Bangladesh j. entomol. (2023) 31(1), 43-55, www.bangladeshes.
org ISSN 1021-1004
ABUNDANCE AND FLUCTUATION PATTERN OF INSECT PESTS AND
NATURAL ENEMIES IN WINTER BRINJAL PLANT IN SYLHET
Bibekananda Das1, Md. Abdur Razzak Choudhury1 *, Chandra Kanta Dash1
and Md. Jonayed Al-Habib1
Department of Entomology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
1
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted to study the seasonal incidence and fluctuation
pattern of different insect pests and their natural enemies in winter brinjal grown
in the experimental farm of Department of Entomology, Sylhet Agricultural
University, Sylhet during October 2019 to March 2020. Observation was made
in natural condition i.e.; no plant protection measures was taken. The counting of
individual arthropod was performed by using visual searching. Eleven arthropod
species were observed out of which 6 were insect pests (7 families under 3 orders) and
5 were natural enemies (10 families, 5 orders). The aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover),
brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee), jassid (Amrasca
biguttula biguttula), whitefly (Bemicia tabaci Genn.), epilachna beetle (Epilachna
vigintioctopunctata Fab., Epilachna dodecastigma Most.), and leaf roller (Anobata
olevacea) were observed as insect pests of brinjal field. Among the natural
enemies, ladybird beetles (Micraspis crocera Muls., Menochilus sexmaculatus),
spiders (Lycosa pseudoannulata, Oxyopes javanus, Atypena formosana), black ant
(Camponotus compressus), dragonflies (Crocothemis servilia) were common. The
total number of phytophagous insect was 2508 and their relative abundance was
observed as aphid (15.31%) > epilachna beetle (10.06%) > leaf roller (7.39%)
> jassid (6.30%) > whitefly (5.05%) > brinjal shoot and fruit borer (0.64%). On
the other hand, the total number of all beneficial arthropods were 3093 and their
relative abundance was found as ladybird beetle (40.22%) > black ant (10.65%) >
dragonfly (1.55%) > spider (1.42%) > preying mantid (1.35%). Consequently, the
highest number of Aphid (5.80), epilachna beetle (6.60), leaf roller (3.50), jassid
(3.40) and whitefly (3.40) was found at 140 days after transplanting (DAT) on
170 days after sowing (DAS) while binjal shoot and fruit borer (0.45) was found
at 130 DAT on 160 DAS. Subsequently, the highest number of ladybird beetle
(13.85), black ant (4.0), dragonfly (1.15), spider (0.9) and preying mantid (0.95)
was observed at 140 DAT on 170 DAS. Proper knowledge and monitoring of
seasonal incidence and fluctuation of pest population and status of natural enemies
are essential to manage the insect pest of brinjal.
Keywords: Seasonal incidence, Solanum melongena, phytophagous pests and
beneficial arthropods
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Bibekananda Das, Md. Abdur Razzak Choudhury, Chandra Kanta Dash and Md. Jonayed Al- Habib
INTRODUCTION
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), is commonly known as eggplant or aubergine is a
plant belongs to the family Solanaceae. Among the vegetables, brinjal is the most
popular and principal vegetable crop and it is regarded as “King of vegetables”
(Kadgonkar et al. 2018). It is one of the widely used vegetable crops and economically
important vegetable among small-scale farmers and low-income consumers of
South Asia and this region accounts for nearly 60% and 53% of world’s area and
production, respectively. It is grown in many countries viz., Central South and
South East Asia, some parts of Africa and Central America. It is native to Indian
sub-continent and is grown throughout the country (Harish et al. 2011).
In the world, brinjal occupies an area of 1.72 m ha with a production of 43.17 m
MT with an average productivity of 25 MT ha-1 (FAOSTAT 2011). In Bangladesh,
over 1,15,424 hectare of total cultivable land is devoted to brinjal cultivation (BBS
2011 and 2019) and covers about 15% of the total vegetable area of the country
(Rahman 2005) with an average yield of 6.03 ha-1 (Anon. 2009). But this production
is insufficient to fulfill the nutritional requirements of the people.
