N C ER T Soluti ons for C l ass 11 C hemi stry C hapter 2

Structure of Atom

Q ue s ti on

2.1 (i)

Calculate thenum berof electrons which

will together weigh one gram .

An sw er

As the mass of oneelectron we know is

T he r ef o r e,

Q ue s ti on

2 .1 (ii)

Calculatethe mass and charge of onem ole of electrons.

An sw er

As the mass of oneelectron is equalto

T he r ef o r e, M a s s of 1 m o l e
or

electrons

Charge onone electron is

T heref ore, the charge on 1 mole of electronswi ll be:

.
Q ue s ti on

2 .2 (i)

Calculate the total num ber of electrons present in one m ole of

m ethane.

An sw er

1 molecule of m ethane

contains

electrons
.

T heref ore, 1mole of methane will contain:

electrons.

Q ue s ti on

2 .2 (ii)

Find (a) the total num ber of neutrons in 7 m g of

14

C. (Assume that

m assof a neutron

).

An sw er

A s 1 at om of

14

C contains

andthe num ber of atom s in

14

C in 1 mo le is

a t om s .

T heref ore, the number of neutrons in14g of

Q ue s ti on

2 .2 (ii)

Find (b) the total m ass of neutrons in 7 m g of

14

C. (Assum e that m ass

of a neutron = 1.67
5 ×10 kg).

An sw er

As the mass of oneneutron is

T hen the mass of total neutrons in 7gram s of

14

C:

Q ue s ti on

2 .2 (iii)

Find (a) thetotal num ber of protons in34m g of NH

3
a t ST P .

W ill th e
answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed ?

An sw er

1 mole of amm onia

and1 atom of

contains

T heref ore, the number of protons in 1m ole of

Num ber of protons in 3m g

of
:
W ill the answer change if the tem perature and pressure

are changed?

An sw er

As the mass of oneproton is

T he r ef o r e, t he mas s of

will b e :

No, therew ill be noeffect of temperature and pressure.

Q ue s ti on

2.3(i)

How m any neutrons and protons are there in thefollowing nuclei?

An sw er

Given thenucleus of carbon:

A t om i c n um be r

(Z )

=
6

Mass num ber

( A)

=13

Num ber of protons

(Z )

=6

Num ber of neutrons

(A
-
Z)

=13
-
6 =7
An sw er

Given the nucleus of oxygen:

A t om i c n um be r

(Z )

=8

Mass num ber

( A)

=16

Num ber of protons

(Z )

=8

Num ber of neutrons

(A
-
Z)

=16
-
8 =8

2.3How m any neutrons and protonsare there in thefollowing nuclei?

E d it Q

Q ue s ti on

2 .3 (iii)

How m any neutrons and protons are there in thefollowing nuclei?

An sw er

Given thenucleus of Magesium :

A t om i c n um be r

(Z )

=12
Num ber of neutrons

(A
-
Z)

=24
-
12 = 12

Q ue s ti on

2.3(iv)

Ho w m any neutrons and protons are there in thefollowing nuclei?

An sw er

Given the nucleus of Iron:

A t om i c n um be r

(Z )

=26

Mass num ber

( A)

=56

Num ber of protons

(Z )

=26

Num ber of neutrons

(A
-
Z)

=56
-
26 = 30

=
Q ue s ti on

2.3(v)

Ho w m any neutrons and protons are there in thefollowing nuclei?

An sw er
Num ber of protons

(Z )

=38

Num ber of neutrons

(A
-
Z)

=88
-
38 = 50

Q ue s ti on

2 .4

W rite the com plete sym bol fortheatom with the give n atom icnum ber (Z)
and atom ic m ass (A)

(i) Z = 17 , A = 35.

An sw er

For the given atom icnum ber

Z =1 7

and mass num ber

A=35;

A t om i s
.

Q ue s ti on

2 .4

W rite the com plete sym bol fortheatom with the give n atom icnum ber (Z)
and atom ic

m a ss (A )

(ii) Z = 92 , A = 233.

An sw er

For the given atom icnum ber

Z =9 2

and mass num ber

Q ue s ti on

2 .4

W rite the com plete sym bol f or the atom

with the given atom ic num ber (Z)

and atom ic m ass (A)

(iii) Z = 4 , A = 9 .

An sw er

For the given atom icnum ber

Z =4

and m ass number

A= 9 ;

A t om i s
.

Q ue s ti on

2 .5

Yellow li ght em ittedf rom a sodium lamp has a wavelength (

) of 5 80
■■

) of the yellow l ight.

An sw er

Given the wavelength of the yellow li ght em ittedf rom a sodium, lamp
is

And the

f requency will be:

T heref ore the wavenum ber,

Q ue s ti on

2 .6

Find energy of each of the

photons which

(i) correspond to light offrequency

An sw er

If aphoton has af requency of

T hen,the energy of each of the photons will be:

Q ue s ti on

2 .6

Find energy of eachof the photons which

(ii) have wavelength of 0.50 Å.

