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Overview of Number System

CLASS: SSS Three

Definition of Number System

A number system is a collection of symbols used to represent small numbers,

together with a system of rules for representing larger numbers.

There are various number systems, some are examined below:

Decimal Number System

The decimal numeral system (also called base ten or occasionally denary) uses
various symbols (digits) for no more than ten distinct values (0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,

and 9)

Binary Number System

The binary number system is a number system in base 2 and therefore requires
only two digits, 0 and 1.

Hexadecimal Number system

The hexadecimal is base 16 digits. The digits 0 through 9 are used, along with

the letters A through F, which represent the decimal values 10 through 15.

Octal Number System

The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system and

uses the digits 0 to 7

Conversion From one Number System to Another

Binary Number Conversion

a. Conversion from Binary to Octal Number System

A binary-to-octal table conversion is needed to directly convert from binary to
octal. The table is given below.
Binary to Octal Table Conversion
Bin 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Oct 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Next, group the binary digits into sets of threes starting with the least significant

(rightmost) digits. Then look up each group in the table above.

Example 1: convert 111001012 to octal number system.

Solution

Add leading zeros or remove leading zeros to group into sets of three binary

digits.

111001012 = 011 100 101

By looking up these values in the table above, 011 is 3, 100 is 4 and 101 is 5

Therefore 111001012 = 3458

Method 2

Using normal Mathematics method which involves converting 111001012 to

decimal number system and thereafter convert the result to an octal number
system.

To convert 111001012 to decimal multiplying each digits by the base in an

increasing power starting with the least significant (rightmost) digit.

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11100101 2 blog
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= 1x27+1x26+1x25+0x24+0x2 3+1x22+0x21+1x20
= 128+64+32+0+0+4+0+1

= 22910

Next convert 22910 to base eight by dividing 229 by 8 and writing down the

remainder "R"

8229R
825 5
83 4
0 3
Pick “R” from bottom to top
Therefore, 111001012 = 3458

b. Binary to Hexadecimal
A binary to Hexadecimal table conversion is needed to directly convert from
binary to Hex. The table is given below.

Binary to Hexadecimal Table Conversion

Bin 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bin 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Hex 8 9 A B C D E F

Next, group the binary digits into sets of four, starting with the least significant
(rightmost) [Link], look up each group in the table above.

Example: Convert 111001012 to hex

Solution

11100101 = 1110 0101

Looking at the table above 1110 is E and 0101 is 5
Therefore 111001012 = E516

c. Binary to Decimal
There are many methods of converting Binary to decimals. Let’s use the normal

Mathematics method which involves multiplying each digits by the base in an

increasing power starting with the least significant (rightmost) digit.

Example 1: Convert 111100000000 binary to decimal

Solution
111100000002

=(1×210)+(1×29)+(1×28)+(1×27)+(1×26)+(1×25)+(1×24)+(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)1+
(0×20)
=1024+512+256+128+0+0+0+0+0+0+0

=1920
Therefore 111100000002 =192010

Example 2: Convert 101110011.11012 to decimal

Solution
101110011.11012

=(1×28)+(0×27)+(1×26)+(1×25)+(1×24)+(0×23)+(0×22)+(1×21)1+(1×20)+(1×2-1)+
(1×2-2)+(0×2-3+(1×2-4)

=1×256+0×128+1×64+1×32+1×16+0×8+0×4+1×2+1×1+1×1/4+1×1/8+0×1/16+1
×1/32
=256+0+64+32+16+0+0+2+1+1/4+1/8+0+1/32

=467+0.25+0.125+0+0.03125
=371.40625

Therefore (101110011.1101)2 = (371.40625)10

 Decimal Number Conversion

a. Decimal to Binary
To convert from Decimal to binary, divide the given decimal number by 2 and
write down the remainder until the decimal number becomes zero

Example 1: convert 1792 decimal to binary

Solution

21920R
2960 0
2480 0
2240 0
2120 0
260 0
230 0
215 0
27 1
23 1
21 1
0 1

Picking the remainder from bottom to top, we have 11110000000

Therefore 192010 = 111100000002

Example 2: Convert 371.4062510 to binary

Solution
To solve this problem, divide 371 by 2 and put the remainder until it becomes

zero

2371R
21851
246 1
223 0
211 1
25 1
22 1
21 0
0 1

Picking the number from bottom to top we have 10111001

371 = 101110011.
Next is to work on the number after the decimal point.
Multiply the decimal number part by 2, write down the whole (W) number part
and continue to multiply the decimal result till it becomes 0 (zero)

2W.40625
20 .8125
21 .625
21 .25
20 .5
1 .0

Picking "W" from top to bottom, we have 01101 which is the same as 1101
Merging the two results we have 101110011.1101
Therefore 371.4062510 = 101110011.11012

b. Decimal to Octal
Example 1: Convert 179210 to base 8

Solution

81792R
8224 0
828 0
83 4
0 3

Therefore 179210 = 34008

c. Decimal to Hexadecimal
Example 1: Convert 1792 base 10 to hex
Solution

161792R
16112 0
167 0
0 7

Therefore 179210 = 700hex

It is important to note that, converting from decimal to hexadecimal a table must
be used to obtain the hexadecimal digit if the remainder is greater than decimal
9.

