bdkbZ

II

i`Foh
bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
• i`Foh dh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl] i`Foh dk vkarfjd Hkkx_ osxuj dk egk}hih; foLFkkiu
fl¼kar ,oa IysV foorZfudh] HkwoaQi ,oa Tokykeq[khA

Reprint 2025-26
 vè;k;

i`Foh dh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl

D ;k vkidks og dfork ;kn gS tks vkius viuh

ulZjh dh d{kk esa i<+h Fkh\ ^^fV~oady&fV~oady
fyfVy LVkj------------** cpiu ls gh rkjksa Hkjh jkrksa us
uhgkfjdk ls f?kjk gqvk Fkk tks eq[;r% gkbMªkts u] ghyh;e
vkSj /wfyd.kksa dh cuh FkhA bu d.kksa osQ ?k"kZ.k o Vdjkus
(Collision) ls ,d piVh r'rjh dh vko`Qfr osQ
gesa ges'kk vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA vkius Hkh bu rkjksa osQ ckjs ckny dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj vfHko`f¼ (Accretion)
esa lkspk gksxk vkSj vla[; ç'u vkiosQ fnekx esa vk, çØe }kjk gh xzgksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA varrksxRok] oSKkfudksa
gksaxsA oqQN bl çdkj osQ iz'u tSls&vkdk'k esa fdrus us i`Foh ;k vU; xzgksa dh gh ugha oju~ iwjs czãkaM dh
rkjs gS\a ;s rkjs oSQls cus\ D;k dksbZ vkdk'k osQ var rd mRifÙk laca/h leL;kvksa dks le>us dk ç;kl fd;kA
igq¡p ldrk gS\ bu ç'uksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkh dbZ ç'u vk/qfud fl¼kar
vkiosQ fnekx esa vk, gksaxsA bl vè;k; esa vki tkuasxs
czãkaM dh mRifÙk
fd ^;s fVefVekrs NksVs rkjs* oSQls cuas\ blosQ lkFk gh
vki i`Foh dh mRifÙk o fodkl dh dgkuh Hkh i<+asxsA vk/qfud le; esa czãkaM dh mRifÙk laca/h loZekU;
fl¼kar fcx cSax fl¼kar (Big bang theory) gSA
vkjafHkd fl¼kar bls foLrfjr cz ã ka M ifjdYiuk (Expanding
i`Foh dh mRifÙk universe hypothesis) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 1920 bZñ
esa ,Mfou gCcy (Edwin Hubble) us çek.k fn;s
i`Foh dh mRifÙk osQ laca/ esa fofHkUu nk'kZfudksa o fd czãkaM dk foLrkj gks jgk gSA le; chrus osQ lkFk
oSKkfudksa us vusd ifjdYiuk,¡ çLrqr dh gSaA buesa ls vkdk'kxaxk,¡ ,d nwljs ls nwj gks jgh gSaA vki ç;ksx dj
,d çkjafHkd ,oa yksdfç; er teZu nk'kZfud beSuqvy tku ldrs gSa fd czãkaM foLrkj dk D;k vFkZ gSA ,d
dkUV (Immanuel Kant) dk gSA 1796 bZñ esa xqCckjk ysa vkSj mlij oqQN fu'kku yxk,¡ ftudks
xf.krK ykIysl (Laplace) us bldk la'kks/u çLrqr vkdk'kxaxk;sa eku ysaA tc vki bl xqCckjs dks iqQyk,¡xs]
fd;k tks uhgkfjdk ifjdYiuk (Nebular hypothesis) xqCckjs ij yxs ;s fu'kku xqCckjs osQ iSQyus osQ lkFk&lkFk
osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl ifjdYiuk osQ vuqlkj ,d nwljs ls nwj tkrs çrhr gksxa As blh çdkj vkdk'kxaxkvksa
xzgksa dk fuekZ.k /heh xfr ls ?kwers gq, inkFkksZa osQ ckny osQ chp dh nwjh Hkh c<+ jgh gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i
ls gqvk tks fd lw;Z dh ;qok voLFkk ls lac¼ FksA czãkaM foLrkfjr gks jgk gSA ;|fi vki ;g ik,¡xs fd
1950 bZñ esa :l osQ vkWVks f'kfeM (Otto schmidt) xqCckjs ij yxs fpÉksa osQ chp dh nwjh osQ vfrfjDr]
o teZuh osQ dkyZ okb”kkLdj (Carl weizascar) us fpÉ Lo;a Hkh c<+ jgs gSaA tcfd ;g rF; osQ vuq:i
uhgkfjdk ifjdYiuk (Nebular hypothesis) esa ugha gSA oSKkfud ekurs gSa fd vkdk'kxaxkvksa osQ chp
oqQN la'kksèku fd;kA muosQ fopkj ls lw;Z ,d lkSj dh nwjh c<+ jgh gS] ijarq çs{k.k vkdk'kxaxkvksa osQ

