ORAL TEST NOTES

Epic Poem means an exalted story of a warrior-like hero’s journey and dealiings with the gods, told in a formal poetic structure.

THE ODYSSEY
 The Iliad is an epic poem about the Trojan War, a ten-year conflict between early Greek kingdoms and the Anatolian city of
Troy, and specifically about its final year.
 The Odyssey is divided into 24 books. It follows the Greek hero and king of Ithaca, Odysseus, and his homecoming journey after
the ten-year long Trojan War. His journey from Troy to Ithaca lasts an additional ten years, during which time he encounters
many perils and all of his crewmates are killed.

SETTINGS OF THE STORY IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER I THINK

1. TROY - The great battle of Greece to Troy and the famous Wooden Horse.
2. ISMARUS - The Cicones, they raided but suffer losses in it.
3. LAND OF THE LOTUS-EATERS - The island when you eat the lotuses you will forget your desire of getting out.
4. ISLAND OF THE CYCLOPS - They meet Polyphemus that they blinded to escape.
5. AEOLUS' ISLAND - The great God of the winds that help them go home by giving Odysseus a bag full of wind.
6. LAND OF THE LAESTRYGONIANS - Cannibal isalnd
7. AEAEA - Circe’s island
8. THE UNDERWORLD - make an aid on the prophet Tiresias for guidance.
9. SIREN’S ISLAND - Odysseus listens to their song while tied to the mast.
10. SCYLLA and CHARYBDIS - Many losses of men that walk upon them as to avoid the beast that reside in the area
11. THRINACIA- His men ate the golden cattle as Zues saw it and punishing them by thunder, killing everyone except Odysseus
12. OGYGIA - Calypso’s Island
13. SCHERIA - Island of the Phaeacians, they help Odysseus return home
14. ITHACA - The home of Odysseus and his final destination.

 The majority of the Odyssey takes place on and around the Aegean Sea before concluding in Odysseus's kingdom of Ithaca.
 Although it was written down centuries later, The Odyssey is set in Mycenaean Greece during the middle of the Bronze Age,
between 1600 and 1200 B.C. Historians believe that The Odyssey incorporates earlier oral traditions from that period while
reflecting the cultural norms of Homer's era.

CHARACTERS
1. ODYSSEUS - King of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, and father of Telemachus, former commander in the Trojan War, Odysseus is
the flawed, beloved hero of this tale of homecoming and revenge. His character is deeply contradictory: he is both a cunning
champion and a plaything of the gods, a wise commander and a vainglorious braggart. After the Trojan War, which left him
swollen with pride and fame, Odysseus seeks adventure on his way home; but the journey brings much defeat and humiliation,
and the Odysseus that lands on the shores of Ithaca is a humbler, wiser man, more pious and reserved.
2. TELEMACHUS - Odysseus's young son. Telemachus spends his youth helplessly watching the suitors corrupt his household and
harass his mother Penelope, but Athena's forceful guidance helps him mature from a nervous youth to a confident, eloquent
man – much like his father.
3. PENELOPE - Odysseus's wife and Telemachus's mother. In the beginning of the story, Penelope's most prominent qualities are
passivity, loyalty, and patience (along with beauty and skill at the loom) – the age-old feminine virtues. She does very little but
lie in bed and weeps. The trick of the loom, which she weaves and unweaves in order to hold the suitors at bay, matches the
cunning of any of Odysseus's plans. She tests Odysseus just as he has tested her. Theirs is a marriage of wits.
4. ATHENA - The goddess of wisdom, justice, and courage. She takes a particular liking to Odysseus, and by extension Telemachus
perhaps because Odysseus's suffering is greater than his crimes, perhaps because he embodies the values she champions.
5. ZEUS - King of all the gods, and the god of sky and lightning. He holds assembly on Mount Olympus and negotiates the desires
and grievances of the gods. He punishes Odysseus when his crew eats the Cattle of the sun god Helios. He allows Athena to
help Odysseus, and he allows Poseidon to hurt him.
6. MENTES - One of Athena's disguises.
7. POSEIDON- A sea god who holds a longstanding grudge against Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus. He
makes Odysseus's journey home very long and difficult.
8. LAERTES - Odysseus'sfather, who lives in poverty on a farm.
9. ANTICLEIA - Odysseus's mother, who died of longing for her son.
10. EURYCLEIA- Odysseus's kindly nurse, and the first person to recognize Odysseus in his beggar disguise.
11. CALYPSO - A beautiful goddess who falls in love with Odysseus and holds him captive for seven years on the island Ogygia.
12. CIRCE - A beautiful witch from the island Aeaea who turns Odysseus's crew into pigs; when Odysseus (with the aid of the drug
moly) proves immune to her spell, she falls in love with him and hosts him and his crew on the island.
13. EUMAEUS - The loyal swineherd who helps Odysseus defeat the suitors.
14. NESTOr - King of Pylos, commander in the Trojan War.
15. MENELAUS - King of Sparta, commander in the Trojan War, Agamemnon's brother.
16. HELEN - Menelaus's wife, famous for her beauty and pivotal role in the Trojan War.
17. AGAMEMNON - Menelaus's brother, murdered by his wife's lover when he came home from the Trojan War.
18. ALCINOUS-The Phaeacian king who hosts Odysseus very hospitably and helps him return to Ithaca.
19. HELIOS- The sun god, owner of the Cattle of the Sun.
20. LOTUS EATERS- A people who grow and eat the somnolent lotus flower.
21. CYCLOPS- Cannibalistic giants who live in caves.
22. POLYPHEMUS- A Cyclops son of Poseidon whom Odysseus blinds.
23. AEOLUS- The god of wind.
24. SIRENS- Creatures disguised as beautiful women whose beautiful singing lures sailors to jump into the sea and drown.
25. SCYLLA-A man-eating monster with six heads.
26. CHARYBDIS- A monster that creates a whirlpool three times a day.

