Smart city, smart mobility and
transport
Smart City
• A Smart City is-
• An urban system
• Uses Information & Communication Technology (ICT)
• Makes infrastructure more interactive, accessible and efficient.
• Need for Smart Cities arose due to-
• Rapidly growing urban population
• Fast depleting natural resources
• Changes in environment and climate
• Smart Homes
• Health monitoring.
• Conservation of resources (e.g. electricity, water, fuel).
• Security and safety.
• Smart Parking Lots
• Auto routing of vehicles to empty slots.
• Auto charging for services provided.
• Detection of vacant slots in the parking lot.
• Smart Vehicles
• Assistance to drivers during bad weather or low-visibility.
• Detection of bad driving patterns or driving under the influence of
substances.
• Auto alert generation during crashes.
• Self diagnostics.
• Smart Health
• Low cost, portable, at-home medical diagnosis kits.
• Remote check-ups and diagnosis.
• On-body sensors for effortless and accurate health monitoring.
• Auto alert generation in case of emergency medical episodes (e.g. Heart
attacks, seizures).
• Pollution and Calamity Monitoring
• Monitoring for weather or man-made based calamities.
• Alert generation in case of above-threshold pollutants in the air or water.
• Resource reallocation and rerouting of services in the event of calamities.
• Smart Energy
• Smart metering systems.
• Smart energy allocation and distribution system.
• Incorporation of traditional and renewable sources of energy in the same
grid.
• Smart Agriculture
• Automatic detection of plant water stress.
• Monitoring of crop health status.
• Auto detection of crop infection.
• Auto application of fertilizers and pesticides.
• Scheduling harvesting and arranging proper transfer of harvests to
warehouses or markets.
Focus areas
• Data collection
• Mobile devices, sensors, architecture
• Data transmission
• Radios, networking, topologies
• Data storage
• Local storage, datawarehouse
• Data processing
• Data cleaning, analytics, prediction
IoT Challenges
• Security and Privacy
• Exposure to attacks (e.g. cross-site scripting, side channel, etc.).
• Exposure to vulnerabilities.
• Multi-tenancy induces the risk of data leakage.
• Heterogeneity
• Integration of varying hardware platforms and specifications.
• Integration of different radio specifications.
• Integration of various software platforms.
• Accommodating varying user requirements.
• Reliability
• Unreliable communication due to vehicle mobility.
• Device failures still significant
• Large scale
• Delay due to large scale deployments.
• Delay due to mobility of deployed nodes.
• Distribution of devices can affect monitoring tasks.
• Legal and Social aspects
• Services based on user provided information may be subject
to local or international laws.
• Individual and informed consent required for using humans as
data sources.
• Big data
• Transfer, storage and maintenance of huge volumes of data is
expensive.
• Data cleaning and purification is time consuming.
• Analytics on gigantic data volumes is processing intensive.
• Sensor Networks
• Choice of appropriate sensors for individual sensing tasks
is crucial.
• Energy planning is crucial.
• Device placement and network architecture is important
for reliable end-to-end IoT implementation.
• Communication medium and means play an important
role in seamless function of IoT in smart cities.
Data Fusion
• Enormous volume of data is produced periodically in a smart
city environment.
• Challenges include making the available/ incoming large data
volume precise and accurate.
• Quality of data precision and accuracy affects the quality of
decision making in IoT-enabled smart cities.
• Data fusion enables optimum utilization of massive data
gathered from multiple sources, and across multiple
platforms.
Multi-sensor Data Fusion
• Combines information from multiple sensor sources.
• Enhances the ability of decision making systems to include a
multitude of variables prior to arriving at a decision.
• Inferences drawn from multiple sensor type data is
qualitatively superior to single sensor type data.
• Information fusion generated from multiple heterogeneous
sensors provides for better understanding of the operational
surroundings.
Challenges – in analytics
• Imperfection - Inaccurate or uncertain WSN sensor data
• Ambiguity - Outliers, missing data
• Conflicts - Same sensor type reports different data for the
same location.
• Alignment - Arises when sensor data frames are converted to
a singular frame prior to transmission
• Trivial features - Processing of trivial data features may bring
down the accuracy of the whole system
• Collective data is rich in information and generates better
intelligence compared to data from single sources.
• Optimal amalgamation of data.
• Enhancing the collective information content obtained from
multiple low-power, low-precision sensors.
• Enables hiding of critical data sources and semantics (useful
in military applications, medical cases, etc.).
Automated vehicle system
Smart Parking
• Shortens parking search time of drivers.
• Reduces traffic congestion.
• Reduces pollution by keeping unnecessarily lingering vehicles off
the roads.
• Reduces fuel consumption and costs.
• Increases urban mobility.
• Shorter parking search time results in more parked time, and
hence, more revenue.
Information collection
• Sensors, parking meters
• Sensors can be stationary or mobile
• Stationary – large sensors are required and collects information in
place.
• Mobile – fewer sensors, collects information along the route.
Energy management in smart city
• Energy efficient solutions
• Lightweight protocols
• Scheduling optimization
• Predictive models for energy consumption
• Cloud-based approach
• Low-power transceivers
• Cognitive management framework
Smart Home
• Smart home infrastructure consists of:
• Intelligent networking device infrastructure
• Seamless integration of various devices using
wired/wireless technologies
• Allows ease of use for household systems.
• Creates a highly personalized and safe home space
• Corporations seriously indulging in smart home
systems include GE, Cisco, Google, Microsoft, and
others.
• Provides productive and cost-efficient environment.
• Maximizes the effectiveness of the occupants.
• Provides efficient management with minimum life-time costs
of hardware and facilities.
• Optimizes-
• Structures
• Systems
• Services and management
• Interrelationships between the above three
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IoT in everyday
Smart cities