An sw er

For the wavelength

T he energy of each of the photons will be:

Q ue s ti on

2 .7

Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wavenum ber of a light wave

whose period is

An sw er

:
Given f requency, wavelength, and the wave num ber of a light
wave:

Q ue s ti on

2 .8

W hat is the number of photonsof light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that

p ro
vide 1J of energy?

An sw er

Given the wavelength of light

andEnergy is 1J of energy:

T heref ore, the number of photonsof light with a wavelength of 4000pm that provides 1J
of en e r gy i s :

Q ue s ti on

2.9(i)

Aphoton of wavelength

st rike s
on metal surf ace, the work
function of them etal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (i) theenergy of thephoton (eV)
Answ er

T he photon ishaving a wa velength of

strikeson a metal surf ace, where the

work f unction of themetal being is
.

So, Energy of thepho

ton:

Q ue s ti on

2 .9 (ii)

A photon of wavelength 4

×10^
-
7 m strikes onm etal surface, the work
function of them etal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (ii) the kinetic energy of the em ission

An sw er

T he photon ishaving a wa velength of

strikeson a metal surf ace, where the

work f unction of themetal being is
.

T he kinetic energy of the emission will be:

Q ue s ti on

2 .9

A photon of wavelength 4 × 10 m strikes on m etal surf ace, the work

function of them etal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (iii) the velocity of the photoelectron
(
)
.

An sw er

T he photon ishaving a wa veleng

t h of

strikeson a metal surf ace, where the

work f unction of themetal being is
.

From the previous part, we have theKineticEnergy (K.E.):

Q ue s ti on

2.10

Electrom agnetic radiation ofwa velength 242 nm is just suff icientto

ionise the sodium atom . Calculatethe ionisation

energy of sodium in kJ mol

Œ1
.

An sw er

Given the wavelength of the electrom agneticradiation is

wh ic h is ju s t s uf f ic ien t
to ionize the sodium atom .

So, the ionization energy required will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.11

A 25 watt bulbem itsmonochrom atic yellow li ght of wavelength of

culate therate of em ission of quantaper second.

An sw er

Given thatthe light is m onochrom atic yellow of wavelength

Hence theenergy em ittedby the bulb will be:

T heref ore, the number of photons em itted per second:

Q ue s ti on

2.12

Electrons areem itted with zer o velocity f rom a m etal surf ace when it is
■■

0
) and
work f unction (W

0
) of the m etal.

An sw er

Given the wavelength of radiation is

.
But theelectrons areem itted with zero velocit y f rom am etal surf acewhen it is exposed
to radiation.T hat means

the kineticenerg y w ill be zero

So, the

Thre s hold fr eque nc y

wil l b e :

and the

W ork functi on

wi ll b e :

Q ue s ti on

2.13

W hat is the wavelength of light em itted when the electron ina hydrogen
a t om un d
ergoestransitionf rom an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?

An sw er

W hen an electron in ahydrogen atom undergoes a transitionf rom an energy level

wi t h

to an energy le vel

, there will be anem ission of energy whose

wa velength can

be found by:

and wavelength will be equal to:

Q ue s ti on

2.14

How m uch energy is required to ionise a Hatom if the electron occupies

n = 5 orbit? Com pare your answer with the ionization enthalpy of Hatom ( energy
required to rem ove the electronf rom n =1 orbit).

An sw er

T he energy which is required to ionize an H atom if the electronoccupiesn=5 orbit is:

For ionization f rom 5th orbit,

T he r ef o r e,

For ionization f rom 1st orbit,

T he r ef o r e,

Hence,25tim es less energy is re quired to ionize an electron in the5th orbital of the

hydrogen atom as

comparedto that in the ground state.

Q ue s ti on

2.15

W hat is the m axim um

num ber of em ission lines when the excited

electronof a H atom in n = 6 drops to the ground state?

An sw er

T he number of lines produced when an electron f rom

shell drops tothe ground

sta te :

According to the question, the m aximum number of em ission

lines whenthe excited

electron of an H atom in

drops to the groundstate will be:

T heseare producedbecause of thef ollowing transitions:

Q ue s ti on

2.16 (i)

The energy associated

with thef irst orbit in the hydrogen atom
is

.W hat isthe energy associated with thef if th orbit?

Answ er

T he energy associated with thef irst orbit in the hydrogen atom

is

T he energy of an electron in

shell is given by:

So, theenergy associated

with the

fi fth o r bi t

would be:

Q ue s ti on

2.16 (ii)

Calculatethe radiusof Bohr™s f if th orbitf orhydrogen atom .

An sw er

T he
radius of Bohr's

orbitf or the hydrogen atom is given by,

S o , fo r

we have
Q ue s ti on

2.17

Calculate the wavenum ber f or the longest wavelength transition in the

Balmer series of atom ic hydrogen.

An sw er

Balmer f ormula:

As we can notef rom the form ulathat the wavenum ber is inversely p roportional tothe
wa velength.

Hence,for the longest

wa velength transition in the Balm er series of atom ic hydrogen

wa venum ber has tobe the sm allest or

should be m inim um i.e.,

.