PLOT OF THE EPIC

The poem is the story of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, who wanders for 10 years (although the action of the poem covers only the final
six weeks) trying to get home after the Trojan War. On his return, he is recognized only by his faithful dog and a nurse. With the help
of his son, Telemachus, Odysseus destroys the insistent suitors of his faithful wife, Penelope, and several of her maids who had
fraternized with the suitors and reestablishes himself in his kingdom.

CONFLICTS OF THE EPIC

Man vs. gods/nature
 The central theme of The Odyssey is the protagonist’s fight against numerous struggles on his way home. His conflict with
Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, is essential. It is the key to understanding some other disputes. By blinding Polyphemus,
the cyclops son of Poseidon, he incurs the wrath of the latter. Upon leaving Calypso’s island on a raft, Odysseus encounters a
storm raised by Poseidon. He survives it with the help of Athena.
 The confinement of Odysseus on Calypso’s island is another example of a man vs. god conflict. Odysseus falls under the spell of
Calypso. Due to that, he spends seven years on her island. He manages to escape her grasp only as a result of another Athena’s
intervention. The goddess pleads his case before Zeus.
Man vs. society
 The multiple storylines in The Odyssey allow for several major conflicts to develop at the same time. Odysseus has to face the
wrath of the gods. Meanwhile, his son, Telemachus, struggles to control the household. The crowd of suitors has taken it over,
trying to marry his mother’s hand. This conflict develops in the first books, commonly known as “Telemacheia.” It gets resolved
only at the end of the poem when Odysseus takes his revenge.
 The lengthy absence of Odysseus results in unrest at Ithaca. Numerous nobles are fighting for the crown. They hope to obtain it
by marrying Penelope. Her son Telemachus is too young and inexperienced. He is unable to overcome the suitors on his own.
Much like in the other conflicts, Athena’s intervention changes the situation. She encourages Telemachus to kick out the
suitors from the house. After, she tells him to leave the island searching for his father. Upon coming back to Ithaca, Odysseus
and Telemachus slay all the suitors in the palace.
Man vs. self
 Internal conflicts play a significant part in The Odyssey. They are often related to other types of disputes. The quarrel between
Telemachus and the suitors is key to the formation of his personality. He is initially shy and diffident and under Athena’s
guidance. However, he overcomes his doubts. Telemachus establishes himself as the head of the family in Odysseus’ absence.
 The excessive pride of Odysseus is the cause of many conflicts in the poem. After blinding Polyphemus, Odysseus makes fun of
the cyclops and makes sure he remembers Odysseus’ name. Ultimately it angers Poseidon, who incurs revenge against the
hero.
 Odysseus’ fight against temptations is another major theme in The Odyssey. In book 10, Circe’s hospitality makes him forget
about his true goals. So, he overstays on the nymph’s island. However, Circe is the one to warn Odysseus of another
temptation. She says that’s something awaiting them on the way home are the Sirens. To avoid falling under the Sirens’ charm,
Odyssey asks his crew to tie him up. The king gives the team bee wax to put in their ears not to hear the Sirens’ song. When
passing the Sirens’ island, Odysseus cannot resist their song. He commands the crew to release him. However, his companions
stay put on their oars. Due to that, they save their lives and escape the danger.