Relationship between Decimal and Hexadecimal

Dec 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Example 2: Convert 4780610 to hex

Solution

1647806R Hex R
162987 14E
16186 11 B
1611 10A
0 11 B

Picking Hex "R" from bottom to top

4780610 = BABE16
Other fun hexadecimal numbers include AD, BE, FAD, FADE, ADD, BED, BEE,
BEAD, DEAF, FEE, ODD, BOD, DEAD, DEED, BABE, CAFE, FED, FEED,
FACE, BAD
 Octal Number Conversion

a. Octal to Binary
Converting from octal to binary is as easy as converting from binary to octal.
Simply look up each octal digit to obtain the equivalent group of three binary
digits.

Octal to Binary Conversion Table

Bin 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Oct 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Example 1: Convert 3458 to binary

Solution
From the conversion table
3 =011
4 = 100
5 = 101
Therefore 3458 = 0111001012 = 111001012
b. Octal to Hexadecimal
When converting from octal to hexadecimal, it is often easier to first convert the
octal number into binary and then from binary into hexadecimal.
Example 1: Convert 3458 to hexadecimal

Solution
Octal = 3 4 5
Binary = 011 100 101
therefore 3458 = 0111001012 = 111001012
Binary 11100101 = 1110 0101

Then, look up the groups in a table to convert them to hexadecimal digits.

Binary to Hexadecimal Table Conversion

Bin 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bin 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Hex 8 9 A B C D E F

Binary = 1110 0101

Hexadecimal = E 5 = E5hex Therefore, through a two-step conversion process,
octal 345 equals binary 011100101 equals hexadecimal E5.

Octal to Decimal
Example 1: Convert 3458 to decimal
Solution

Using the usual mathematics method of multiplying each digit by increasing

power we have
345 octal = (3 x 82 ) + (4 x 8 1) + (5 x 8 0)
= (3 * 64) + (4 * 8) + (5 * 1)
= 229 decimal
 Hexadecimal Number Conversion

a. Hexadecimal to Binary
Converting from hexadecimal to binary is as easy as converting from binary to
hexadecimal. Simply look up each hexadecimal digit to obtain the equivalent

group of four binary digits.

Binary to Hexadecimal Table Conversion

Bin 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bin 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Hex 8 9 A B C D E F

Example 1: convert A2DE16 to binary

From the conversion table above, we have that
A = 1010
2 = 0010

D = 1101
E = 1110
Putting the binary number together we have
A2DE16 = 10100010110111102

b. Hexadecimal to Octal
When converting from hexadecimal to octal, it is often easier to first convert the
hexadecimal number into binary and then from binary into octal.

Example 1: Convert A2DE16 to octal

Solution

Binary to Hexadecimal Table Conversion

Bin 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bin 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Hex: 8 9 A B C D E F

From the above table

A = 1010
2 = 0010
D = 1101
E = 1110

Therefore A2DE16 = 10100010110111102

Next is to convert 10100010110111102 to Octal number system
Add leading zeros or remove leading zeros to group into sets of three binary
digits.
10100010110111102 = 1 010 001 011 011 110 = 001 010 001 011 011 110

Then, look up each group in a table:

Binary to Octal Table Conversion

Bin 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Oct 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

001 = 1
010 = 2

001 = 1

011 = 3
011 = 3

110 = 6
It implies that 10100010110111102 = 121336 octal

Therefore, through a two-step conversion process, hexadecimal A2DE equals

binary 1010001011011110 equals octal 121336.

c. Hexadecimal to Decimal

Converting hexadecimal to decimal can be performed in the conventional

mathematical way, by showing each digit place as an increasing power of 16. Of

course, hexadecimal letter values need to be converted to decimal values before

performing the math.

Relationship between Decimal and Hexadecimal

Deci 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Example 1:Convert A2DE hexadecimal to decimal

Solution

A2DEhex
= ((A) * 16 3) + (2 * 16 2) + ((D) * 16 1) + ((E) * 16 0)

= (10 * 16 3) + (2 * 16 2) + (13 * 16 1) + (14 * 16 0)

= (10 * 4096) + (2 * 256) + (13 * 16) + (14 * 1)

= 40960 + 512 + 208 + 14
= 41694 decimal

Therefore, A2DE16 = 4169410

Unknown 19 May 2020 at 23:35

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REPLY

Evang. Solomon Durowaiye 31 October 2020 at 01:52

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REPLY

SIRJOE 4 February 2021 at 01:24

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Okolo Joseph 4 February 2021 at 11:21

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REPLY

Unknown 15 January 2022 at 13:55

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REPLY

Abalaka Paul Eneojo 19 January 2022 at 09:19

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