individuals with disabilities have the Centre are fitted with automatic systems, which ease
equal opportunities to thrive. their operation for individuals with mobility
impairments.
The Arushi Centre is the headquarters of the organization,
designed with a firm commitment to accessibility and These features, while accommodating the needs of
inclusivity. The building was conceptualized and individuals with disabilities, also enhance the overall
constructed to serve as a model of accessible design, usability and comfort of the building for all users. The
showcasing how architectural elements can be designed and Arushi Centre serves as a compelling example of how
implemented to create spaces that are welcoming and accessibility can be seamlessly integrated into architectural
accessible to all, including individuals with various types of design to create inclusive spaces.
disabilities.
4.1.3 Planning & Architecture of the Arushi Centre
The centre serves multiple functions: it is a workspace for The design and planning of the Arushi Centre were driven
the organization's staff, a resource centre for persons with by the principles of universal design, aiming to create a
disabilities, and a training centre for disseminating space that is usable and comfortable for everyone, regardless
knowledge and skills related to disability and inclusion. of their age, ability, or other factors. The Centre is a shining
Given its diverse functions and user groups, accessibility example of how thoughtful planning and design can lead to
was a key consideration in its design and construction, an inclusive and accessible environment.
influencing every aspect of the building, from its layout and
circulation paths to its fixtures and finishes. Here's an overview of the planning and architectural design
of the Arushi Centre:

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Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1265
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ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
1) Site Planning: The Centre is designed on a flat plot of planners, and policymakers about the principles of
land, ensuring easy access from the surrounding area. accessible design. It has played a pivotal role in raising
The exterior pathways are wide and well - lit, with awareness about the importance of accessibility and
smooth surfaces for easy navigation. how it can be achieved.
2) Single - Level Layout: The building is designed on a 4) Policy Influence: By demonstrating what is possible
single level, eliminating the need for stairs, ramps, or when accessibility is prioritized in design, the Arushi
elevators. This layout ensures that all areas of the Centre has influenced policy discussions at both the
building are accessible to everyone, including those local and national levels. Its success has lent weight to
using wheelchairs or other mobility aids. calls for more stringent accessibility standards in
3) Open Floor Plan: The Centre features an open floor plan building codes and urban planning guidelines.
with wide corridors and doorways, allowing for easy 5) Enhancing Quality of Life: For many people with
movement and navigation within the building. The disabilities, the Arushi Centre has improved their
absence of internal barriers makes the space feel more quality of life. The accessible design allows them to
welcoming and inclusive. navigate the building independently, giving them a
4) Natural Light and Ventilation: The design of the Centre sense of freedom and dignity that is often compromised
maximizes the use of natural light and ventilation. Large in less accessible environments.
windows and skylights are strategically placed to allow
ample daylight into the building, reducing the need for In these ways, the Arushi Centre has not only transformed a
artificial lighting. The building's orientation and physical space but also the attitudes and practices of the
window placement also promote natural cross - community around it. It has shown that when we design for
ventilation, enhancing the indoor air quality and accessibility, we create environments that are not just more
comfort. inclusive, but also more humane, compassionate, and just.
5) Accessible Restrooms: The restrooms at the Centre are
fully accessible, with features such as grab bars, 4.2 Case Study 2: The Arushi Centre, Bhopal
lowered sinks, and adequate maneuvering space for
wheelchairs. 4.2.1 Background of National Institute of Speech and
6) Contrasting Colors and Textures: The interior of the Hearing (NISH), Thiruvananthapuram
Centre uses contrasting colors and textures to help The National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH) is an
visually impaired individuals identify different areas esteemed institute located in Thiruvananthapuram, the
and elements within the space. capital of the southern Indian state of Kerala. Established in
7) Tactile Paths: Tactile paths are integrated into the 1997 by the Kerala state government, NISH operates as an
flooring to guide visually impaired individuals around autonomous body under the Department of Social Justice.
the premises. NISH's mission is to empower individuals with
8) Technology Integration: The Centre incorporates communication disorders by providing them with the highest
various technologies to enhance accessibility, such as an quality of professional services, including education,
audio system for navigation, automatic doors and rehabilitation, training, research, and public education. The
windows, and adaptive lighting systems. institute is devoted to improving the quality of life of people
with speech and hearing impairments and has been
The Arushi Centre, through its design and planning, instrumental in raising awareness about these conditions in
embodies the principles of accessibility and inclusivity, India.