TONE
 The tone of The Odyssey evolves from somber and mournful to joyfully excited as Odysseus gets closer to completing his quest.
The book begins in a depressive tone, as Telemachus and Penelope despair of ever seeing Odysseus again and the situation
with the suitors is becoming dire.
 The nature of the Odyssey, the main tone of the poem is celebratory. Odysseus is the celebrated hero, with a strong focus on
his cunning and intellect. The tone is sometimes nostalgic in order to explain Odysseus' longing for his home and his mood
throughout his long return journey.

POINT OF VIEW
 The Odyssey is narrated from a Third-person Omniscient point of view by a narrator who has invoked the divine authority of
the Muse, which allows the narrator to know everything and understand all the characters' thoughts and feelings.

THEMES
 The three most important themes in the Odyssey are hospitality, loyalty, and vengeance.
 Fate, the Gods, and Free Will. Three somewhat distinct forces shape the lives of men and women in The Odyssey: fate, the
interventions of the gods, and the actions of the men and women themselves
 Piety, Customs, and Justice
 Cunning, Disguise, and Self-Restraint
 Memory and Grief
 Glory and Honor
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BEOWULF
History of BEOWULF
 Those reading Beowulf for the first time may be confused where and when the central action of the Old English poem takes
place. Despite being composed in Anglo-Saxon England sometime after 500 CE and before 1000 CE, the tales recorded in
Beowulf take place in Denmark, Sweden, and Frisia (an area now divided between Germany and the Netherlands) during the
sixth century or before. The letters CE in conjunction with a year mean after or before year 1. CE is an abbreviation for
Common Era. It means the same as AD (Anno Domini) and represents the time from year 1 and onward. BCE is short for Before
Common Era.
 Beowulf (/ˈbeɪəwʊlf/; Old English: Bēowulf [ˈbeːowuɫf]) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend
consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature.

SETTING
Beowulf takes place in early 6th-century Scandinavia,
primarily in what is known today as Denmark and Sweden.
The story is set in pagan Scandinavia in the 5th and 6th
centuries. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid
of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall
Heorot has been under attack by the monster Grendel for
twelve years. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother
takes revenge and is in turn defeated.

CHARACTERS
1. BEOWULF - Brave warrior and future king of
Geatland
2. KING HROTHGAR - King of the Dane's who is threatened by the monster Grendel
3. GRENDEL - A abominable monster who threatens the Danes
4. GRENDEL’S MOTHER - A swamp hag
5. BEOW - Former King of the Geats
6. UNFERTH - Antagonist who challenges Beowulf on his word
7. WIGLAF - A young warrior who follows Beowulf to his death

EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY

HISTORY
 Egyptian mythology was the belief structure and underlying form of
ancient Egyptian culture from at least c. 4000 BCE (as evidenced by burial
practices and tomb paintings) to 30 BCE with the death of Cleopatra VII,
the last ruler of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt.
 The significance of Egyptian mythology to other cultures was in its
development of the concept of an eternal life after death, benevolent
deities, and reincarnation. Both Pythagoras and Plato of Greece were said
to have been influenced by Egyptian beliefs in reincarnation and Roman
religious culture borrowed as extensively from Egypt as it did from other
civilizations.