Like any other crops, brinjal is subjected to attack by number of insect pests at
various growth stages, which affects the cultivation of brinjal and act as a limiting
factor in the profitable cultivation of this crop. The crop is attacked by about 140
species of insect and non-insect pests belonging to 50 families. Out of which
numerous insect pests viz. the major ones are brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes
orbonalis Guenee), Epilachna beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), aphid (Aphis
gossypii Glover), whitefly (Bemicia tabaci Genn.), jassid, (Amrasca biguttula
biguttula Ishida), and the minor ones are leaf roller (Antoba olevacea).The natural
enemies are ladybird beetle (Micraspis crocera Muls, Menochilus sexmaculatus),
spiders (Lycosa pseudoannulata, Oxyopes javanus, Argiope catenulate, Atypena
formosana), black ant (Camponotus compressus), dragonfly (Crocothemis servilia)
have been reported these species play a vital role in reducing pest population which
is free living organisms in brinjal field. Predator both their immature and adult stages
of about 167 families of 14 orders are reported (Shepard et al. 1987).
The production losses caused by brinjal pests vary from season to season
depending upon environmental factors. Different biotic and abiotic factors viz.
temperature, climate change, relative humidity etc. are changing the insect-pests
scenarios. Pest abundance and distribution changes with abiotic factors and therefore
44
Abundance and fluctuation of insect pests and natural enemies in winter brinjal in Sylhet
weather elements play a crucial role in the biology of any insect-pest. Temperature
and Relative humidity is the most vital abiotic factor influencing the rate of growth
and development of any organism and is especially important for insect pests
incidence. The impact of weather elements on pest is usually confounded (Narendra
Reddy et al. 2001). Therefore, the present research work was under taken to know
the seasonal abundance of different insect pests and natural enemies in brinjal
ecosystem in winter season.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental site, duration and brinjal cultivation: This research was conducted
during Rabi season, 2019-2020 in the experimental field of the Department of
Entomology, Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU), Tilagorh, Sylhet. Seedlings of
the brinjal variety BARI Begun-7 were collected from the Horticultural Research
Center (HRC), Sylhet Sadar. The land was first opened by spade at 20 days before
transplanting. Thereafter, the land was prepared thoroughly by ploughing followed
by laddering to have a good tilth. Weeds and debris of previous crops were removed
and the land was finally prepared with the addition of basal dose of cow-dung
manures. The recommended doses of manure and fertilizers were applied in three
splits (Rashid 1999). Thirty days old seedlings were transplanted in the well prepared
experimental plots. A total of 240 seedlings were planted in 20 plots @ 12 seedlings
plot-1. The whole field was divided into 5 blocks of equal size having space of 2
meters between blocks and 0.5 meters between plots. The unit plot size was 3m x
2.5m accommodating 12 plants plot-1. The distance between the plants maintained
at 50 cm. In this experiment, no plant protection measures were taken. Irrigation
was applied on newly transplanted seedling. Gap fillings were done with fresh and
healthy seedling. Irrigation was applied as and when needed. Four weeding were
done. Harvesting was done manually after 90 days of transplanting.
Monitoring and data collection of the insect pests and natural enemies:
Arthropods species viz., insect pests were collected by visual searching method and
counted from a random sample of 5 plants taken from each plot. In every stages
(vegetative, flowering and reproductive), six leaves of each plant were chosen
randomly two from the bottom (older leaves), two from the middle and two from
the top canopy (younger leaves) plot-1. Counting was done at morning to find the
natural enemies with other insects. The observed data were recorded over the season
and average was calculated to provide an overall mean density plot-1. The population
45
Bibekananda Das, Md. Abdur Razzak Choudhury, Chandra Kanta Dash and Md. Jonayed Al- Habib
density of each insect pest was expressed as number of individuals per 6 leaves of
the plant. The population of ladybird beetle (grubs & adults), spiders, black ants,
nymphs and larvae of insects on brinjal plants, were counted from 6 randomly
selected leaves of 5 plants. Data were observed and collected at ten days intervals
throughout the cropping season.