demonstrating how architecture can create spaces that
empower all individuals and promote a more inclusive The campus of NISH is a symbol of inclusive architecture,
society. designed with a keen emphasis on accessibility. Every
feature, from its classrooms and auditorium to its outdoor
4.1.4 Impact on the Community spaces, is designed to accommodate students and staff with
The Arushi Centre's influence extends far beyond its disabilities. The institute's commitment to providing an
physical boundaries, positively impacting the community in accessible and inclusive environment has made it a model
several ways: for other educational institutions striving for inclusivity.
1) Promoting Inclusion: By creating a space that is
accessible to all, the Arushi Centre has helped to foster NISH's multidisciplinary team comprises speech - language
a culture of inclusivity in the community. It serves as a pathologists, audiologists, special educators, psychologists,
living example of how public spaces can and should be occupational therapists, physical therapists, vocational
designed to be welcoming and usable for everyone, trainers, and other professionals. They work together to offer
regardless of their abilities or disabilities. comprehensive services to individuals with speech, hearing,
2) Empowering Individuals with Disabilities: The Centre and language impairments.
provides a safe, accessible environment where
individuals with disabilities can access resources, learn Through its various programs and initiatives, NISH has
new skills, and participate in community activities. This significantly contributed to the lives of many individuals
has helped to empower these individuals, enhancing with speech and hearing impairments, enabling them to lead
their self - confidence and enabling them to contribute more independent, productive, and fulfilling lives.
more fully to society.
3) Educational Impact: The Centre also serves as a
learning hub, training individuals, architects, urban

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Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1266
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ISSN: 2319-7064
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4.2.2 Accessibility Features and Their Implementation at strategically placed for easy access. The layout ensures
NISH, Thiruvananthapuram that distances between different blocks are minimal,
The National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH) is a reducing travel time and effort for students and staff.
shining example of how a commitment to accessibility can 2) Building Design: The buildings at NISH are all single -
shape the design and functionality of an educational storey structures, making them easily accessible for
institution. Here are some of the key accessibility features individuals with mobility issues. They are designed
implemented at NISH: with wide corridors and doorways, allowing for easy
1) Ramps and Lifts: To facilitate easy mobility for movement of wheelchairs and other mobility aids.
individuals with physical disabilities, ramps with 3) Natural Light and Ventilation: Similar to the Arushi
suitable gradients and lifts with adequate space are Centre, NISH makes extensive use of natural light and
installed at all major access points within the campus. ventilation. This not only creates a welcoming and
2) Tactile Paths: NISH has incorporated tactile paths into comfortable environment but also reduces the
its infrastructure to aid those with visual impairments. building's energy consumption.
These paths help guide individuals around the campus 4) Classrooms: Classrooms at NISH are designed with
independently. adjustable furniture and state - of - the - art audio -
3) Sign Language Interpretation: Given its focus on visual aids, accommodating students with various
speech and hearing impairments, NISH provides sign needs. Special attention is given to acoustics to assist
language interpretation for its students. Interpreters are students with hearing impairments.
present in classrooms, meetings, and events, ensuring 5) Outdoor Spaces: The outdoor spaces at NISH,
everyone can participate fully. including gardens and courtyards, are designed with
4) Visual and Auditory Signage: NISH has installed smooth, non - slip surfaces. These areas offer plenty of
visual and auditory signage throughout the campus. seating and are accessible to all, providing spaces for
This includes Braille signage and auditory signals, relaxation and social interaction.
making navigation easier for individuals with visual 6) Signage: NISH uses clear and legible signage with
impairments. high - contrast colours throughout the campus. In
5) Accessible Restrooms: All restrooms in NISH are addition, tactile and Braille signage are used to assist
designed to be accessible, equipped with grab bars and individuals with visual impairments.
adequate space for wheelchair maneuverability. 7) Restrooms: Accessible restrooms are a key feature of
6) Hearing Loops: To assist those with hearing aids, NISH's design. They are equipped with support bars
NISH has installed hearing loops in lecture halls and and have ample space to accommodate wheelchairs.