CREATION OF THE WORLD IN EGYPT MYTH

 To the Egyptians, the journey began with the creation of the world and
the universe out of darkness and swirling chaos. Once there was nothing
but endless dark water without form or purpose. Existing within this void
was Heka (god of magic) who awaited the moment of creation. Out of this
watery silence (Nu) rose the primordial hill, known as the ben-ben, upon
which stood the great god Atum (or, in some versions of the myth, Ptah).
Atum looked upon the nothingness and recognized his aloneness and so,
through the agency of magic, he mated with his own shadow to give birth
to two children, Shu (god of air, whom Atum spat out) and Tefnut (goddess of moisture, whom Atum vomited out). Shu gave to
the early world the principles of life while Tefnut contributed the principles of order.
EGYPTIAN GODS AND GODDESES
1. NUT - was the mother of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephythys, Nut is usually shown in human form; her elongated body symbolising
the sky. Each limb represents a cardinal point as her body stretches over the earth. Nut swallowed the setting sun (Ra) each
evening and gave birth to him each morning. She is often depicted on the ceilings of tombs, on the inside lid of coffins, and on
the ceilings of temples.
2. SHU- was the husband of Tefnut and the father of Nut and Geb. He and his wife were the first gods created by Atum. Shu was
the god of the air and sunlight or, more precisely, dry air and his wife represented moisture. He was normally depicted as a
man wearing a headdress in the form of a plume, which is also the hieroglyph for his name. Shu’s function was to hold up the
body of the goddess Nun and separate the sky from the earth. He was not a solar deity, but his role in providing sunlight
connected him to Ra. Indeed, he was one of the few gods who escaped persecution under the heretic king Akhenaten.
3. GEB - was the father of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephythys, and was a god without a cult. As an Earth god, he embodied fertility
and people believed that earthquakes were the laughter of Geb. He is mentioned in the Pyramid Texts as imprisoning the
buried dead within his body.
4. AMUN - Also Known as Amen, Amun, Ammon, Amun was the chief Theban deity whose power grew as the city of Thebes grew
from an unimportant village in the old Kingdom, to a powerful metropolis in the Middle and New Kingdom. He rose to become
the patron of the Theban pharaohs and was eventually combined with sun god, Ra who had been the dominant deity of the
Old Kingdom to become Amun-Ra, King of the Gods and ruler of the Great Ennead. Amun’s name means “Hidden One,
Mysterious of Form,” and although he is most often represented as a human wearing a double plumed crown, he is sometimes
depicted as a ram or a goose. The implication is that his true identity can never be revealed. Karnak was Amun’s chief temple,
but his fame extended well beyond the boundaries of Egypt. His cult spread to Ethiopia, Nubia, Libya, and through much of
Palestine. The Greeks thought he was an Egyptian manifestation of their god, Zeus. Even Alexander the Great thought it
worthwhile consulting the oracle of Amun.
5. ANUBIS - Protector of the Dead. Anubis is shown as a jackal-headed man, or as a jackal. His father was Seth and his mother,
Nephythys. His cult centre was Cynopolis, now known as El Kes. He was closely associated with mummification and as a
protector of the dead. It was Anubis who conducted the deceased to the hall of judgment.
6. BASTET - Bastet is depicted as a woman with a cat’s head or simply as a cat. Initially an avenging lioness deity, she evolved into
a goddess of pleasure. Her cult centre was in the town of Bubastis in the Western delta. Many cats lived at her temple and
were mummified when they died. An immense cemetery of mummified cats has been discovered in the area.
7. BES - Unlike the other gods, Bes is represented full face rather than in profile, as a grotesque, bandy-legged dwarf with his
tongue sticking out. He was associated with good times and entertainment, but was also considered a guardian god of
childbirth. Bes chased away demons of the night and guarded people from dangerous animals.
8. HAPI - was not the god of the river Nile but of its inundation. He is represented as a pot-bellied man with breasts and a
headdress made of aquatic plants. He was thought to live in the caves of the first cataract, and his cult centre was at Aswan.
9. HATHOR - was the daughter of Ra and the patron goddess of women: love, beauty, pleasure, and music. She is depicted in
three forms; as a cow, as a woman with the ears of a cow, and as a woman wearing the headdress of a cow’s horns. In this last
manifestation, she holds the solar disc between her horns. She was the consort of Horus, and her name actually means “House
of Horus.” She had many temples the most famous of which is at Dendara. There was a dark side to Hathor. It was believed
that Ra sent her to punish humanity for its wickedness, but Hathor wreaked such bloody havoc on earth that Ra was horrified
and determined to bring her back. He tricked her by preparing vast quantities of beer mixed with mandrake and the blood of