For theBalm er series,

T hus, theexpression of wavenumber is given by,

Q ue s ti on

2.18

W hat is the energy in joules, required to shif t the electron of the

hydrogen atom f rom the first Bohr orbitto thef if th Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength
of the light em itted when theelectron returns to the

ground state?The ground state

electron energy is

An sw er

T he ground state energy:

T he energy required to shif t theelectronf rom the

f i rs t

Bohr orbit to the

fi fth

Bohr orbit
is :

And theexpressionfor theenergy of an electron is given by:

where

m
is m ass of an electron,

Z
i s th e a t om i c m a s s of an at om ,

e
is a c ha r ge of an
electron, and

h
is th e P la n ck's con st an t .

Now, substituting the values in the equation,we get

Hence,the wavelength of theem itted light will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.19

Theelectron energy in hydrogen atom is given

by

. Calculate the energy required to remove anelectron

com pletely f rom the n= 2 orbit.W hat is the longest wavelength of light in cmthat can

be
usedto cause this transition?

An sw er

T he expressionfor theenergy of anelectron in hydrogen is:

W her e

m
is m a ss of e le ct ro n s,

Z
is the atom ic m ass of an atom ,

e
is the charge of an
electron, and

h
is th e P la n ck's con st an t .

andelectron energy in

thehydrogen atom is given by,

T he electron energy in

o rb it is :

T heref ore, the energy r equiredf or the ionizationf rom

is

Now, the longest wavelength of light that canbe usedto causethis transition will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.20

Calculate the wavelength of an electronm oving with a velocity

of

An sw er

T he wavelength of anelectron is given by the

de Br ogl ie 's

e qua t i o n:

W her e,

is the wavelength of moving particle,

m
is th e ma ss of the pa rticle , i.e .,

v
is the velocity of the particle,i.e.,

(
Give n)
and

h
is the Planck's constant value, i.e.,

Now, substituting the values in the equation,we get

He nc e , the w a ve l e ngth of the e l ec tr on m ovi ngw i th a ve l oci t y

of

is

Q ue s ti on

2.21

Them ass of an electron is

If i ts K . E . i s

,
c a lc u la t e it
s wavelengt h.

An sw er

T he wavelength of anelectron canbefoundby de Broglie's equation:

Given the K.E. of electron

which is equal to
.

Hence we get,

Hence the wavelengthis given by,

Q ue s ti on

2.22

W hichof thefollowing are isoelectronic species i.e.,those having the

sam e num ber of electrons?

An sw er

Calculating the num ber of electronsfor eachspecies.

has 11 electrons then,

will h a ve

electrons.

has 19 electrons then,

will h a ve

electrons.

has 12 electrons then,

will h a ve

electrons.

has 20 electrons then,

will h a ve

electrons.

has 16 electrons then,

will h a ve

electrons.

has 18 electrons.

Hence,thef ollowing are isoelectronic species:

Q ue s ti on

:
2 . 23

(i )

W rite the electronic configurationsof thefollowing ion:

(a )

An sw er

T he electronic conf igurationof

is :

Now, the electronic

c onf i gu r a t i o n of

wil l b e
.

Q ue s ti on

2.23

(i )

W rite the electronic configurationsof thefollowing ion

(b )

An sw er

T he

electronic conf iguration of

having

is :

Now, the electronic configurationof

wil l b e
.

Q ue s ti on
Now, the electronic configuration of

will b e
.

Q ue s ti on

2.23

(ii)

W hat arethe atom icnum bers of elements whose outerm ost

electrons are represented by

(a )

An sw er

W ith given outerm ost electrons

,

T he com pleteelectronic conf iguration is

Hence the num ber of electr

ons present in theatom of the elem ent is:

T heref ore, the atom ic numberof theelement is

wh ic h is

S odi um (Na )

Q ue s ti on

2.23

(ii)

W hat arethe atom icnum bers of elements whose outerm ost

electrons are represented by

(b )

An sw er

W ith given outerm ost electrons

,

T he com pleteelectronic conf iguration is

Hence the num ber of electrons present in the atom of the elem ent is:

T heref ore, the atom ic numberof theelement is 7 which is

NI tr ogen (N
)
.

Q ue s ti on

2.23

(ii)

W hat arethe atom icnum bers of elements whose outerm ost

electrons are represented by

(c )

An sw er

W ith given outerm ost electrons

,

T he com pleteelectronic conf iguration is

He
nce thenum ber of electrons present in theatom of the elem ent is:

T heref ore, the atom ic numberof theelement is 17 which is

Chlorine (Cl)

Q ue s ti on

2.23

(iii)

W hich atom sare indicated by thefollowing conf igurations?

(a )

An sw er

:
T he electronic conf iguration of the elem ent is

or

T heref ore, the atom ic numberof theelement is

3
wh ic h is

Li thi um

,a p
-
block elem ent.

Q ue s ti on

2.23

(iii)

W hich atom sare indicated by thefollowing conf igurations?