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i`Foh dh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl 15

foLrkj dks ugha fl¼ djrsA vr% xqCckjs dk mnkgj.k czãkaM osQ foLrkj dk vFkZ gS vkdk'kxaxkvksa osQ
vkaf'kd :i ls gh ekU; gSA chp dh nwjh esa foLrkj dk gksukA gkW;y (Hoyle) us
fcx cSax fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj czãkaM dk foLrkj bldk fodYi ^fLFkj voLFkk ladYiuk* (Steady
fuEu voLFkkvksa esa gqvk gS% state concept) osQ uke ls çLrqr fd;kA bl
ladYiuk osQ vuqlkj czãkaM fdlh Hkh le; esa ,d gh
tSlk jgk gSA ;|fi czãkaM osQ foLrkj laca/h vusd
çek.kksa osQ feyus ij oSKkfud leqnk; vc czãkaM
foLrkj fl¼kar osQ gh i{k/j gSaA

rkjksa dk fuekZ.k
çkjafHkd czãkaM esa ÅtkZ o inkFkZ dk forj.k leku ugha
FkkA ?kuRo esa vkjafHkd fHkUurk ls xq#Rokd"kZ.k cyksa esa
fHkUurk vkbZ] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i inkFkZ dk ,d=k.k
gqvkA ;gh ,d=k.k vkdk'kxaxkvksa osQ fodkl dk vkèkkj
cukA ,d vkdk'kxaxk vla[; rkjksa dk lewg gSA
vkdk'kxaxkvksa dk foLrkj bruk vf/d gksrk gS fd
mudh nwjh gtkjksa çdk'k o"kksaZ esa (Light years) ekih
tkrh gSA ,d vosQyh vkdk'kxaxk dk O;kl 80 gtkj ls
fp=k 2-1 % fcx cSax 1 yk[k 50 gtkj çdk'k o"kZ osQ chp gks ldrk gSA ,d
vkdk'kxaxk osQ fuekZ.k dh 'kq:vkr gkbMªkstu xSl ls
(i) vkjEHk esa os lHkh inkFkZ] ftuls czãkaM cuk gS] cus fo'kky ckny osQ lap;u ls gksrh gS ftls uhgkfjdk
vfr NksVs xksyd (,dkdh ijek.kq) osQ :i esa (Nebula) dgk x;kA Øe'k% bl c<+rh gqbZ uhgkfjdk
,d gh LFkku ij fLFkr FksA ftldk vk;ru esa xSl osQ >aqM fodflr gq,A ;s >qaM c<+rs&c<+rs ?kus
vR;f/d lw{e ,oa rkieku rFkk ?kuRo vuar FkkA xSlh; fiaM cus] ftuls rkjksa dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk gqvkA
(ii) fcx cSax dh çfØ;k esa bl vfr NksVs xksyd
,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd rkjksa dk fuekZ.k yxHkx
esa Hkh"k.k foLiQksV gqvkA bl çdkj dh foLiQksV
5 ls 6 vjc o"kksZa igys gqvkA
çfØ;k ls o`gr~ foLrkj gqvkA oSKkfudksa dk
fo'okl gS fd fcx cSax dh ?kVuk vkt ls çdk'k o"kZ (Light year) le; dk ugha oju~ nwjh
13-7 vjc o"kksZa igys gqbZ FkhA czãkaM dk dk eki gSA çdk'k dh xfr 3 yk[k fd0 eh0 çfr
foLrkj vkt Hkh tkjh gSA foLrkj osQ dkj.k lSosQaM gSA fopkj.kh; gS fd ,d lky esa çdk'k
oqQN ÅtkZ inkFkZ esa ifjofrZr gks xbZA foLiQksV ftruh nwjh r; djsxk] og ,d çdk'k o"kZ gksxkA ;g
(Bang) osQ ckn ,d lSosQaM osQ vYika'k osQ 9-46×1012 fdñ ehñ osQ cjkcj gSA i`Foh o lw;Z dh
varxZr gh o`gr~ foLrkj gqvkA blosQ ckn vkSlr nwjh 14 djksM+ 95 yk[k] 98 gtkj fdyksehVj
gSA çdk'k o"kZ osQ lanHkZ esa ;g izdk'k o"kZ dk osQoy
foLrkj dh xfr /heh iM+ xbZA fcx cSax gksus
osQ vkjafHkd rhu feuV osQ varZxr gh igys 8-311 gSA
ijek.kq dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
(iii) fcx cSax ls 3 yk[k o"kkasZ osQ nkSjku] rkieku xzgksa dk fuekZ.k
4500ñ osQfYou rd fxj x;k vkSj ijek.koh; xzgksa osQ fodkl dh fuEufyf[kr voLFkk,¡ ekuh
inkFkZ dk fuekZ.k gqvkA czãkaM ikjn'khZ gks x;kA tkrh gSa%