the slain. Murdering mankind was thirsty work, and when Hathor drank the beer she became so intoxicated that she could not
continue her slaughter. Each year the goddess Hathor visited her husband the god Horus at Edfu temple to celebrate the feast
of the Divine Union
10. HORUS - was the son of Osiris and Isis and the enemy of the wicked God Seth. He is depicted as a hawk or as a man with the
head of a hawk. Sometimes he is shown as a youth with a side lock, seated on his mother’s lap. He was the god of the sky and
the divine protector of kings. Horus was worshipped throughout Egypt and was particularly associated with Edfu, the site of
the ancient city of Mesen, where his temple can still be seen. There are many stories of his wars against his uncle Seth, who
murdered his father and usurped the throne. Eventually Horus defeated Seth and became the king of Egypt.
11. ISIS - A very important figure in the ancient world, Isis was the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus. She was associated with
funeral rites and said to have made the first mummy from the dismembered parts of Osiris. As the enchantress who
resurrected Osiris and gave birth to Horus, she was also the giver of life, a healer and protector of kings. Isis is represented with
a throne on her head and sometimes shown breastfeeding the infant Horus. In this manifestation she was known as “Mother
of God.” To the Egyptians she represented the ideal wife and mother; loving, devoted, and caring. Her most famous temple is
at Philae though her cult spread throughout the Mediterranean world and, during the Roman period, extended as far as
northern Europe. There was even a temple dedicated to her in London.
12. KHEPRE - Also known as, Khepri, Khepra, Khepera, Khepre was a creator god depicted as a Scarab beetle or as a man with a
scarab for a head. The Egyptians observed young scarab beetles emerging spontaneously from balls of dung and associated
them with the process of creation. Khepre was one of the first gods, self-created, and his name means “he who has come into
being,” Atum took his form as he rose out of the chaotic waters of the Nun in a creation myth. It was thought that Khepre
rolled the sun across the sky in the same way a dung beetle rolls balls of dung across the ground.
13. KHNUM - was depicted as a ram-headed man. He was a god of the cataracts, a potter, and a creator god who guarded the
source of the Nile. His sanctuary was on Elephantine Island, but his best-preserved temple is at Esna. The “Famine Stele”,
which is a carved stone tablet, contains appeals to Khnum during a famine caused by a low inundation of the Nile.
14. KHONSU - Also known as Khons Khensu, Khuns. Khonsu was the son of Amun and Mut, with whom he formed the Theban triad.
He was a moon god depicted as a man with a falcon-head wearing a crescent moon headdress surmounted by the full lunar
 disc. Like Thoth, who was also a lunar deity, he is sometimes represented as a baboon. Khonsu was believed to have the ability
to drive out evil spirits. Rameses II sent a statue of Khonsu to a friendly Syrian king in order to cure his daughter of an illness.
His temple was within the precincts of Karnak.
15. MA’AT - was the goddess of truth and justice, embodying the essential harmony of the universe. She was depicted as a seated
woman wearing an ostrich feather, or sometimes just as the feather itself. Her power regulated the seasons and the
movement of the stars. Ma’at was the patron of justice and the symbol of ancient Egyptian ethics, so the Vizier who was in
charge of the Law Courts went by the title Priest of Maat. Ma’at was the ultimate judge in the afterlife, and the heart of the
newly deceased was weighed against her feather in the Hall of Two Truths. Ammut, devourer of the dead, ate those who failed
her test.
16. MONTU- was a warrior god who rose to become the state god during the 11th dynasty. He was associated with king
Montuhotep I (“Montu is satisfied”), who reunited Upper and Lower Egypt after the chaos of the First Intermediate Period.
During the Twelfth Dynasty, Montu was displaced by the rise of Amun, but he took on the true attributes of a war god when
warrior kings such as Thutmose III and Rameses II identified themselves with him.
17. MUT - formed part of the Theban Triad. She was one of the daughters of Ra, the wife of Amun, and the mother of Khonsu.
She was the Vulture goddess and is often depicted as a woman with a long, brightly coloured dress and a vulture headdress
surmounted by the double crown. In her more aggressive aspect, she is shown as a lion-headed goddess. Like Isis and Hathor,
Mut played the role of divine mother to the king. Her amulets, which depict her as a seated woman suckling a child, are
sometime confused with those of Isis.
18. NEPHYTHYS - Daughter of Geb and Nut, sister of Isis, wife of Seth and mother of Anubis, Nephythys is depicted as a woman
with the hieroglyphs for a palace and ‘Neb’ (a basket) on her head. She is thus known as “Lady of the Mansions” or “Palace.”
Nephythys was disgusted by Seth’s murder of Osiris and helped her sister, Isis, against her husband, Seth. Together with Isis
