AS

Q &A
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
NT

BOOK

Third Edition

Ultrasonic
Testing
Method
Levels I, II and III Review
Questions Book C
 AS

Q &A NT

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Third Edition
BOOK

Ultrasonic
Testing
Method
Levels I, II and III Review Questions - Book C

The American Society for

Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
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 160. When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a water-
steel interface at an angle of incidence of 15°
(see Figure 9):

a. all the sound energy is reflected back into the

water at an angle of 15°.
b. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and
part is refracted into the steel at an angle of less
than 15°.
c. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and
part is refracted along the water-steel interface.
d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and
part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater
than 15°.
B.19-20

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 84. The angle of reflection is: 89. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when
it passes from one medium to another whose velocity
a. equal to the angle of incidence. differs from that of the first medium is called:
b. dependent on the couplant used.
c. dependent on the frequency used. a. refraction.
d. equal to the angle of refraction. b. rarefaction.
E.21 c. angulation.
5 d. reflection.
85. The angular position of the reflecting surface of a C. 3
planar discontinuity with respect to the entry ; G.23
surface is referred to as:
90. Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits
a. the angle of incidence. the shortest wavelength at a given frequency and in a
b. the angle of refraction. given material?
c. the orientation of the discontinuity.
d. angle of reflection. a. A longitudinal wave.
b. A compression wave.
B.149
c. A shear wave.
86. A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called: d. A surface wave.
E.210; F.233

a. a continuous wave. 91. In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small
b. a peaked DC voltage. discontinuities than longitudinal waves for a given
c. an ultrasonic wave. frequency and in a given material because:
d. a pulse.
A.18 a. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the
2 wavelength of longitudinal waves.
87. In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the b. shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the
transmitted pulse is referred to as the: material.
c. the direction of particle vibration for shear
a. pulse length or pulse width. waves is more sensitive to discontinuities.
b. pulse amplitude. d. the wavelength of shear waves is longer than the
c. pulse shape. wavelength of longitudinal waves.
d. pulse distortion.
G.296-304
A.183; B.81, 197
92. In general, which of the following modes of
88. The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a vibration would have the greatest penetrating power
boundary and changes the direction of its in a coarse-grained material if the frequency of the
propagation within the same medium is referred waves is the same?
to as:
a. Longitudinal waves.
a. divergence. b. Shear waves.
b. impedance. c. Transverse waves.
c. angulation. d. Rayleigh waves.
d. reflection.
D. 3
C.2; E.215 , 23

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 103. Which one of the following frequencies would 108. During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic
probably result in the greatest ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation
attenuation losses? system will show a:

a. 1 MHz a. plan view of the block, showing the area and

b. 2.25 position of the hole bottom as seen from the
MHz entry surface.
c. 10 MHz b. basic test pattern showing the height of an
d. 25 MHz indication from the hold bottom and its
B.47
location in depth from the entry surface.
104. The product of the sound velocity and the density of c. cross section of the reference block, showing
a material is known as the: the top and bottom surfaces of the block and
the location of the hole bottom in the block.
a. refraction value of the material. d. cross-sectional view presentation with a vertical
b. acoustic impedance of the material. signal representing the hole bottom and the
c. elastic constant of the material. horizontal position representing its depth
d. Poisson’s ratio of the material. position.
B.15-16; F.234 A.180-181; B.27-28

105. The amplifier range over which the unsaturated 109. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for
signal response increases in amplitude in proportion ultrasonic testing include:
to the discontinuity surface area is the:
a. particle motion normal to propagation direction,
a. sensitivity range. and a propagation velocity that is about one-half
b. vertical linearity range. the longitudinal wave velocity in the same
c. selectivity range. material.
d. horizontal linearity range. b. exceptionally high sensitivity due to low
A.195 attenuation resulting from longer
wavelengths when propagating through
106. What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less water.
than shear waves and their mode of propagation is c. high coupling efficiency because shear waves
both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the are less sensitive to surface variables when
surface? traveling from a coupling liquid to the part.
d. high sensitivity as a result of having a greater
a. Rayleigh waves. wave velocity than longitudinal waves in the same
b. Transverse waves. material.
c. L-waves. B.12; F.233
d. Longitudinal waves.
A.43-45; B.12-13 110. One of the most common applications of
ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is for the:

107. Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably a. detection of discontinuities in welds,
provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) tube and pipe.
thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? b. determination of elastic properties of
metallic products.
a. 1 MHz c. detection of laminar discontinuities in
b. 2.25 MHz heavy plate.
c. 5 MHz d. measurement of thickness of thin plate.
d. 10 MHz
B.65
B.47

