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83 views18 pagesCircular Motion
The document discusses circular motion, defining uniform and non-uniform circular motion, and introducing key concepts such as angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, time period, and frequency. It explains centripetal force and centrifugal force, along with applications like vehicle motion on curved paths and banking of roads. The document also covers motion in vertical circles and conical pendulums, providing equations and conditions for maintaining circular motion.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
83 views18 pagesCircular Motion
The document discusses circular motion, defining uniform and non-uniform circular motion, and introducing key concepts such as angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, time period, and frequency. It explains centripetal force and centrifugal force, along with applications like vehicle motion on curved paths and banking of roads. The document also covers motion in vertical circles and conical pendulums, providing equations and conditions for maintaining circular motion.
Uploaded by
manjaykrram2064Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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CIRCULAR MOTION
The motion of a body moving in a circular path is called circular motion. For e.g. Motion of a satellite around the
earth , motion of vehicle in a curved path etc.
> If the body in a circular motion moves with uniform (constant) speed then the motion is called uniform circular
motion.
> If the body moves with a non uniform speed in the circular path then the motion is called non-uniform circular
motion.
1) ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT (6):
Consider a particle is moving along a circular path of radius
- with center at ‘O’. Let the particle is initially at position ‘A’ reaches
at point ‘B’ after time ‘t’ such that radius turned through angle @ A A
e. ZBOA = 8)
hus, the angular displacement of the object moving round a
ircular path is defined as the angle traced out by the radius vector
it the center of a circular path in a given time.
B
In one complete cycle:
Mathematically, Angular displacement Linear displacement
‘Arclength _AB_s 2né 5 ont
radius OA 4c a ;
ee > 8
Its SI unit is radian.
=18 2) ANGULAR VELOCITY (w):
It is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement
of moving object.
Consider a point object moving along a circular path with center at O.
Suppose the particle is initially at point A at t = 0. Let , and @2 be the
angular displacement made by particle at time t, and t respectively.
Then, average angular velocity,
Angular displacement _ 62-0,
interval
‘at
Its SI unit is radian/second (rad s~*)
instantaneous angular velocity:
if the particle is in non-uniform motion, its velocity changes at every instant of its motion both in magnitude and
direction. So the velocity of the particle at any instant of time measured in such situation is called instantaneous
angular velocity.
‘The instantaneous angular velocity at any instant of motion is,
0 _ do
we die ae 3) ANGULAR ACCELERATION (cx):
It is defined as the rate of change of angular velocity.
IF a9! be the initial angular velocity and ‘uw’ be its final angular velocity after time ‘t’ then its angular
acceleration is given by,
ww
7 i)
OF, W= Wo + ax
If the angular velocity of body is increasing, the angular acceleration is given by,
a=
Its Sl unit is rad s~?
4) TIME PERIOD (T):
Time taken by the particle to make one complete rotation (revolution) in circular path is called its time period.
In this case, @ = 2n.
So, angular velocity, w = 2=
5) FREQUENCY (f):
‘The number of complete revolution made by the particle in one second in circular path is called its frequency .
If ‘1’ is the time period and ‘f’ be its frequency
then, Relation between angular velo
We know,
ifferentiating both sides with respect to time.
8 _, 0
ae
#V=TW wowed) This is the relation between linear and angular velocity.
‘Again, differentiating eq” 1) on both sides with respect to time.
on Y =.
dt dt
FO. 2) This is the relation between linear and angular acceleration. EXPRESSION FOR CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION:
When a body is in uniform circular motion, the speed remains constant
Dut the direction of the velocity changes continuously. This change in
jirection produces acceleration called centripetal acceleration. This
scceleration is always directed toward the center of the circle or along
he radius of the circle.
Consider a particle is moving with a constant speed ‘v’ in a circular
path of radius ‘r’ with center at O. Let v; and vz be the velocities at
point A and B in the direction of their tangent.
Let At be the time taken to move from A to B covering a small
displacement Al and angular displacement AO
rhe change in velocity when particle move from A to B in time interval At is, Zn
Av=Vv2-Vy 7
40
The vectors v; and v2 are redrawn which forms the sides Pp
of the triangle PR. " -
Since for similarity of triangle, we take only
Now, AOAB and APR are similar since both being isosceles _jength or magnitude. And for uniform circular
riangle and having same angle A6. motion the magnitude of velocity remains same
ieWl= Wel =v The rate of change of velocity is,
av_v al
on [since v and ris constant]
Taking Jim, on both sides.
lim = tim Yt
Bto0 Ot Ato r "at
aviv a
OF ae
ora
8 a= sooner M)
since, v= rw , eq"1) can also be written as
isa
Stu 2) This gives the magnitude of centripetal acceleration and the direction of
Also, ¥=w, this acceleration is always directed towards the center or along the
a=wv radius of the circle. So it is also called radial acceleration. Centripetal force:
The force requires to move a body in a uniform circular motion is
called centripetal force. This force acts along the radius and is
directed toward the center of the circle.