(b )

An sw er

T he electronic conf igurationof theelem ent is

or

T heref ore, the atom ic numberof theelement is

15

wh ic h is

P hos phorus

, ap
-b lo ck
element.

Q ue s ti on

2.23

(iii)

W hich atom sare indicated by thefollowing conf igurations?

(c )

An sw er
Answ er

Forg
-
orbital,

the value of Azim uthal quantum number (l) will be 4.

Asf or any value 'n' of the principal quantum num ber, the Azim uthalquantum number (l)
can have a valuef rom zero to (n
-
1 ).

The r e fore , for l =4, the m ini m um va l ue of n s houl d be 5 .

Q ue s ti on

2.25

Anelectron is inone of the 3

d
orbitals. Give the possible values
of

n
,
l
an d

m
l
f or this electron.

An sw er

Ford
-
orbital,the value of Azim uthal quantum number (l) = 2.

W hen l =2,the valuesof m are:

Now, f or the 3d orbital:

T he value of Principal quantum number,

Azim uthal quantum num ber,

Magnetic quantum num ber,

=

Q ue s ti on

2.26(i)
Answ er

Given an atom of an elem ent contains 29 electrons and35neutrons.

Now, f or an atom to be neutral, the num berof protons is equalto the num berof
electrons.

T he r ef o r e, t he

num be r of pr otons

in the atom of the given element wil l be

29

Q ue s ti on

2.26(ii)

An atom of anelem ent contains 29 electronsand35 neutrons.

Deduce (ii) the electronic configuration of the element.

An sw er

Given an atom of an elem ent contains 29 electrons and35neutrons.

T he electronic conf igurationof theatom will be:

which is the electronic conf iguration of

c oppe r

Q ue s ti on

2.27

Give the num ber of electrons in the species

,
and

An sw er

T he number of electrons in

m olecule is

T he number of electrons in
T he num ber of electrons present in

m olecule will be one less than the num ber of

electrons present in

molecule. i.e.,

Q ue s ti on

2.28

(i )

An atom icorbital has

n= 3

.W hatare the possible values

of

l
an d

m
l
?

An sw er

For a given value of the principal qua

ntum num ber

, theazim uthal quantum

number

can have values f rom

to
.

T heref ore,f or given atom ic orbital

,

T he value of

can takevalues f rom

to

, i.e.,
.

Andfor a given value of

, the Magnetic quantum num ber

can have
For 3d
-
orbital, the values of Principal quantum num ber is

and Azim uthal

quantum number
.

T he r ef o r e, f o r
,

, magnetic quantum num ber can have

values.

i.e .,

Q ue s ti on

2.28

(iii)

W hich of thef ollowing orbitals are possible?

1p

,
2s

,
2p

a nd

3f

An sw er

is

NO T

possible because for

, the valueof

is
zero.

is possible because, when

.
.
Here,

is principal quantum num ber and

is azim uthal quantum num ber.

T hen the o
rbital with given quantum numbers

is

which can have a

m axim um of 2electrons.

Q ue s ti on

2.29

Using s, p,d notations, describe theorbital with thefollowing quantum

numbers.

(b )

An s
w er

Here,

is principal quantum num ber and

is azi m uthal quantum num ber.

T hen theorbital with given quantum numbers

is

which can have a

m axim um of 6electrons.

Q ue s ti on

2.29

Using s, p,d notations, describe theorbital with thefollowing quantum

numbers.

(c )

An sw er

Here,

is principal quantum num ber and

Q ue s ti on

2.29

Using s, p,d notations, describe theorbital with thefollowing quantum

numbers.

(d )

A
n sw er

Here,

is principal quantum num ber and

is azi m uthal quantum num ber.

T hen theorbital with given quantum numbers

is

which can have a

m axim um of 14 electrons.

Q ue s ti on

2.30 (a)

Explain, givin g reasons, which of thef ollowing sets of quantum

numbersare not possi
ble.

An sw er

Given quantum numbers :

NO T

possible, because n cannotbe equal tozero.

Q ue s ti on

2.30 (b)

E xpla in , givin g re a s
ons, which of thef ollowing sets of quantum
numbersare not possible.
An sw er

Given quantum numbers :

It is possible and it is

1s or bi tal .

Q ue s ti on

2.30 (c)

Explain, givin g reasons, which of thef ollowing sets of quantum

numbersare not possible.

An sw er

Given quant
um nu m b er s :

It is

NO T

possible because when

Q ue s ti on

2.30 (d)

Explain, givin g reasons, which of thef ollowing sets of quantum

numbersare not possible.

An sw er

Given quantum numbers :

It is possible and it is

2 p or bi ta l .

Q ue s ti on

2.30 (e)

E xp la in , givin g

reasons, which of thef ollowing sets of quantum

numbersare not possible.

An sw er

Given quantum numbers :

It is

NO T

possible because when

, .

Q ue s ti on

2.30 (f)

Explain, giving reasons, which of thefollowing sets of quantum

numbersare not possible.