Relative abundance: Relative abundance is the percent composition of an organism
of a particular kind relative to the total number of organisms in the area (Angelo and
Canencia 2016). Relative abundance was calculated using formula:
Total no. of each species
Relative abundance (%) = × 100
Total no. of all species
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Harmful arthropods species
In whole cropping season during October 2019 to March 2020 total 6 insect pest
species were recorded from 6 families under 3 orders (Table 1). Observed insect
pests species belong to the orders Homoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.
Table 1. List of harmful insect pests observed in winter brinjal field during October
2019 to March 2020
Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Order Family
1. Epilachna beetle Epilachna 28-punctata Fab. Coleoptera Coccinellidae
Epilachna 12-punctata
2. Brinjal shoot and fruit Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. Lepidoptera Pyralidae
borer
3. Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover Homoptera Aphididae
4. Jassid Amrasca biguttula Homoptera Cicadillidae
5. Leaf roller Antoba olevacea Lepidoptera Noctuidae
6. Whitefly Bemicia tabaci (Genn.) Homoptera Aleyrodidae
The comparative population density of different insect pests in brinjal agro-
ecosystem during October 2019 to March 2020 is shown in Fig. 1. Aphid most
frequently occurred during the study period. Epilachna beetle was ranked second
followed by leaf roller, jassid, whitefly and brinjal shoot and fruit borer. Therefore,
it was evident that the sucking insect pests such jassid, white fly and aphid occupied
the top position in the brinjal agro ecosystem. Although the frequency of BSFB
46
Abundance and fluctuation of insect pests and natural enemies in winter brinjal in Sylhet
larvae was ranked 6th (Figure 1) in the field, it was the major insect pest of brinjal
reported by Saimandir and Gopal (2012).
Population abundance of phytophagous insect in the brinjal during winter
season: The total number of harmful insect pests in the brinjal ecosystem during
winter in 2019-2020, was in the decreasing rank order of aphid (858) > epilachna
beetle (564) > leaf roller (414) > jassid (353) > whitefly (283) > brinjal shoot and
fruit borer (36) (Figure 1).
1000 \s
800
Total number of Harmful
600
arthropods
400
200
0
Aphid Epilachna Leaf roller Jassid Whitefly BSFB
beetle
Fig. 1. Phytophagous insect species observed in the winter brinjal during October 2019 to March 2020
Natural enemy species: The natural enemy species in brinjal ecosystem are shown
in Table 2. Total 5 predacious arthropods species were recorded from 7 families
under 5 orders of insects and arachnid of spiders. Observed species belong to the
orders Coleoptera, Odonata, Dictyoptera, Hymenopera, and Araneae. Five different
species of spiders were found in three families of Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Linyphiidae.
Table 2. List of natural enemy species recorded from brinjal field during October
2019 to March 2020
Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Order Family
1. Ladybird beetle Micraspis crocea Muls. Coleoptera Coccinellidae
2. Dragonfly Crocothemis servilia Odonata Aeshnidae
3. Black ant Camponotus compressus Hymenoptera Formicidae
4. Lynx spider Oxyopes javanus Araneae Oxyopidae
Wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata Araneae Lycosidae
Dwarf spider Atypena formosana Araneae Linyphiidae
5. Preying mantids Stagmomantis carolina Dictyoptera Mantidae
47
Bibekananda Das, Md. Abdur Razzak Choudhury, Chandra Kanta Dash and Md. Jonayed Al- Habib
Single beneficial arthropod species was recorded from each family of Coccinellidae,
Aeshnidae, Formicidae and Mantidae under the orders Coleoptera, Odonata,
Hymenoptera and Dictyoptera, respectively (Table 2).
Population abundance of natural enemies species in the brinjal during winter
season: The total number of each natural enemies observed in the brinjal agro
ecosystem during winter in 2019-2020, was in the declining rank order of Ladybird
beetle (2253) > Black ant (597) > Dragonfly (87) > Spider (80) > Preying mantid (76)
(Figure 2).