auditoriums. These systems transmit the audio from a 8) Technology Integration: NISH integrates assistive
microphone directly into a hearing aid, improving technologies into its design wherever possible. For
sound quality for those with hearing impairments. example, hearing loop systems are installed in lecture
7) Accessible Furniture: The furniture at NISH, including halls, and digital resources are designed according to
desks and chairs, is designed to be accessible to all accessibility standards.
students. Adjustable desks and chairs cater to the needs
of students with different body types and mobility In its architecture and planning, NISH exhibits a
levels. commitment to creating an inclusive learning environment.
8) Accessible Digital Infrastructure: NISH has also The design of the campus not only meets the needs of its
invested in accessible digital infrastructure, including students but also serves as a model of accessible design for
websites and digital resources that adhere to universal other institutions.
design principles. This ensures that students with
disabilities can access online information and 4.2.4 Impact on Individuals with Communication
participate in digital learning activities. Disorders
9) Emergency Evacuation Plans: Keeping safety in mind, The National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH), with
NISH has established accessible emergency evacuation its remarkable commitment to accessibility and inclusivity,
plans. These plans take into account the needs of has made a significant impact on the lives of individuals
individuals with various disabilities, ensuring everyone with communication disorders. Here are some ways NISH's
can safely evacuate the building in case of an efforts have positively influenced these individuals:
emergency. 1) Increased Access to Education: By creating an inclusive
10) By incorporating these accessibility features into its learning environment, NISH has opened doors for many
design, NISH has created an inclusive learning individuals with communication disorders who might
environment where students of all abilities can thrive. have otherwise struggled in traditional educational
settings. With its accessible infrastructure and supportive
4.2.3 Planning & Architecture of NISH, resources, NISH ensures these individuals can pursue
Thiruvananthapuram their education without barriers.
The planning and architecture of the National Institute of 2) Enhanced Confidence and Independence: The
Speech and Hearing (NISH), Thiruvananthapuram, are accessibility features at NISH empower students with
rooted in the principles of accessibility and inclusivity. communication disorders to navigate the campus and
Here's a closer look at the architectural aspects that make access facilities independently. This enhances their self -
NISH a beacon of accessible design: confidence and fosters a sense of autonomy, which is
1) Campus Layout: The NISH campus is designed to be crucial for their personal and professional development.
user - friendly, with buildings and facilities

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1267
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
3) Improved Communication Skills: NISH's focus on 4.3.2 Inclusive Design in a Public Setting: The Bhavan
assistive technologies and sign language interpretation The Bhavan, with its multifaceted programs and wide reach,
has enabled students with communication disorders to serves as an ideal example of inclusive design in a public
communicate more effectively. This not only improves setting. The Bhavan has been designed with a commitment
their academic performance but also enriches their social to creating a space that is accessible to all, irrespective of
interactions. their physical abilities, age, or other factors. Here are the key
4) Promotion of Inclusivity: By fostering an inclusive aspects of inclusive design at The Bhavan:
learning environment, NISH helps students with 1) Universal Accessibility: The Bhavan is designed to
communication disorders feel accepted and valued. This ensure that everyone, including persons with
contributes to their emotional well - being and disabilities, can access and navigate the space
encourages a more inclusive culture within the campus comfortably. This involves wheelchair - accessible
and beyond. entrances, ramps, lifts, and accessible restrooms. There's
5) Inspiration for Other Institutions: NISH serves as a also an emphasis on creating spaces that are easy to
model for other educational institutions in India and navigate for those with visual impairments, such as
around the world. Its commitment to accessibility has tactile paving and braille signage.
inspired others to adopt similar measures, thus extending 2) Flexible Spaces: The Bhavan has various spaces like
its impact to a larger population of individuals with auditoriums, classrooms, galleries, and libraries. These
communication disorders. spaces are designed to be flexible and can be rearranged
6) Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities: The success of to meet different needs. This allows the Bhavan to
NISH in creating an inclusive environment serves as a accommodate various events and activities, catering to a
strong advocacy tool for the rights of persons with diverse audience.