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 121. Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use: 126. The motion of particles in a shear wave is:

a. automatic readout a. parallel to the direction of propagation of the

equipment. ultrasonic beam.
b. an A-scan presentation. b. transverse to the direction of beam propagation.
c. a B-scan presentation. c. limited to the material surface and elliptical
d. a C-scan presentation. in motion.
A.179;
F.241 d. polarized in a plane at 45° to the direction of
122. The instrument displays a plan view of the part beam propagation.
outline and discontinuities when using: A. 6, 39

a. automatic readout 127. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in

equipment. aluminum with a velocity of 635 000 cm/s and has a
b. an A-scan presentation. frequency of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this
c. a B-scan presentation. ultrasonic wave is:
d. a C-scan presentation.
A. 1;
C.19 a. 6.35 mm (0.25 in.).
b. 78 mm (3.1 in.).
123. The incident angles at which 90° refraction of c. 1.9 m (6.35
longitudinal and shear waves occurs are called the: ft).
d. 30 000 Å. A.37
a. normal angles of incidence.
b. critical angles. 128. The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic
c. angles of maximum reflection. waves passing from water into a metallic material at
d. mode angles. angles other than normal to the interface is
B. 1; primarily a function of the:
C.4

124. Compression waves whose particle displacement is a. impedance ratio (r = ZWZM) of water to metal.
parallel to the direction of propagation are called: b. relative velocities of sound in water and metal.
c. frequency of the ultrasonic beam.
a. longitudinal waves. d. density ratio of water to metal.
b. shear waves. A.46, 52-53
c. lamb waves.
d. rayleigh waves. 129. In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the
B.10 test material by:

125. The mode of vibration that is quickly damped out a. placing an X-cut crystal directly on the surface
when testing by the immersion method is: of the materials and coupling through a film of
oil.
a. longitudinal waves. b. using two transducers on opposite sides of
b. shear waves. the test specimen.
c. transverse waves. c. placing a spherical acoustic lens on the face of the
d. surface waves. transducer.
A.46 d. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so
that sound enters the part at an angle.
A.217

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140. A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of 144. When setting up for an ultrasonic inspection, the
molten metal which may be caused by the pulse repetition rate of the instrument must be:
splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the
meeting of two streams of metal coming from a. low enough so that transmitted waves will not
different directions is called: interfere with reflected signals.
b. immaterial as the pulse repetition rate does not
a. a burst. affect the ability to detect indications regardless of
b. a cold shut. size.
c. flaking. c. slow enough to allow the instrument display to
d. a blowhole. refresh with each pulse.
B.128 d. fast enough for the operator to be able to rely on
the discontinuity alarm instead of constantly
141. The ratio between the wave speed in one material watching the screen.
and the wave speed in a second material is called:
A.187

a. the acoustic impedance of the interface. 145. The factor that determines the amount of reflection
b. Young’s modulus. at the interface of two dissimilar materials is:
c. Poisson’s ratio.
d. refractive index. a. the index of rarefaction.
A.56 b. the frequency of the ultrasonic wave.
4 c. Young’s modulus.
142. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic d. the acoustic impedance.
material under the influence of a changing A.262, 556
magnetic field is referred to as:
146. A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel
a. piezoelectricity. to the Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is
b. refraction. called:
c. magnetostriction.
d. rarefaction. a. a Y-cut crystal.
A.116 b. an X-cut crystal.
c. a Z-cut crystal.
143. The ratio of stress to strain in a material within the d. a ZY-cut crystal.
elastic limit is called: A.558

a. Young’s modulus. 147. The equation describing wavelength in terms of

b. the impedance ratio. velocity and frequency is:
c. Poisson’s ratio.
d. refractive index. a. wavelength = velocity × frequency.
A.319, b. wavelength = z (frequency × velocity).
482 c. wavelength = velocity ÷ frequency.
d. wavelength = frequency + velocity.
A. 7;
D.2

148. When an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of

two dissimilar materials, it can be:

a. 100% reflected.
b. 100% absorbed.
c. partially reflected and refracted, but not absorbed.
d. partially reflected, refracted, and transmitted.
A.54, 221, 237 Fig.7