An sw er

G iv
en quantum numbers :

It is possible and it is

3p

orbital.
Q ue s ti on

2.31

How m any electrons in an atom m ay have the following quantum

numbers?

(a )

An sw er

T he t ot a l num b e r of
electrons in an atom fora value of n is given by:

T heref ore, the totalno. of electrons when

,

and half of them i.e. 16 will have

.

Q ue s ti on

2.31

How m any electrons in an atom m ay have thef ollowing quantum

numbers?

(b )

An sw er

W hen

t h en it is

orbital which can have

2 e le ct r o n s

Q ue s ti on

2.32

Show that the circumferenceof the Bohr orbitf or the hydrogen atom is

an integral m ultiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolvin g
around the orbit.

An sw er
According to the Bohr's postulate of angular m om entum ,

which can be writtenas:

.....................................(1 )

T hen according

to de Broglie's equation for wa velength,

......................................(2 )

Now, substituting the valuesof equation (2) in equation (1) we get,

T hus, the circumf erence of the Bohr's orbitfor thehydrogen atom isan integral m ultiple
of de B r o
glie's wavele ngth associated with the electron revolving ar ound the orbit.

Q ue s ti on

2.33

W hat transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the sam e

wa velength as the Balm er transition

n =4

to

n =2

of
sp e ct rum ?

An sw er

For thetransition of H
-
lik e p a rt ic le s ,

Fo r

transition spectrum ,

,
, and
T
heref ore,

T hen for the hydrogen spectrum ,

and

T he r ef o r e,

T he values of

can befound by the hit andtrial m ethod in theaboveequation.

So, we get

and

, i.e., the transition is from

to
.

Q ue s ti on

2.34

C
alculate the energy required for the process

T he ionization energy f or the Hatom in the ground state is

An sw er

For the hydrogen

-
lik e p a rt ic le s ,
ForH
-
atom, Ionization energy:

For the given process,the energy required wil l be:

Q ue s ti on

2.35

If th e

diam eter of a carbon atom is 0.15nm , calculate thenum ber of

carbonatom s which can be placed side by side in a straight lineacross length of scale
of l e n gt h 2 0 c m lo n g.

An sw er

Given thediameterof a carbon atom which

is
T hen the num ber of carbon atom s which can be placed side by side in a straight line
across the length of the scaleof length

long wi ll be:

Q ue s ti on

2.36

atom sof carbonare arranged side by side. Calculate the radius

of carbonatom if the length of this arrangem ent is 2.4 cm .

An sw er

T he arrangem ent length is given which

is

andthe num ber of atom s of carbon which are arranged in this length is given
.

Let the radiusof carbon atom be

then,

or

He nc e the ra di us ofca r bon a tom i s

Q ue s ti on

2.37

Thediam eter of zinc atom is 2.6 Å. Calculate (a) radius of zinc atom in
pm

An sw er

:
If the diam eter of zinc atom is

th e n , its

r a di us

would be:

Q ue s ti on

2.37

Thediam eter of zinc atom is 2.6 Å. Calculate (b) number of atom s

present in a lengthof 1.6 cm if the zinc atom sare arranged sideby side lengthwise.

An sw er

T he number of atom spresent in a lengthof

wi ll b e :

Q ue s ti on

2.38

A certain particle carries

of static electric charge.

Calculate the num ber of electrons present in it.

An sw er

As the charge carriedby one electron is

T heref ore, the number of electronspresent inparticle carrying

charge
wi ll b e :
Q ue s ti on

2.39

In Milikan™s experim ent, staticelectric charge on theoil dropshasbeen

obtainedby shining X
-
r ays. If the staticelectric charge on the oil drop
is

, calculate thenum ber of electrons presenton it.

An sw er

G
iven charge onthe oil drop is

andthe charge carried by oneelectron is

T heref ore, the number of electronspresent on theoil drop

c a rryi n g

charge is:

Q ue s ti on

2.40

In Rutherford™s experim ent, generally the thinf oilof heavy atom s, like
■.
-
particles. If the thinfoil of
light atom s like alum inium etc. isused, what difference would be observed from the
above results?

An sw er

T he thin f oil o
f heavy atom s, like gold, platinum ,etc.have a nucleus carrying a large
am ount of positive charge. T heref ore, som e

particles will easil y get def lectedback.

T hese

particles also def lect through sm all angles because of the large num ber of a
positive charge.

Hence if we use light atom s, their nuclei will have a small positive charge, hence the
number of

particles getting def lectedeven through small angles will be negligible.

Q ue s ti on

2.41

Sym bols

a nd

can be written,whereas
sym bols

a nd

are notacceptable. Answer brief ly.

An sw er

T he general way to representanelement along

with its atom ic m ass (A) and atom ic

n u mb e r (Z ) i s

. Here the atom ic num ber of an elem ent isf ixed. Howe ver, its m ass
number is notf ixedas it depends uponthe isotope taken.

Hence, it is essential to indicate them ass num ber.

Q ue s ti on

2.42

Anelem ent with m ass num ber 81 contains 31.7%m oreneutronsas

com pared to protons. Assign the atomic

symbol.

