CHAPTER 1

FUZZY LOGIC
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic was developed by Dr. Lofty Zadeh, professor of electrical
engineering at University of California Berkeley in 1960. The key idea of
the fuzziness comes from the multi-valued logic of 1920 that "Everything
is a matter of degree". Fuzzy logic has been used in two different
meanings:

1.Fuzzy Logic as a Mathematical Framework.

2.Fuzzy Logic as a Control System Technique.

When proposing fuzzy sets, Zadeh's concerns were explicitly centred on

their potential contribution in the domains of pattern classification,
processing and communication of information, abstraction and
summarization.[1]

1.2 THE ADVANTAGES OF FUZZY LOGIC

Fuzzy logic allows to deal complicated systems and reasoning about
uncertain information, enabling systems to handle the complexities of
real-world scenarios more effectively, it’s widely used to control many
systems. Fuzzy systems are suitable for uncertain or approximate
reasoning, especially for the system with a mathematical model that is
difficult to derive. Fuzzy logic allows decision making with estimated
values under incomplete or uncertain information and makes a prediction
method to predict a future event. Fuzzy logic plays an essential role in
predicting future events.[2]
1.3 Definition
Fuzzy logic is an approach to variable processing that allows for
multiple possible truth values to be processed through the same
variable. Fuzzy logic attempts to solve problems with an open, imprecise
spectrum of data and heuristics that makes it possible to obtain an array
of accurate conclusions. It’s designed to solve problems by considering
all available information and making the best possible decision given the
input. Fuzzy logic stems from the mathematical study of multivalued
logic. Whereas ordinary logic deals with statements of absolute truth
(such as, "Is this object green?"), fuzzy logic addresses sets with
subjective or relative definitions, such as tall, large or beautiful. This
attempts to mimic the way humans analyse problems and make
decisions, in a way that relies on vague or imprecise values rather than
absolute truth or falsehood.[3]

1.4 HOW DOES THE FLC (FUZZY LOGIC

CONTROLLER) WORK
Fuzzy logic needs some numerical parameters in order to determine
what is to be considered as significant error and rate of change of that
error. But specific values are usually not needed until very responsive
performance is required, where case empirical tuning would determine
them.[4]

1.5 BASIC CONCEPTS OF FUZZY LOGIC

Fuzzy logic is based on four basic concepts:
1.Fuzzy set: Each element has a degree of membership ranging
between 0 and 1.
2.Linguistic variable: Fuzzy logic uses words or phrases (like "hot,"
"warm," "cold") to represent variables, making it closer to human
reasoning.
3.Membership Functions: These functions define how each element in
the input space is mapped to a membership value (between 0 and 1).
4.Fuzzy "if-then" rules: These are rules to make decisions, and they
are based on expert knowledge and define how different fuzzy sets
interact.

1.5.1 FUZZY SETS

Fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership between 1 and 0.
For example, Number of cars following traffic signals at a particular time
out of all cars present will have membership value between [0,1].[6]

1.5.2 LINGUISTIC VARIABLE

A linguistic variable is a variable whose values are words or phrases
rather than numerical values. Let’s take the temperature of a room as an
example:

IF room is cold THEN heat is on;

IF room is hot THEN heat is off;

Hot, cold, on and off are linguistic variables.

1.5.3 MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS

Membership function represents the degree of truth in fuzzy logic, and
they are represented by graphical form. Here are the commonly used
forms of a membership function:

1.Triangular membership function:

 {
0,x ≤a
( x−a )
, a≤ x ≤ b
(b−a)
μ A (x)=
(c−x)
,b≤x ≤c
(c−b)
0,c≤ x

x: Input value.
a: The starting point where the membership value is 0.
b: The peak point where the membership value is 1.
c: The ending point where the membership value returns to 0.

2.Trapezoidel membership function:

{
0, x≤a
(x −a)
,a≤ x≤b
μ A ( x )= (b−a)
(d −x)
,c ≤x ≤d
(d−c )
0,d≤ x

x: Input value.
a: Bottom left point where the membership value is 0.
b: Top left point where the membership value reaches 1.
c: Top right point where the membership remains 1.
d: Bottom right point where the membership value returns to 0.
3.Gaussian membership function:
2
−1 (x−c)
2 (σ)2
μ A ( x )=e
x: Input value.
c: The mean (center) of the Gaussian distribution, where membership is
1.
σ : The standard deviation, which controls the spread of the function.