disabilities. It stands as a testament to what can be 3) Clear Signage: Clear and accessible signage is an
achieved when accessibility and inclusivity are important aspect of inclusive design. The Bhavan uses
prioritized. high - contrast, easy - to - read signs, and includes
braille and tactile signs for people with visual
In conclusion, NISH, through its accessible design and impairments.
inclusive practices, has significantly improved the lives of 4) Lighting and Acoustics: The Bhavan pays special
individuals with communication disorders. It serves as a attention to lighting and acoustics to create an inclusive
reminder of the importance of designing with accessibility in environment. Adequate lighting aids those with visual
mind and the profound impact it can have on individuals and impairments, while well - designed acoustics benefit
communities. individuals with hearing impairments.
5) Integration of Technology: The Bhavan integrates
4.3 Case Study 3: The Arushi Centre, Bhopal technology to enhance accessibility. This includes audio
- visual aids in classrooms and auditoriums, assistive
4.3.1 Background of The Bhavan listening devices, and a website that adheres to
The Bhavan is a renowned institution with a rich cultural accessibility standards.
history, founded in 1938 by Dr. K. M. Munshi, with the 6) Community Engagement: The Bhavan is not just a
support of Mahatma Gandhi. Based in Mumbai, the Bhavan building; it's a community space. It encourages
is officially known as Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan and serves as participation from all sections of society, further
a significant platform for promoting and preserving Indian fostering an inclusive atmosphere.
culture, heritage, and values. 7) Safety Measures: Safety measures at The Bhavan, such
as emergency evacuation plans, consider the needs of all
The Bhavan is a comprehensive institution offering diverse individuals, including those with disabilities.
programs in the fields of art, culture, music, dance,
language, literature, yoga, and spirituality, among others. It By implementing these inclusive design features, The
has more than 100 centers in India and several international Bhavan ensures that it is a space open to all, truly reflecting
centers, serving to propagate Indian knowledge and ethos the diversity and inclusivity of Indian society. The Bhavan
globally. serves as a model for how public spaces can and should be
designed with accessibility in mind.
The primary objective of the Bhavan is to promote the
timeless values embedded in Indian culture and to rejuvenate 4.3.3 Planning & Architecture of the Bhavan
these values in contemporary societal life. It is dedicated to The Bhavan, also known as Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, has
creating a blend of ancient Indian wisdom and modern been meticulously planned and architecturally designed to
knowledge. be inclusive and accessible, while also embodying the rich
heritage of Indian culture. Here are some key aspects of its
The architecture of the Bhavan is symbolic, reflecting the planning and architecture:
essence of Indian culture and values. Over the years, the 1) Campus Layout: The Bhavan's campus is planned to be
Bhavan has demonstrated a commitment to inclusivity and intuitive and user - friendly, with clear routes to all
accessibility in its architectural design, making it a key facilities. The buildings are structured around open
example in the context of accessible architecture in India. courtyards, a traditional feature in Indian architecture,
fostering a sense of community and interaction.
2) Building Design: The buildings at The Bhavan blend
traditional Indian architectural styles with modern design

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1268
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
principles. They are equipped with ramps and lifts, and accessibility can also be costly and technically
the doorways and corridors are designed to be wide and challenging.
spacious to facilitate easy movement for all, including 4) Social Attitudes: Social attitudes and stigma towards
those using mobility aids. disability can also be a significant barrier. The belief
3) Classrooms and Auditoriums: The classrooms and that disability is a personal or family issue, rather than a
auditoriums are equipped with state - of - the - art audio - societal responsibility, can hinder the widespread
visual aids and assistive technologies. They are designed adoption of accessible design principles.
to ensure good acoustics, essential for individuals with 5) Limited Technical Expertise: There may be a lack of
hearing impairments. The seating arrangements are trained professionals who have the necessary technical
flexible, allowing for adjustments based on specific knowledge to design and construct accessible buildings
needs. and environments.
4) Libraries and Museums: The libraries and museums are 6) Rapid Urbanisation: Rapid urbanisation and the
designed with accessibility in mind, with low consequent pressure on housing and infrastructure can
bookshelves and display cases, clear signage, and sometimes lead to compromises in design standards,
pathways that are wide and obstacle - free. including accessibility.