An sw er

Let thenum ber of protons of an atom be

.

T hen thenum ber of neutrons will be,

and the m ass num ber is

(G i ve n ).

Mass num ber =num ber of neutrons + number of protons.

T he r ef o r e,

T hus, there are

num bers of protons which is also

i t s atomi c n um be r.

Hence, thes ymbol fo r the element is

.

Q ue s ti on

2.43

An ionwith m ass num ber 37 possesses one unit ofnegative charge. If

the ion contains 11.1% m ore neutrons than the electrons,f ind the sym bol of the ion.

An sw er

Given an ion has mass num ber37and possesses one unit of negative charge.

Let thenum ber of electrons be

then,

the num ber of neutrons wil l be:

T he number of electrons in theneutral atom

(ion possessesone unit of

negative charge).

T heref ore, the number of protons will be

.
Ma s s numbe r = num be r of protons + numbe r of neutr ons

therefore,

T heref ore, the number of protons isequal to the atom ic num ber.

He nc e , the s ym bol fo r a n i onw il l be:

Q ue s ti on

2.44

An ionwith m ass num ber 56 contains 3unitsof positive charge and

3
0.4% more neutrons than electrons. Assign the sym bolto this ion.

An sw er

Given an ion has mass num ber56and possesses three units of negative charge.

Let thenum ber of electrons be

then,

the num ber of neutrons wil l be:

T he num ber of electrons in the

neutral atom

(ion possesses three units of

positive charge).

T heref ore, the number of protons will be

.

Ma s s numbe r = num be r of protons + num be r of ne utr ons

therefore,

T heref ore, the number of protons isequal to the atom ic num ber.

Hence, the
s ym bol for a n i onw il l be:

Q ue s ti on

2.45

Arrange thef ollowing type of radiations in increasing order off requency:

(a) radiationf rom m icrowave oven (b) am berlight f rom traff ic signal(c) radiationf rom
FM radio (d) cosm ic rays f rom outer space and (e) X
-
r a ys .

An sw er

T he increasing order of frequency of radiations wil l be:

Radiation f rom FM radio

<
am ber light f rom traf f ic signal

<
radiation f rom m icrowave
oven

<
X-
r a ys

<
cosm ic rays f rom outer space.

Q ue s ti on

2.46

Nitrogen laser produces a radiationata wavelength of 337.1 nm . If the

number of photons em itted is

, calculate the power of this laser.

An sw er

T he energy em itted by thenitrogen laser is:

Q ue s ti on

2.47

Neon gas is generally used inthe sign boards. If item its strongly at 616
nm , calculate (a) thef requency of em ission,

An sw er:

T he wavelength of neon gas is

or

Hence thef requency of this radiation will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.47

Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it em its strongly at 616
nm , calculate (b) distance traveledby this radiation in 30 s

An sw er

T he velocity of neon gas radiation is

T heref ore, the distance travelled in

will b e :

Q ue s ti on

2.47

Neon gas is generally used inthe sign boards. If item its strongly at 616
nm , calculate (c) energy of quantum

An sw er

T he energy of quantum will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.47

Neon gas is generally used inthe sign boards. If item its strongly at 616
nm , calculate (d) number of quantapresent if it produces2 J of energy.

An sw er

If it produces 2Jof energy then, thenum berof quanta present in it will be

.
T heref ore,

or
,

W her e

and

f rom the previous part.

Q ue s ti on

2.48

In astronom ical observations, signals observed f rom the distant stars are
generally weak. If thephotondetector receives a totalof

f ro m t he
radiations of 600 nm , calculate the number ofphotons received by the detector.

An sw er

Let thenum ber of photons received by the detector be

.

T hen,the total energy it receives f rom the radiationof

wil l b e :

Or

W her e,

and

Substituting the values in the equationabove, we get

num be r of photons is r e ce i ve d b y the de tec tor .

Q ue s ti on

2.49

Lif etimes of the molecules in the excited states areof tenm easured by
using pulsed radiation source of duration nearl y in thenano secondrange. Ifthe
radiation source has the duration

of 2 nsand the number of photonsem ittedduring the

pulse source is

, calculate theenergy of the source.

An sw er

Given theduration of a radiation source

andthe number of pulse

source is

, then itsf requency will be:

andthe energy of the sourcefor the given frequency will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.50

The longest wa velength doublet absorption transition is observed at 589

and589.6nm. Calculate thef requency of each transition andenergy diff erence
between two excited states.

An sw er

:
W e have two wavelengths
of

and

Calculating thef requency for each:

T heref ore, the energy difference between two excited states will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.51

The work functionf or caesium atom is 1.9eV. Calculate (a) the

threshold wavelength

An sw er

Given the work function

f or the Caesium atom is

.

i.e .,

Or

As
Therefore, the threshold w avelength is 6.53× 10

-7
m.

Q ue s ti on

2.51

The work functionf or caesium atom is 1.9eV. Calculate (b) the

threshold f requency of the radiation.