1.5.4 FUZZY IF-THEN RULES

Fuzzy rule associates a condition described using linguistic variables and
fuzzy set to a conclusion. The main feature of reasoning using these
rules is its partial matching capability, which enables an inference to be
made from a fuzzy rule even when the rule's condition is only partially
satisfied.
Fuzzy rule consists two components:

IF -part (known as antecedent or premise)

THEN -part (known as consequent or conclusion)

Here antecedent describes an elastic condition, a condition that can be

satisfied to a degree. Or we can say that antecedent describes a
condition of inputs. And the consequent describes a rigid condition, a
condition that is either satisfied or dissatisfied.[9]
It can be written as this form:

IF premise (antecedent), THEN conclusion (consequent).

1.6 REPRESENTATION OF FUZZY LOGIC

Fuzzy set can be represented in two ways:
1.Notation set:
A fuzzy set A in a universe U is represented as:
A = {(x, μ A (x)) ∣ x ∈ U}

where:

x is an element of the universe U.

μ A (x) is the membership function that assigns a degree of membership

to x in the range [0,1].

2.Graphical representation:

A fuzzy set can be represented on continuous domain as an analytical of

the membership function, where:

The x-axis represents the elements of the universe.

The y-axis represents their membership values.
The membership function is plotted as a curve.
And also, there are a lot of membership functions that were mentioned
above.

1.7 FUZZY SET OPERATIONS

To apply fuzzy rules, fuzzy logic extends classical Boolean logic by
allowing degrees of truth rather than just true (1) or false (0). In doing so,
it utilizes various operations. Some of these operations are needed:
1.Union (OR): µ A ∪B (x)=max ⁡(µ A ( x), µ B ( x ) )
2.Intersection (AND): µ A ∩ B (x)=m∈ ⁡(µ A (x) , µ B ( x ))
3.Complemet (NOT): µ A ( x )=1−µ A (x)
4.Algebric Sum: µ A ∪ B ( x )=µ A ( x ) + µB ( x )−µ A ( x ) × µ B ( x )
5.Algebric Product: µ A ∩ B ( x )=µ A ( x ) × µ B ( x )
1.8 FLC ARCHITECTURE
FLC refers to Fuzzy Logic Controller, its architecture can be
represented like figure 1:

Figure 1: FLC architecture.

The architecture contains four parts:
Rule Base: It contains the set of rules and IF-THEN conditions provided
by experts to govern the decision-making system.
Fuzzification: This part used to convert inputs like numbers and values
into fuzzy sets.
Inference part: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy
input with respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired
according to the input field. Next, the fired rules are combined to form the
control action.
Defuzzification: It’s used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by the
inference engine into values, and in this part, there are several methods
for defuzzification. One of these methods is Center of gravity method,
It’s called also Centroid of Area method. It’s can be written like:
n

∑ (x ¿ ¿i × µ(x i))
c= i=0 n
¿
∑ µ(x i )
i=0

Where:
c : the center of gravity.
x i : the input value on the x-axis.

µ ( xi ) : the value of the input x i in the membership function.

1.9 TYPES OF FUZZY RULE-BASED MODELS

The fuzzy rule has two parts, If part and Then part. In the second part,
the output can be whatever we want, a fuzzy set or a mathematical
function, it depends on many models. There are many main models
based on fuzzy rules, and some of them are: Mamdani model and
Takagi-Sugeno model.
1.Mamdani model: The output of each rule is a fuzzy set in Mamdani
system. The rule in this case can be written as:

If x is A and y is B, Then z is C

Where:
x and y: Input variables.
z: Output variable.
A, B and C: Fuzzy sets.
2.TS (Takagi-Sugeno) model: In this model, the output can be function,
usually it is a polynomial in the input variables. The rule in this case:

If x is A and y is B, Then z = f(x, y)

Where:
x and y: Input variables.
z: Output variable.
A, B: Fuzzy sets.
f(x,y): a mathematical function ( polynomial most of the time ).