2500
Total number of natural enemies
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Ladybird Beetle Black Ant Dragonfly Spider Preying Mantid
Fig. 2. Total number of natural enemy species observed in the winter brinjal during October 2019
to March 2020
Relative abundance of phytophagous insect pests and natural enemies in brinjal
agro ecosystem : The relative abundance of insect pests in brinjal ecosystem during
October 2019 to March 2020 was in the declining rank order of aphid (15.31%) >
epilachna beetle (10.06%) > leaf roller (7.39%) > jassid (6.30%) > whitefly (5.05%)
> brinjal shoot and fruit borer (0.64%) (Table 3). Similarly the relative abundance
of natural enemies in brinjal ecosystem followed the rank order of ladybird beetle
(40.22%) > black ant (10.65%) > dragonfly (1.55%) > spider (1.42%) > preying
mantid (1.35%) (Table 3).
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Abundance and fluctuation of insect pests and natural enemies in winter brinjal in Sylhet
Table 3. Relative abundance of insect pests and natural enemies in the brinjal field
during October 2019 to March 2020
Total no. of each arthropods
Insects Relative abundance (%)
Phytophagous
Jassid 353 6.30
Whitefly 283 5.05
Aphid 858 15.31
BSFB 36 0.64
Epilachna beetle 564 10.06
Leaf roller 414 7.39
Total 2508 44.75
Natural enemies
Spider 80 1.42
Black ant 597 10.65
Ladybird beetle 2253 40.22
Dragonfly 87 1.55
Preying mantid 76 1.35
Total 3093 55.19
Note: Total no. of all arthropods = 5601
The study on the relative abundance of insect pest and their natural enemies in
brinjal found scanty in Bangladesh. Higher values of the relative abundance don’t
indicate the mode of damage of the crop. Here, the relative abundance of BSFB
(0.64%) was lower as compared to that of aphid (15.31%) which was too high but
differ from the study of Choudhury et. al. (2016).
Incidence and fluctuation pattern of different arthropods in brinjal agro
ecosystem Incidence and fluctuation of jassid, whitefly and aphid : Infestation
of jassid on brinjal plant started from at 30 days after transplanting (DAT) i.e., 60
days crop age, on 13 November, 2019 2.00 jassids per 6 leaves were found and
their population increased. The highest population (6.47 jassids per 6 leaves) at
140 DAT on 03 March, 2020 but the lowest population (1.14 jassids per 6 leaves)
found at 60 DAT on 13 December, 2019 (Table 4). The highest population (6.47
whiteflies per 6 leaves) of whitefly was found at 140 DAT on 03 March, 2019.
The whitefly population declined gradually and reached the lowest of 0.85
whiteflies per 6 leaves at 60 DAT on 13 December, 2019 (Table 4). Incidence of
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Bibekananda Das, Md. Abdur Razzak Choudhury, Chandra Kanta Dash and Md. Jonayed Al- Habib
aphid was first noticed at 30 DAT on 13 November, 2019 (2.76 aphids per leaves)
and it was increased gradually and reached the highest population at 140 DAT
on 03 March, 2020 (11.04 aphids per 6 leaves) and then declined while the lowest
population counted as 2.76 aphids per 6 leaves at 30 DAT on 13 November, 2019
(Table 4).