So,
centripetal force = mass x centripetal acceleration
my?
er
or,
or, F=mrw?
For e.g. i) Electrostatic force provides the necessary centripetal
force for electron to move around the nucleus.
i The gravitational force provides centripetal force for planets to
move round the sun.
Centrifugal force
The outward force experienced on a body when it changes its
direction of motion is called centrifugal force. The magnitude of
centrifugal force is same as that of centripetal force ie. ™ and
direction is always away from the center of the circular path.
‘or e.g. when a moving bus passed through the curved path, the passenger in
he bus are deflected outward from their positions, This is due to centrifugal
orce acting on the passengers. Applications of Circular Motion:
1) Motion of a car on a level curved path:
While taking a circular turn a level road, the vehicle tries to leave
off the track. Hence centripetal force is required to keep the vehicle
moving round the track which is provided by the frictional force
petween tyres (wheels) and road.
Consider a car of mass ‘m’ is moving with uniform speed ‘v’ ona
circular level road of radius ‘r’. The weight ‘mg’ of car acts vertically
downward and the total normal reaction (R = Ry+ Ra) is acting
vertically upward.
As there is no motion of car along vertical, the total normal
reaction balances the weight of vehicle.
ie. )
And the total frictional force (F, = F;+ F) between tyres and [or we can say frictional force balances the
road acting inwards provides necessary centripetal force. centrifugal force.]
ie. F,= a
mvt
or, uR = i) where, 1s the coefficient of friction between tyres and the roads. From eq" i) and ii), we get,
img =
a
or, p=
te
iE ii)
Eq" il) gives the maximum speed of the vehicle with which it can take safe turn on a
circular path of radius ‘r’.If the velocity is greater than y/firg then the skidding
slipping) of car occurs and moves out of the road.
So for a safe turn ina level curved path,
Vmax S$ VETE
Eq" iii) shows that ‘v’ depends upon coefficient of friction (1) and radius of curved path (r). Thus if wis large,
vehicle can take a safe turn over with greater velocity and if j1 is constant, vehicle has to take a turn of greater
radius ‘r’ when vis large.
For e.g. In case of rainy day, coefficient of friction decreases and maximum
safe speed also decreases. 2) Motion of a vehicle on a banked road (Banking of road): mn a
The frictional force between the tyres and road decreases when
che road becomes slippery due to rainfall, snowfall etc. In such case
‘rictional force alone can't provide necessary centripetal force. Also
large amount of friction between tyre and road produces
considerable wear and tear of tyre. To avoid this difficulty the roads
are banked i.e. the outer edge of road is raised little above in
sompare to inner edge.
‘The main purpose of banking is to tilt the normal reaction
toward the center of curved road so that its horizontal component
provides necessary centripetal force.
Let us consider a car of mass ‘m’ is moving in a circular banked
road of radius ‘r’ with banking angle ‘8’ with constant speed ‘v’.
The car is under the effect of following forces.
) The weight mg is acting vertically downwards,
i) The normal reaction (R) is inclined at an angle @ with vertical
and can be resolved into two components.
The vertical component of R i.e. Rcos0 balances the weight of the car.
ie. RCOSO = Mg sewnes 1)
‘he horizontal component of R ie. Rsind provides necessary centripetal force.
ie Rsind =" ....2) Dividing eq" 2) by 1), we get,
Rsind
Rcos8
+ tan@ =
Eq” 3) is a required banking angle of circular track of radius r for a uniform speed v and
shows that tangent of banking angle is directly proportional to the speed and inversely
proportional to the radius of the path.
Also,
V= J FBEAMO sane 4)
Eq" 4) shows that maximum safe speed of car doesn’t depend
upon the coefficient of friction and depends on banking angle.
8) At what angle should a circular road be banked so that a car running at 50 km/hr be safe to go round the circulai
urn of 200 m radius?
1.9) Why are roads banked on curved path? 3) Motion of a bicycle in a curved road _(Bending of cyclist
When a cyclist take a circular turn, he bends himself inwards
towards the center of circular path so as to provide necessary
centripetal force to keep him in the circular track.