An sw er

T o f ind threshold f requency:

W her e

h = Planck™s constant

= threshold f requency
Q ue s ti on

2.51

T he work f unction f or caesium atom is 1.9 eV. If the caesium elem ent is
irradiated with a wavelength 500nm, calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity
of the
ejected photoelectron.

An sw er

Finding the kinetic energ y o f the ejected electrons:

K.E of the ejected photoelectron:

Finding the Velocit y of the ejected electrons:

W her e,

= m assof electron

= velocity of electron

T he r ef o r e, t he
velocity is gi ven by,
Q ue s ti on

2.52

Followi ng results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with

different wavelengths. Calculate (a) threshold wa velength

An sw er

Letus assume the threshold wavelength tobe

and the kinetic energy of the

radiation is given as:

.................................(1 )

S im ila rly,

we can alsowrite,

...................................(2 )

...................................(3 )

Now, dividing the equations (3) with (1),

T heref ore, the wavelength is
.

Q ue s ti on

2.52

Followi ng results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with

d iffe re nt w
avelengths. Calculate (b) Planck™s constant.

An sw er

W ehave the threshold wa velength.

T hen substituting this value in any of theequation ( look in theprevious part), we get

T aking the m ass of an electron to be

approxim ately.
Q ue s ti on

2.53

Theejection of the photoelectronf rom the silver m etal in the

photoelectriceff ect experim ent can be stopped by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when
the radiation 256.7 nm is used. Calculate thework f unctionfor silver metal.

A
nswer:

Given work f unction ofthe m etal,

and the W avelength,

From the Law of conservation of energy, the energy of an incidentphoton E is equal to

the sum of the workf unctionW of radiation and its kinetic energy K.E i.e.,

T he energy of incidentradi
ation

Or

Since thepotentialapplied gives the kineticenergy to the radiation, theref ore K.E of the
electron

The r e fore , W or k Functi on

Q ue s ti on

2.54:

If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes anatom and one of it's
inner bound electrons is ejected out with a velocity of

, calculate the
energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.
Answ er

Given the wavelength of aphoton which strikes an atom is

T hen theenergy associated with thisphotonwi ll be:

Given the velocity of ejected innerboundedelectron:

T hen,the energy associated with thiselectron will be, Kineticenergy.

Hence f inding

W her e

m = ma ss of

electron,v = velocity of electron

Hence theenergy with which the electronsare boundedto thenucleus is:

Q ue s ti on

2.55

Em ission transitions in the Paschen series endat orbit

n =3

and start
f rom orbit nand can be represented as

Calculatethe value ofn if the transition isobserved at 1285 nm . Find the region of the
sp e ct rum .

An sw er

Given transition in the Paschen seriesend atorbit

and starts f rom orbit

n:

.........................(1 )

.........................(2 )

Equating both (1) and (2) equations: we get

T heref ore, the radiation corresponding to 1285 nm
lie s in t h e

i nfr a r ed r e gi on

Q ue s ti on

2.56

Calculate the wavelength for the em ission transition if it startsf rom the
orbit having radius 1.3225 nm and endsat211.6pm . Nam e the series to which this
transitionbelongs and the regionof the spect
ru m

An sw er

T he radius of

orbit of H
-
lik e p a rt ic le s is give n b y:

Or

Here, starting radius,

Ending radius,

T he r ef o r e,

If

and

, thenthe transition is from

orbit to

orbit.

Therefore, it belongs to the Balmer Series

.
Frequency

is
given by:

W avelength :

Therefore, itlies in the visible range.

Q ue s ti on

2.57

Dual behaviour of m atter proposed by deBroglie led tothe discovery of

electron m icroscope often used f or the highly m agnif ied im ages of biological m olecules
andother type of material. If the velocity of the electron inthism icroscope
is

, calculatede Broglie wavelength associated with this electron.

An sw er

According to de
-
Broglie's equationfor the wavelength.

Given
the velocity of electron

and m ass of electron

So, the wavelength will be:

or

Q ue s ti on

2.58

Sim ilarto electrondiff raction,neutron diff raction m icroscope is alsoused

for the determ ination of the structure of molecules. If the wavelength usedhere is800
pm , calculate the characteristic velocity associated with

t he ne u t r on.

An sw er

Given the wavelength of neutron:

andthe mass of neutron

So, According tothe de

-
Broglie's equation,

Substituting the values in above equation:

Q ue s ti on

2.59

If the velocity of the electron in Bohr™s f irst orbit is

,
calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated
wit h it .

An sw er

Given the velocity of the electron inBohr'sf irst orbit is

And we know the mass of electron which is

Hence the de
-
Broglie's wa velength associated with theelectron will be:

Q ue s ti on

2.60

The velocity associated with a protonm oving in a potentialdiff erenceof

1000 V is

. If the hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is m oving with this

velocity, calculate the wa velength associated with this velocity.