5) Outdoor Spaces: The Bhavan's outdoor spaces, such as
gardens and courtyards, are designed with smooth, level These challenges necessitate a multipronged approach that
surfaces for easy movement. These areas are also involves changes in policy, education, and societal attitudes
equipped with adequate seating and shelter, providing towards disability and accessibility.
comfortable spaces for relaxation and social interaction.
6) Lighting and Ventilation: The Bhavan makes optimal use 5.2 Potential Solutions and Opportunities
of natural light and ventilation, creating a comfortable
environment while also being energy - efficient. Care is To tackle the challenges and promote accessible design in
taken to ensure that all areas, including stairways and India, a number of strategies could be adopted:
corridors, are well - lit. 1) Awareness and Education: Building awareness about
7) Signage: The Bhavan uses clear and legible signage with the importance of universal design principles among
high - contrast colours. Braille and tactile signage are architects, builders, and the general public is crucial.
also used to assist individuals with visual impairments. This could be achieved through educational programs,
8) Restrooms: The restrooms at The Bhavan are designed to workshops, and sensitization campaigns. Integrating
be accessible, equipped with support bars and ample universal design principles into architectural and
space to accommodate wheelchairs. engineering curricula could also be a step in the right
In its architectural design and planning, The Bhavan direction.
effectively balances the need to uphold traditional Indian 2) Strengthening Legislation and Enforcement: Existing
cultural values with the necessity for modern, accessible laws and regulations need to be consistently enforced,
design. This approach serves as a guiding example for other with strict penalties for non - compliance. The current
institutions on how to create spaces that are both inclusive building codes and standards could be reviewed and
and culturally resonant. updated to ensure they cover all aspects of accessibility.
3) Financial Incentives: The government could provide
5. Challenges and Opportunities financial incentives, such as tax breaks or subsidies, to
encourage developers and property owners to
5.1 Challenges in Promoting Accessible Design in India incorporate accessibility features in their projects. This
could help to offset the perceived high cost of accessible
Despite the progress made, the journey towards fully design.
accessible architecture in India is not without its challenges: 4) Changing Social Attitudes: It is essential to challenge
1) Lack of Awareness: One of the significant challenges in and change societal attitudes towards disability. This
promoting accessible design in India is the lack of can be achieved through public education campaigns
awareness among architects, engineers, and planners that promote inclusivity and the rights of persons with
about the importance of universal design principles. disabilities.
This lack of understanding often leads to the creation of 5) Capacity Building: There is a need to build technical
built environments that do not consider the needs of all capacity in the field of accessible design. This could
users, particularly people with disabilities. involve training programs for architects and engineers,
2) Inadequate Legislation and Enforcement: While India and the development of resources and guidelines on
has laws like the Rights of Persons with Disabilities accessible design.
Act, 2016, the enforcement and implementation of these 6) Leveraging Technology: Technology can play a
regulations remain inconsistent across states and significant role in promoting accessibility. For instance,
regions. In some cases, the existing codes and standards assistive technologies can be incorporated into buildings
themselves may not be comprehensive enough to and environments to make them more accessible.
address all aspects of accessibility. 7) Inclusive Urban Planning: In the face of rapid
3) Financial Constraints: For some developers and urbanisation, it is crucial to adopt inclusive planning
property owners, the perceived high cost of practices that consider the needs of all users. This
incorporating accessibility features can act as a includes ensuring accessibility in public spaces,
deterrent. Retrofitting existing buildings to improve transportation systems, and housing projects.

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1269
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
These potential solutions offer the opportunity to create a in India, there are also numerous opportunities. By raising
more inclusive society where everyone, regardless of their awareness, strengthening legislation and enforcement,
abilities, can participate fully and equally. The adoption of building technical capacity, and leveraging technology, we
accessible design can also open up new markets and can create spaces that are truly inclusive. The case studies of
opportunities for businesses, and contribute to the overall the Arushi Centre, the National Institute of Speech and
social and economic development of the country. Hearing, and The Bhavan demonstrate that accessible design
is not only feasible, but also beneficial for all users. These
5.3 The Role of Legislation, Awareness, and Technical examples serve as a source of inspiration and a model for
Expertise others to follow.