Reprint 2025-26
16 HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar

(i) rkjs uhgkfjdk osQ vanj xSl osQ xqafFkr >qaM gSaA vè;;u ls gesa bl ckr dk irk pyrk gSA cgqr ls
bu xqafFkr >qaMksa esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ls xSlh; xzgk.kqvksa osQ bdêòk gksus ls xzg cusaA i`Foh dh jpuk Hkh
ckny esa ozQksM dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj bl xSlh; blh çde osQ vuq:i gqbZ gSA tc inkFkZ xq#Rocy osQ
ozQksM osQ pkjksa rjiQ xSl o /wyd.kksa dh ?kwerh dkj.k lagr gks jgk Fkk] rks mu bdêòk gksrs fiaMksa us
gqbZ r'rjh (Rotating disc) fodflr gqbZA inkFkZ dks çHkkfor fd;kA blls vR;f/d Å"ek mRiUu
(ii) vxyh voLFkk esa xSlh; ckny dk la?kuu gqbAZ ;g fØ;k tkjh jgh vkSj mRiUu rki ls inkFkZ
vkjaHk gqvk vkSj ozQksM dks <dus okyk inkFkZ fi?kyus@xyus yxkA ,slk i`Foh dh mRifÙk osQ nkSjku
NksVs xksyksa osQ :i esa fodflr gqvkA ;s NksVs vkSj mRifÙk osQ rqjar ckn gqvkA vR;f/d rki osQ
xksys lalatu (v.kqvksa esa ikjLifjd vkd"kZ.k) dkj.k] i`Foh vkaf'kd :i ls nzo voLFkk esa jg xbZ
çfØ;k }kjk xzgk.kqvksa (Planetesimals) esa vkSj rkieku dh vfèkdrk osQ dkj.k gh gYosQ vkSj
fodflr gq,A la?kêðu (Collision) dh fØ;k Hkkjh ?kuRo osQ feJ.k okys inkFkZ ?kuRo osQ varj osQ
}kjk cM+s fiaM cuus 'kq: gq, vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k dkj.k vyx gksuk 'kq: gks x,A blh vyxko ls Hkkjh
cy osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ;s vkil esa tqM+ x,A inkFkZ (tSls yksgk)] i`Foh osQ osQUæ esa pys x, vkSj
NksVs fiaMksa dh vf/d la[;k gh xzgk.kq gSA gYosQ inkFkZ i`Foh dh lrg ;k Åijh Hkkx dh rjiQ
(iii) vafre voLFkk esa bu vusd NksVs xzgk.kqvksa vk x,A le; osQ lkFk ;g vkSj BaMs gq, vkSj Bksl :i
osQ lgof/Zr gksus ij oqQN cM+s fiaM xzgksa osQ esa ifjofrZr gksdj NksVs vkdkj osQ gks x,A varrksxRok
:i esa cusA ;g i`Foh dh HkwiiZVh osQ :i esa fodflr gks x,A
i`Foh dk mn~Hko gYosQ o Hkkjh ?kuRo okys inkFkksZa osQ i`Fkd gksus dh bl