Table 4. Incidence and fluctuation pattern of jassid, whitefly and aphid plot-1 in
the winter brinjal field during October 2019 to March 2020
Observation date DAT* Crop age (Days) Jassid Whitefly Aphid
13.11.2019 30 60 1.05 0.75 1.45
23.11.2019 40 70 0.90 1.00 2.25
03.12.2019 50 80 1.30 0.95 2.35
13.12.2019 60 90 0.60 0.45 4.45
23.12.2019 70 100 1.00 0.90 4.10
03.01.2020 80 110 0.85 0.60 3.80
13.01.2020 90 120 1.25 0.50 4.20
23.01.2020 100 130 0.95 1.00 3.65
03.02.2020 110 140 1.40 0.85 2.30
13.02.2020 120 150 2.30 1.75 4.10
23.02.2020 130 160 2.65 2.00 4.45
03.03.2020 140 170 3.40 3.40 5.80
SUM - - 17.65 14.15 42.9
MEAN - - 1.47 1.17 3.57
*DAT-Days After Transplanting
Incidence of epilachna beetle, BSFB and leaf roller: Activity of epilachna beetle
on brinjal plant started from at 30 DAT on 60 days crop age, 13 November,
2019 (1.35 beetle per 6 leaves) and the highest population was recorded at 140
DAT on 03 March, 2020 (6.60 beetle per 6 leaves) while the lowest (0.85 beetle
per 6 leaves) found at 60 DAT on 13 December, 2019. Population of epilachna
was found throughout the entire cropping season (Table 5).
50
Abundance and fluctuation of insect pests and natural enemies in winter brinjal in Sylhet
Table 5. Incidence and fluctuation pattern of epilachna beetle, BSFB and leaf roller
plot-1 in the winter brinjal field during October 2019 to March 2020
Observation Crop age Epilachna
DAT* BSFB Leaf roller
date (Days) beetle
13.11.2019 30 60 1.35 0.00 0.15
23.11.2019 40 70 1.40 0.00 0.75
03.12.2019 50 80 1.15 0.00 0.85
13.12.2019 60 90 0.85 0.00 2.10
23.12.2019 70 100 1.50 0.00 1.50
03.01.2020 80 110 1.85 0.00 1.35
13.01.2020 90 120 2.00 0.05 1.05
23.01.2020 100 130 1.95 0.25 1.95
03.02.2020 110 140 2.25 0.35 1.85
13.02.2020 120 150 3.05 0.30 2.65
23.02.2020 130 160 4.25 0.45 3.00
03.03.2020 140 170 6.60 0.40 3.50
SUM - - 28.2 1.80 20.7
MEAN - - 2.35 0.15 1.72
*DAT-Days After Transplanting,
Activity of brinjal shoot and fruit borer started from 90 DAT, i.e. on 120 days crop
age on 13 January, 2020 (0.05 BSFB larva shoot-1). The highest population (0.45
BSFB larva fruit-1) was found low at 23 February, 2020. However, its incidence
was low because of these areas were peri-urban. Activity of leaf roller on brinjal
crop started from 30 DAT, 13 November, 2019 (0.15 leaf roller per 6 leaves).
The highest population was recorded at 140 DAT, (3.5 leaf roller per 6 leaves).
However, population was found frequent throughout the cropping season (Table 5).
The present study revealed that aphid, epilachna beetle, leaf roller, BSFB, whitefly
and jassid may be considered as major insect pests of brinjal for their frequent
occurrence in the brinjal field throughout cropping season.
Incidence of spider, black ant and ladybird beetle : Observation at 10 days
interval revealed that activity of spiders in brinjal field started from at 40 DAT, i.e.
70 days crop age on23 November, 2019 (0.5 spider per 6 branches). The highest
population was found (0.90 spider per 6 branches) at 140 DAT i.e., 03 March, 2020
(Table 6).