1) Legislation: Legislation plays a pivotal role in In the end, the goal of accessible design is not just to create
establishing minimum standards for accessibility and spaces that accommodate individuals with disabilities, but to
ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities. In India, design environments that respect and celebrate diversity,
laws such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, promote equality, and enhance the quality of life for
2016, provide a legal framework for the promotion of everyone. This is a vision that we all should strive for, and
accessible and inclusive environments. However, the the field of architecture has a crucial role to play in its
effectiveness of these laws depends largely on their realization. In the words of architect Ronald L. Mace, the
enforcement. It is crucial that regulatory bodies monitor founder of the universal design concept, "Universal design is
compliance with these laws and hold violators the design of products and environments to be usable by all
accountable. Moreover, legislation should be people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for
continually reviewed and updated to reflect the evolving adaptation or specialized design. " As we move forward, let
understanding of accessibility and to incorporate us keep these words in mind and strive to create a built
advancements in technology. environment that truly serves all of its users.
2) Awareness: Creating awareness about the importance of
accessibility is an essential step towards creating References
inclusive spaces. This involves educating not only
architects and builders but also the general public about [1] Census of India. (2011). Population Census 2011.
the needs and rights of individuals with disabilities. Retrieved from http: //www.census2011. co. in/
Public awareness campaigns, educational programs in [2] Ministry of Law and Justice. (2016). The Rights of
schools and universities, and media coverage can all Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. New Delhi, India:
contribute to a greater understanding of the principles of The Gazette of India. Retrieved from http:
universal design and the benefits of accessibility for all //www.disabilityaffairs. gov.
members of society. Additionally, highlighting in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RPWD%20ACT%202016.
successful examples of accessible design can inspire pdf
and motivate others to follow suit. [3] Centre for Universal Design. (1997). The Principles of
3) Technical Expertise: The creation of accessible Universal Design. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State
environments requires a certain level of technical University. Retrieved from https: //projects. ncsu.
expertise. Architects, engineers, and builders need to be edu/ncsu/design/cud/about_ud/udprinciplestext. htm
equipped with the knowledge and skills to effectively [4] United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of
implement universal design principles. This could Persons with Disabilities. New York, NY: United
involve incorporating accessibility training into Nations. Retrieved from https: //www.un.
architectural and engineering education, developing org/development/desa/disabilities/convention - on - the -
comprehensive guidelines and resources on accessible rights - of - persons - with - disabilities. html
design, and promoting continued professional [5] World Health Organization. (2011). World Report on
development in this area. Furthermore, the use of Disability. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
technology can greatly enhance the accessibility of Organization. Retrieved from https: //www.who.
spaces, so it is important that professionals stay up - to - int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report. pdf
date with the latest advancements in assistive [6] The Bhavan. (n. d.). About Us. Retrieved from http:
technology. //www.bhavans. info/
[7] National Institute of Speech and Hearing. (n. d.). About
6. Conclusion NISH. Retrieved from http: //www.nish. ac.
in/others/aboutus
The journey towards universal accessibility in architecture is [8] Arushi. (n. d.). About Arushi. Retrieved from http:
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rapidly evolving as India. However, it is a journey that we
must undertake, driven by both a moral imperative and a Author Profile
legal obligation to create an inclusive society for all. The
concept of accessibility goes beyond mere physical access. It Ar. Vikram singh is an Architect by profession and
is about ensuring that everyone, regardless of their abilities, Currently Asso. Professor cum Head of Department
can participate fully and equally in society. This involves at ITM School of Architecture & Town planning,
creating environments that are not only physically Bakshi Ka Talab, Lucknow. He has B. Arch degree
from Integral University, Lucknow and done Masters
accessible, but also socially and culturally inclusive. While in Architecture from YCMOU, Nashik.
there are certainly challenges in promoting accessible design
Volume 12 Issue 5, May 2023
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1270
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Ar. Saurabh Saxena is an Architect by profession
and Currently Asst. Professor at School of
Architecture & Planning, B. B. D. University,
Lucknow. He has B. Arch degree from Integral
University, Lucknow and done Masters in
Architecture from YCMOU, Nashik.

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR23515094417 DOI: 10.21275/SR23515094417 1271