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 158. Lamb waves may be used to inspect: 163. The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer
is that:
a. forgings.
b. bar stock. a. all crystals be mounted equidistant from
c. ingots. each other.
d. thin sheet. b. the intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly
B.1 over the entire length of the transducer.
4 c. the fundamental frequency of the crystals not
159. The formula used to determine the angle of beam vary more than 0.01%.
divergence of a quartz crystal is: d. the overall length not exceed 76 mm (3 in.).
F.258
a. sin θ = diameter r 1/2 × wavelength.
b. sin θ diameter = frequency × wavelength. 164. Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis,
c. sin θ = frequency × wavelength. and scattering are four different mechanisms that
d. sin θ/2 = 1.22 × wavelength/diameter. lead to:
B.4
9 a. attenuation.
160. The resolving power of a transducer is directly b. refraction.
proportional to its: c. beam spreading.
d. saturation.
a. diameter. F.238
b. bandwidth.
c. pulse repetition. 165. Because the velocity of sound in aluminum is
d. Poisson’s ratio. approximately 245 000 in./s, for sound to travel
through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum, it takes:
F.2
55

161. Acoustic lens elements with which of the following a. 1/8 s

permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical b. 4 μs
surfaces normally or along a line focus? c. 4 ms
d. 1/4 ×104 s
a. Cylindrical curvatures.
F.23
b. Spherical lens curvatures. 3
c. Convex shapes. 166. When testing a part with a rough surface, it is
d. Concave shapes. generally advisable to use a:
F.259
a. lower frequency transducer and a more viscous
162. In the basic pulse echo instrument, the couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
synchronizer, clock or timer circuit determines the: surface.
b. higher frequency transducer and a more viscous
a. pulse length. couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
b. gain. surface.
c. pulse repetition rate. c. higher frequency transducer and a less viscous
d. sweep length. couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
F.242 surface.
d. lower frequency transducer and a less viscous
couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
surface.
B.62

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176. In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to 181. Which of the following is more likely to limit the
which the search cable and the transducer are maximum scanning speed in immersion testing?
attached is called a:
a. The frequency of the transducer.
a. crystal collimator. b. Viscous drag problems.
b. scrubber. c. The pulse repetition rate of the test instrument.
c. jet-stream unit. d. The persistency of the ultrasonic instrument
d. search tube or scanning tube. display.
B.123
A.403

177. In general, discontinuities in wrought products tend 182. The property of certain materials to transform
to be oriented: electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice
versa is called:
a. randomly.
b. in the direction of grain flow. a. mode conversion.
c. at right angles to the entry surface. b. piezoelectric effect.
d. at right angles to the grain flow. c. refraction.
B.126 d. impedance matching.
A. 0;
178. In immersion testing of round bars, the back surface B.45
contour may result in:
183. Surface waves energy levels are concentrated at
a. loss of back reflection. what depth below the surface?
b. additional indications following the direct back
surface reflection. a. 25 mm (1 in.).
c. inability to distinguish the actual distance to the b. 102 mm (4 in.).
back-surface reflection. c. 1 wavelength.
d. false indications of discontinuities near the back d. 4 wavelengths.
surface. A.39
A.275, 277-278 184. To prevent the appearance of the second front surface
indication before the first back reflection when
179. In contact testing, discontinuities near the entry
inspecting aluminum by the immersion method
surface cannot always be detected because of:
(water is used as a couplant), it is necessary to have a
minimum of at least 25 mm (1 in.) of water for every
a. the far-field effect.
of aluminum.
b. attenuation.
c. the dead zone.
a. 51 mm (2 in.)
d. refraction.
b. 102 mm (4 in.)
A. 4; c. 152 mm (6 in.)
B.58
d. 203 mm (8 in.)
180. In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected F.258
is smaller than the diameter of the transducer, what
can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper 185. Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the
range of angles? transducer will:

a. A scrubber. a. increase the strength of the ultrasound but

b. A collimator. decrease the resolving power of the instrument.
c. An angle plane b. increase the resolving power of the instrument.
angulator. c. have no effect on the test.
d. A jet-stream unit. d. decrease the penetration of the sound wave.
A.290-
291
B.36

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195. Which of the following modes of 197 A quartz crystal cut so that its major
vibration are quickly dampened faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes
out when testing by the and perpendicular to the X axis is
immersion method? called:

a. Longitudinal waves. a. a Y-cut crystal.

b. Shear waves. b. an X-cut crystal.
c. Transverse waves. c. a Z-cut crystal.
d. Surface waves. d. a ZY-cut crystal.
B.157 A.558

196. Which ultrasonic test frequency would

probably provide the best penetration
in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick specimen of
coarse-grained steel?

a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25
MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10
B.47
MHz

43
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The American Society for Catalog Number: 2028
Nondestructive Testing, ISBN: 978-1-57117-
Inc. 343-0
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