she was a protector of the dead, and they are often shown together on coffin cases, with winged arms. She seems to have had
no temple or cult centre of her own.
19. OSIRIS - was originally a vegetation god linked with the growth of crops. He was the mythological first king of Egypt and one of
the most important of the gods. It was thought that he brought civilization to the race of mankind. He was murdered by his
brother Seth, brought back to life by his wife Isis, and went on to become the ruler of the underworld and judge of the dead.
He is usually depicted as a mummy holding the crook and flail of kingship. On his head he wears the white crown of Upper
Egypt flanked by two plumes of feathers. Sometimes he is shown with the horns of a ram. His skin is depicted as blue, the
colour of the dead; black, the colour of the fertile earth; or green, representing resurrection.
20. PTAH - was a creator god, said to have made the world from the thoughts in his heart and his words. He was depicted as a
mummy with his hands protruding from the wrappings and holding a staff. His head was shaven and he wore a scull cap. Ptah
was associated with craftsmen, and the High Priest of his temple at Memphis held the title Great Leader of Craftsmen.
21. RA - Also known as Re, The supreme sun god was represented as a man with the head of a hawk, crowned with a solar disk and
the sacred serpent. However, in the underworld through which he passes each night, he is depicted as ram-headed. Each day
Ra travelled across the sky as the sun, riding in his solar boat, and each night he journeyed through the underworld where he
defeated the allies of chaos. He was reborn each morning in the form of the sunrise. His influence on the other gods was so
strong that he subsumed many of their identities. Thus Amun became Amun-Ra, Montu became Montu-Ra and Horus became
Ra-Horakhty. Pharoah Akenaten’s god, the Aten, was another form of Ra, the solar disk. The Egyptian kings claimed to be
descended from Ra, and called themselves “The Son of Ra.” His cult was powerful during the period of the Old Kingdom, when
Sun Temples were built in his honour. His cult centre was at Heliopolis, which nowadays is covered by the northern suburbs of
Cairo.
22. SOBEK - was a crocodile god, depicted as a crocodile on an altar or as a man with a crocodile head wearing a headdress as the
sun disk with upright feathers and horns. Sobek’s main cult centres were at Medinet el Fayum and at the temple of Kom Ombo,
which he shared with Horus and which still exists today. There was a pool at Kom Ombo containing sacred crocodiles and it is
still possible to see original mummified crocodiles at the temple.
23. SETH - Also known as Set, Setekh, Suty and Sutekh. Seth was the son of Geb and Nut, and the evil brother of Osiris. He was the
god of darkness, chaos, and confusion, and is represented as a man with an unknown animal head, often described as a
Typhonian by the Greeks who associated him with the god Typhon. He is sometimes depicted as a hippopotamus, a pig, or a
donkey. Seth murdered his brother and usurped the throne of Egypt, and most of the other gods despised him. Horus
eventually defeated Seth, but it was thought that their battle was an eternal struggle between good and evil. Although Seth
failed to keep the throne of Egypt, he continued to be a companion of Ra. He sometimes accompanied Ra across the sky in his
solar boat, causing storms and bad weather. Seth was venerated by some, and his main cult centre was at Naqada. Some kings
would liken themselves to Seth in battle, but mostly the people loathed him and his defeat by Horus was regularly celebrated.
24. TEFNUT - was the wife of Shu and the mother of Nut and Geb. She and her husband were the first gods created by Atum. She
was the goddess of moisture or damp, corrosive air, and was depicted either as a lioness or as a woman with a lioness’s head.
25. THOTH - was the god of writing and knowledge, and was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis holding a scribe’s pen and
palette, or as a baboon. The Greeks associated him with Hermes and ascribed to him the invention of all the sciences and the
invention of writing. He is often portrayed writing or making calculations. Thoth stands apart from most of the other gods. He
was as old as the oldest gods and often acted as an intermediate between gods. He was associated with the moon and is
sometimes shown wearing a moon disk and crescent headdress. One of his most important roles was to record the deeds of
the dead at the day of their judgment and is often seen doing this in the Book of the Dead. His main temple was at Hermopolis
in Middle Egypt.
DEMONS IN EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY
1. APEPI - sometimes called Apophis, another important demon, was the enemy of the sun god in his daily cycle through the
cosmos, and is depicted as a colossal snake.
2. AMMUT - the Devourer of the Dead, part crocodile, part lioness, and part hippopotamus. She was often shown near the scales
on which the hearts of the dead were weighed against the feather of Truth. She devoured the hearts of those whose wicked
deeds in life made them unfit to enter the afterlife.