Let us consider a cyclist of mass ‘m’ is moving in a circular path
of radius ‘r’ with constant speed ‘v' tilting at an angle @ with
vertical. The cyclist is under the effect of following forces.
) The total weight mg acts vertically downwards from
center of gravity.
i) The normal reaction (R) act along a line making angle @
with vertical which can be resolved into two components.
The vertical component Rcos@ balances the weight of the system.
Lie. RCOSO = ME woven 1)
The horizontal component of Rsin@ provides necessary centripetal force.
ive. Rsin@ ==
Dividing eq” 2) by 1), we get,
Rsin®
Reos6 or, tan@
re
= tan“ (3)
3)
This is the angle through which the cyclist should bend with the vertical while going on a circular path of radius r
at speed v.
Eq" 4) shows that the cyclist should bend a cycle with a greater angle if the radius of curve is small and speed
of cyclist is high. This is one of the reason why a bike racer in Moto GP tilts his bike with large angle while
taking a sharp circular turns.
2.10) Why a cyclist inclines himself to the vertical while moving round a circular path?
‘Ans: A cyclist inclines himself to the vertical while moving round a circular path to provide necessary cent
force. The normal reaction of the road makes an angle with the vertical and the horizontal component of the
reaction provides necessary centripetal force to move the cycle in circular path. The bending angle is,
@= tan? 3) 4) Motion in a vertical circle:
Consider a bob of mass ‘m’ tied to a string is whirled (rotating) in a vertical
cle of radius ‘r’. Let the body is at point P at any instant of time. At this
soint, suppose v be the velocity and T be the tension in the string which is
at angle @ with vertical.
Here, the weight mg of the body can be resolves into two components i.e.
mgcos@ along the length and mgsin@ perpendicular to the length of the
tring.
At point P, the net force towards the center is,
mv?
T- mgcos® ="
1)
2q" 1) gives the tension in the string at any point P of the circular path.
my?
or, T= “+ mgcos®
Consider four points A,B,C and D along the circular path and Ta, Tp, Te, Tp are the corresponding tensions in the
string at these points respectively.
So, at the bottom (lowest point) A, 6 = 0°,
2
2
my,
“A 4+ mg
my,
Ta= - +mgcos0® At the top (highest point) C, @ = 180°,
2) and 3) are the maximum and minimum tension at top and bottom when
he body is moving with uniform speed ‘v’.
At point B, = 90",
2
Ta= = + mg cos90”
mv?
or, Ty=—— 4) * —__——_ =
r | Note: To maintain the circular motion the tension at the
If the tension at point Cis zero i.e. T; = 0 then, top (C) should never be less than zero. It should always
be more than zero. So the minimum condition so that
mete mvc? the string doesn’t slack (loose) at top and maintain its
r {circular motioi ring will be tight when T>0_,
or, ve = VFB 5)
This is the minimum velocity at point C that a body should possess at the top so that the string does not slack
and maintain its circular motion. (or, vc > VTE]
The minimum velocity at a point such that string doesn’t slack at that point and complete the circle is called
critical velocity. According to conservation of energy,
Total energy at point A = Total energy at point C
(K.E. + PE) at A = (K.E. + PE) at C
or, ¢ mvq? +0 =2mv,? + me (2r)
m (yf) + 2mer
or, my, 2 =S mgr
5 Ma? => mg
1.vq = V5r6 -
This gives the magnitude of velocity at lowest point which body can safely go round the vertical circle of radius ‘r’.
..6)
REMEMBER:
To maintain the circular motion, the minimum velocity at the top must be Vinin = VFB and the minimum velocity at
the bottom must be Vinin = VST 4) Motion in a Horizontal circle: (Conical Pendulum]
A system consists of a small heavy bob suspended by a string from a
gid support and whirled around in a horizontal circle at a constant
speed is called conical pendulum. It isso called because as the bob
swings in a horizontal circle, it traces the circular cone.
consider a bob of mass ‘m’ suspended by a string of length 'is
whirled in a horizontal circle of radius ‘r’ with constant speed ‘V’. Let
the string makes an angle ‘6’ with vertical.
When the bob is at point A, the tension ‘T’ in the string has two
components.
) The horizontal component Tsin@ acting inwards provides the necessary
centripetal force.
1)
ie. Tsing =
ii) The vertical component Tcos® balances the weight of the bob.
i.e. Tcos8 = mg 2)
Dividing eq” 1) by 2), we get,
Tsin@ _ mv? 4
Teosd~ + ![]()