An sw er

Given a proton ism oving with velocity

And if the hockey ball of m ass

is alsom oving with the same velocity, then

According to de
-
Broglie's equation we have,
Q ue s ti on

2.61

If thepositionof the electron is m easured within anaccuracy

of

, calculate theuncertainty in themomentum of the electron. Supposethe

m om entum of the electron is

, is there any problem in def ining th

is
value.

An sw er

W ehave given the uncertainty in position, i.e.,

According to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle:

W her e,

is uncertainty in the positionof theelectron.

is uncertainty in the mom entum of theelectron.

T hen,

Or
T he
actual m om entum of the electron:

Therefore, itcannot be defined because the actual magnitude of the momentum is

smaller than the uncertaint y.

Q ue s ti on

2.62

The quantum num bersof six electronsare given below. Arrange them in
order of increasing energies. If any of these com bination(s) has/have the sameenergy
lis t s :

An sw er

Quantum number provides theentire information about an electronof a particular atom.

Principal quantum number

Azim uthal quantum num ber

Magnetic quantum num ber

Spin quantum num ber

.

T he orbitals occupied by
the electrons are:

1.

4d
-
orbital

2.

3d
-
orbital
3.

4p
-
orbital

4.

3d
-
orbital

5.

3p
-
orbital

6.

4p
-
orbital

For the same orbitals, electrons will have thesam e energy and higher the value
of

value higher is theenergy.

The r e fore , the i nc r eas i ng or de r of

energies:

Q ue s ti on

2.63

Thebrom ine atom possesses 35electrons. It contains 6electrons

in

2p

orbital,6 electrons in

3p

orbital and 5 electron in

4p

orbital.W hich of these

electronexperiencesthe lowest effective nuclear charge?

An sw er

As
th e

p-
or bi ta l
Nuclear charge is def ined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the
orbital of an atom exerted by the nucleusof the atom .

Closer orbitals experiencem orenuclear charge than outer orbitals.

T he r ef o r e,

( i ) 2 s a n d 3s

T he 2s orbital is m ore closer

to thenucleus than3s orbital hence 2s wil l experience a

larger effective nuclear charge com pared to 3s.

Q ue s ti on

2.64

Among thefollowing pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the

larger effective nuclear charge? (ii)

4d

and

4f

An sw er

Nuclear charge is def ined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the
orbital of

an atom exerted by the nucleusof the atom .

Closer orbitals experiencem orenuclear charge than outer orbitals.

T he r ef o r e,

(i i ) 4d a nd 4 f

T he 4d orbital is more closer

to thenucleus than4f orbital hence 4d wil l experience a

larger effective nuclear charge com pared to 4f .

Q ue s ti on

2.64

Among thefollowing pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the

larger effective nuclear charge? (iii)

3d

an d

3p
Answ er

Nuclear charge is def ined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in

t he
orbital of an atom exerted by the nucleusof the atom .

Closer orbitals experiencem orenuclear charge than outer orbitals.

T he r ef o r e,

(i i ) 3d a nd 3 p

T he 3p orbital is more closer to thenucleus than3dorbitalhence 3p will e xperience a

larger effective nuclear charge com pared to 3d.

Q ue s ti on

2.65

The un
pairedelectrons in Al and Siare present in

3p

o rb it a l. W hic h
electrons will experience more effective nuclear chargef rom thenucleus?

An sw er

Nuclear charge is def ined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the
orbital of an atom exerted by the nucleus of the atom .

Silicon has a greater nuclear charge

than alum inium

.

Hence,the effective nuclear charge exerted on the unpaired 3p electron of silicon would
be greateras com pared to that of alum inium .

Q ue s ti on

2.66

Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in:

(a ) P
Answ er

T he electronic conf igurationof P:

Hence, the num ber of unpaired electrons are

3
in 3p orbital.

Q ue s ti on

2.66

Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :

(b ) S i

An sw er

T he electronic conf igurationof Si:

Hence, the num ber of unpaired electrons are

2
in

orbital.

Q ue s ti on

2.66

Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :

(c ) C r

An sw er

T he electronic conf igurationof Cr :

Hence, the num ber of unpaired electrons are

6
(1 in 4s and 5 in 3d)

.
(d ) F e

An sw er

T he electronic conf igurationof Fe :

Hence, the num ber of unpaired electrons are

4
(in 3d )

Q ue s ti on

2.66

Indicate the

number of unpaired electrons in :

(e ) K r

An sw er

As Krypton (Kr) is anoble gas whose atom icnumber is 36 andhave all orbitals f illed.

Hence,
there are no unpaired electrons inKr element.

Q ue s ti on

2.67

(a) How m any subshells areassociated with n = 4?

An sw er

For a given value of

,
can have valuesf rom

to
.

T he r ef o r e, f o r
,

can have values f rom

to
.
T hus, f our subshells are associated with

, which are

Q ue s ti on

2.67 (b)

How m any electrons will be present in the subshells having

m
s
value
of

Œ
1 /2

fo r

n =4

An sw er

T he number of orbitals in the

shell is equal to
.

S o , fo r

, there are

orbitals present.

As each orbital has one electron with spin

.

Hence,there will be

electrons with
.