GODS OF EGYPT MOVIE ANALYSIS

SETTING
Set in the mythology of ancient Egypt, the world is flat and the Egyptian gods live among humans. The gods differ from humans by
their greater height, golden blood, and ability to transform into their divine forms. A young thief named Bek and his love Zaya are
attending the coronation of Horus.

CHARACTERS OF THE MOVIE

3. HORUS- the Egyptian God of Air, son of Isis and Osiris
4. BEK- a young thief who allies with Horus
5. THOTH- the Egyptian God of Wisdom
6. HATHOR-the Egyptian Goddess of Love and Horus' lover
7. ZAYA-Bek's lover
8. SET- the Egyptian God of the Desert, brother of Osiris
9. RA-the Egyptian God of the Sun, father of Osiris and Set
10. OSIRIS- the Egyptian God of the After life, the king of Egypt and the father of Horus
11. ISIS-the wife of Osiris
12. NEPHTHYS - sister of Isis and wife of Set
13. ASTARTE and ANAT - goddesses of war who are loyal to Set.
14. ANUBIS- an Egyptian god who takes the form of a Jackal and leads Zaya into the underworld.

PLOT OF THE MOVIE

 In ancient Egypt, where the gods live among the mortals, King Osiris is killed by his jealous brother Set during the coronation of
Osiris's son Horus. Set then defeats Horus and takes his eyes.
 God Ra has split Egypt in two: the fertile part with the Nile would be ruled by his son Osiris and the desert by his son Set.
During the coronation of Horus by his father Osiris, Set betrays his brother and kills him. Then he withdraws the eyes of Horus
that are his source of power and exiles him in the desert. The mortal thief Bek and his beloved wife Zaya that worships Horus
become slaves of Set. Zaya, who is working for Set's architect Urshu, convinces Bek to steal the eyes of Horus from a well-
protected pyramid designed by Urshu to give them back to Horus, the only one capable to defeat Set. Bek succeeds but
retrieves only one of the eyes; however Urshu discovers the theft and Bek and Zaya need to flee. Urshu kills Zaya with an arrow
and when Bek reaches Horus' shelter, he proposes to help the god to retrieve his other eye. In return, he demands that Horus
bring his beloved Zaya back from the underworld. They team up and soon Horus' lover Hathor, the goddess of love, leaves Set
and joins them in their quest to defeat the evil Set.

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CONFLICTS
 One of the longest and most convoluted mythological tales from ancient Egypt tells the story of how Horus and Seth fought for
the right to inherit Osiris' throne after the god of the dead was murdered… by his brother Seth.
 Mortal hero Bek teams with the god Horus in an alliance against Set, the merciless god of darkness, who has usurped Egypt's
throne, plunging the once peaceful and prosperous empire into chaos and conflict.
 Set, the merciless god of darkness, has taken over the throne of Egypt and plunged the once peaceful and prosperous empire
into chaos and conflict. Few dare to rebel against him. A young thief, whose love was taken captive by the god, seeks to
dethrone and defeat Set with the aid of the powerful god Horus.

TONE
 It is fun.
 Light-Hearted Adventure

THEMES
 Good vs Evil
 The two main deities at the center of the plot have their own motifs; Horus's theme is heroic and fanfarish, representing his
position as the more sympathetic of the two Gods, while Set's theme is darker, and has stylistic similarities to the 'villain
themes’.