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Political Systems, Regimes, & Govs. Political Institutions. Political Culture & Participation.
Unit 1 ↓ Unit 2 ↓ Unit 3 ↓
● Parliamentary system (UK): combine lawmaking and exec ● Civil society: voluntary citizen actions based on interests,
● Empirical Data: evidence gathered by observation or
functions; national legislature picks head of gov and purposes & values; separate from gov.
experimentation
cabinet; no separation of powers; checks in UK through Ex) religious orgs, news media, NGOs
● Normative Data: conceptual evidence like words,
question time ● Political culture: collective attitudes & beliefs of norms in
norms, or opinions
● Presidential system (Mexico, Nigeria): gov leads executive political sys; influenced by geography, religion, and history
● Quantitative analysis (statistical analysis) vs
branch with cabinet separate from legislative; separate ● Political socialization: process of acquiring one’s beliefs
Qualitative analysis (detailed subjective analysis)
elections for legislative and executive branches; separate toward political sys; influenced by family, school, peers,
● Correlation (association btw variables) vs Causation
branches and checks/balances religion, media, and social environments
(cause and e ect relationship)
● Semi-presidential system (Russia): president exists with PM ● Political ideologies to know: individualism, neoliberalism,
● Democratic (free/fair elections, majority rule, limits on
and cabinet; popular elections for president and legislature, socialism, communism, fascism, populism
gov, rule of law) vs Authoritarian (rule of single leader,
but president nominates PM ● Social welfare state: state plays role in protection and
small group of people, or single party)
● Legislative systems: Unicameral (1 chamber - China, Iran) promotion of econ/social well-being of citizens. Ex) UK
● Federal systems (division of power between 2 entities
vs Bicameral (2 chambers - UK, Mexico, Nigeria) vs ● Political participation: voting, protests, violence
- Mexico, Russia, Nigeria) vs Unitary systems (central
Parliamentary Hybrid (pres appoints PM - Russia) ● Safety valves: processes that allow discontented citizens to
gov is supreme - China, Iran, UK)
● Devolution: decentralization of rule to sub-central units express themselves to prevent revolts.
● Legitimacy: citizens believe gov has the right to power.
often based on ethnicity Ex) referendums, voting, protests
Sources include tradition (UK, Russia), nationalism
● Civil rights: individual’s protection of rights ● Referenda: citizens vote directly on policy questions
(Russia), revolution (China, Iran), economy (China),
● Civil liberties: individual’s protection from discrimination; ● Media: linkage institution that connects ppl to gov
religion (Iran), constitution (Mexico, Nigeria)
Ex) protections of assembly and speech ● Cleavages: divisions that structure society by class, ethnicity,
● Political Stability: ability of gov to provide basic
● Rule of law: state should be governed by laws religion, etc.
needs. Factored by 1) combatting political corruption
● Rule by law: judiciary is subservient to decisions of o cials Ex) coinciding (aligns same groups against each other)
and 2) state response to violence and discrimination
vs cross-cutting (split society into many groups)

Party/Electoral Systems & Citizen Orgs. Political/Econ Changes & Development.

Core Course Countries.
Unit 4 ↓ Unit 5 ↓
● Single-member district (UK, Nigeria, Russia, Iran): 1
● Econ globalization: interconnected, worldwide market
reps in legislature; promotes 2-party sys
● Econ liberalization: free-market mechanisms; has led to ● United Kingdom: Scotland, Great Britain, and
● Multi-member district (Iran): 2 or more reps
pollution, urban sprawl, income inequality Northern Ireland; democracy with parliamentary
● Proportional representation (Mexico, Russia): parties
Ex) state membership in IMF, World Bank, WTO
gain seats based on # of votes received sys; monarch = head of state, PM = head of gov
● Neoliberal policies: removal of barriers for economic actors
● First-past-the-post (UK): candidate who wins most
● Political responses to market forces: Special econ zones in ● Russia: Created after the Soviet Union fell;
votes is elected authoritarian with semi-presidential sys; pres =
China, privatization of oil (PEMEX in Mexico), nationalization
● Regulatory orgs for election: Iran’s Guardian Council,
Mexico/Nigeria’s indep election commissions
of oil (Russia, Nigeria) head of state, PM = head of gov
● Supranational organizations: sovereign power over national ● Iran: Authoritarian regime and theocracy;
● Appointment sys: UK’s House of Lords, Iran’s Guardian
govs. Ex) ECOWAS, EU, WTO
Council, Russia’s Federal Councils
● Govs can create new social policies in response to changes supreme leader = head of state, pres = head of
● One party sys: China with the CCP state
Ex) Gender equity rules in Iran, abortion policies and
● One-party dominance: Russia, previously Mexico
● Multi-party sys: UK (Labor and Conservative/Tory)
gender quotes in Mexico, ● Mexico: Democracy with presidential sys; pres =
● Solutions to environmental issues: moving factories, head of state and gov
Nigeria, Mexico (PAN and PRI)
hybrid/battery-powered vehicles
● Iran lacks political party structures
● Migration caused by work demand: China with special econ
● China: Authoritarian regime and one-party state;
● Social movements: Iran’s Green Movement, Zapatistas pres = general secretary of CCP
zones, NAFTA in Mexico, immigration to UK
in Mexico, MEND, Boko Haram in Nigeria
● Rentier states (aka resource curse): countries dependent on ● Nigeria: Democracy with presidential sys; pres =
● Pluralist sys (promotes competition amongst orgs not
main export like oil or gas; leads to lack of economic head of state and gov
linked to state) vs Corporatist sys (groups are
diversification, disparity btw rich and poor, gov corruption
state-sanctioned)

FRQ TIPS: Be clear and concise 💎 Practice to develop analytical skills 💎 Practice connecting countries, terms, and concepts 💎 Be confident!