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Bibekananda Das, Md. Abdur Razzak Choudhury, Chandra Kanta Dash and Md. Jonayed Al- Habib
Table 6. Incidence and fluctuation pattern of spider, back ant and ladybird beetle
plot-1 in the winter brinjal field during October 2019 to March 2020
Observation DAT* Crop age Spider Black ant Ladybird
date (Days) beetle
13.11.2019 30 60 0.00 1.90 5.53
23.11.2019 40 70 0.5 1.95 6.25
03.12.2019 50 80 0.6 2.95 7.00
13.12.2019 60 90 0.3 1.75 8.00
23.12.2019 70 100 0.2 2.30 7.35
03.01.2019 80 110 0.15 2.90 8.50
13.01.2020 90 120 0.10 3.00 9.40
23.01.2020 100 130 0.25 2.00 9.40
03.02.2020 110 140 0.00 1.95 12.15
13.02.2020 120 150 0.35 2.45 12.05
23.02.2020 130 160 0.65 2.70 13.45
03.03.2020 140 170 0.90 4.00 13.85
SUM - - 4.00 29.85 112.93
MEAN - - 0.33 2.48 9.41
*DAT-Days After Transplanting
Spiders were more on the upper canopy of brinjal plant. Spiders such as wolf spider
(Lycosa pseudoannulata), lynx spiders (Oxyopes javanus) and dwarf spider (Atypena
formosana) has good predatory potentiality to control stem borer including most of
the sucking pests like jassid (leaf hopper), white fly and aphid (Table 6). The highest
population of black ant (4.0 black ants per 6 braches) was found at 140 DAT, i.e.
on 03 March, 2020 but the lowest population (1.90 black ants per 6 branches) sat
60 DAT on 13 November 2019 (Table 6). Incidence of the ladybird beetle (Grub
and adult) was first noticed at 30 DAT on 13 November, 2019 (5.53 ladybird beetle
per 6 braches) while the highest population (13.85 ladybird beetle per 6 braches)
was observed at 140 DAT on 03 March, 2020 (Table 6) and the Menochilus
sexmaculatus species occurred frequently Ladybird beetles are most regulatory
feeder against sucking pest like aphid (Table 6). The present study differed with
Choudhury et al. (2016) who reported that incidence of ladybird beetle (35.50 @
plot-1 & per 6 branches) was found in the month of mid-March and continued till the
end of the August.
52
Abundance and fluctuation of insect pests and natural enemies in winter brinjal in Sylhet
Incidence of dragonfly and preying mantid: The highest population of dragonfly
and preying mantid in brinjal field was found 1.15 per 6 branches and 0.95 per 6
branches at 140 DAT and 03 March, 2020, respectively (Table 7). Though, Shepard
et. al. (1987) reported that preying mantids have immense potential to control leaf
folder larvae, aphids, thrips and many caterpillars.
Table 7. Incidence of dragonfly and preying mantids plot-1 in the winter brinjal
field during October 2019 to March 2020
Observation date DAT* Crop age (Days) Dragonfly Preying mantid
13.11.2019 30 60 0.00 0.15
23.11.2019 40 70 0.3 0.25
03.12.2019 50 80 0.45 0.20
13.12.2019 60 90 0.45 0.20
23.12.2019 70 100 0.25 0.15
03.01.2020 80 110 0.20 0.10
13.01.2020 90 120 0.15 0.25
23.01.2020 100 130 0.25 0.30
03.02.2020 110 140 0.10 0.00
13.02.2020 120 150 0.45 0.50
23.02.2020 130 160 0.60 0.75
03.03.2020 140 170 1.15 0.95
SUM - - 4.35 3.8
MEAN - - 0.36 0.32
DAT-Days After Transplanting
The results of the present study exposed that a total number of 11 arthropods were
found in winter brinjal field. Among them aphid, epilachna beetle, leaf roller, jassid
and whitefly were commonly found throughout the whole winter season. Brinjal
shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) appeared in the field at middle age of the brinjal plant.
Ladybird beetle incidence was varied over the season. Availability of the remaining
natural enemies viz., black ant, dragonfly, spider, preying mantids were found
throughout the entire cropping season following similar trend with the harmful
insect pests other than Brinjal shoot and fruit borer. In summary, the present study
illustrates that both harmful insect pests and natural enemies were present in the
Brinjal field throughout the cropping season.
53
Bibekananda Das, Md. Abdur Razzak Choudhury, Chandra Kanta Dash and Md. Jonayed Al- Habib
Based on the finding of the current study it could be recommended that the knowledge
and proper monitoring of insect pests and natural enemies of the brinjal field may
provide an opportunity to manage the insect pests of this crop effectively.
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(Manuscript received for publication 06 June 2023)
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