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd çkjaHk esa i`Foh pêðkuh] xeZ vkSj çfØ;k dks foHksnu (Differentiation) dgk tkrk
ohjku xzg Fkh] ftldk ok;qeaMy fojy Fkk tks gkbMªkstu gSA paæek dh mRifÙk osQ nkSjku] Hkh"k.k la?kêð (Giant
o ghfy;e ls cuk FkkA ;g vkt dh i`Foh osQ impact) osQ dkj.k] i`Foh dk rkieku iqu% c<+k ;k
ok;qeaMy ls cgqr vyx FkkA vr% oqQN ,slh ?kVuk,¡ fiQj ÅtkZ mRiUu gqbZ vkSj ;g foHksnu dk nwljk pj.k
,oa fozQ;k,¡ vo'; gqbZ gkasxh ftuosQ dkj.k pêðkuh] FkkA foHksnu dh bl çfØ;k }kjk i`Foh dk inkFkZ vusd
ohjku vkSj xeZ i`Foh ,d ,sls lqanj xzg esa ifjofrZr gqbZ ijrksa esa vyx gks x;kA i`Foh osQ /jkry ls ozQksM rd
tgk¡ cgqr lk ikuh] rFkk thou osQ fy, vuqdwy dbZ ijrsa ikbZ tkrh gSaA tSlsµiiZVh (Crust)] çkokj
okrkoj.k miyC/ gqvkA vxys oqQN Hkkxksa esa vki i<+saxs (Mantle)] ckg~; ozQksM (Outer core) vkSj vkarfjd
fd vkt ls 460 djksM+ lkyksa osQ nkSjku bl xzg ij ozQksM (Inner core)A i`Foh osQ Åijh Hkkx ls vkarfjd
thou dk fodkl oSQls gqvkA Hkkx rd inkFkZ dk ?kuRo c<+rk gSA gj ijr dh
i`Foh dh lajpuk ijrnkj gSA ok;qeaMy osQ ckgjh fo'ks"krkvksa dk foLrkjiwoZd vè;;u ge vxys vè;k;
Nksj ls i`Foh osQ ozQksM rd tks inkFkZ gSa os ,d leku esa djsaxsA
ugha gSaA ok;qeaMyh; inkFkZ dk ?kuRo lcls de gSA
ok;qeaMy o tyeaMy dk fodkl
i`Foh dh lrg ls blosQ Hkhrjh Hkkx rd vusd eaMy
gSa vkSj gj ,d Hkkx osQ inkFkZ dh vyx fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA i`Foh osQ ok;qeaMy dh orZeku lajpuk esa ukbVªkstu ,oa
vkWDlhtu dk izeq[k ;ksxnku gSA ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk
i`Foh dh ijrnkj lajpuk oSQls fodflr gqbZ\ o laxBu vkBosa vè;k; esa crk;h x;h gSA
orZeku ok;qeaMy osQ fodkl dh rhu voLFkk,¡ gSaA
LFkyeaMy dk fodkl bldh igyh voLFkk esa vkfndkfyd ok;qeaMyh; xSlksa
xzgk.kq o nwljs [kxksyh; fiaM T;knkrj ,d tSls gh ?kus dk ßkl gSA nwljh voLFkk esa] i`Foh osQ Hkhrj ls
vkSj gYosQ inkFkkasZ osQ feJ.k ls cus gSaA mYdkvksa osQ fudyh Hkki ,oa tyok"i us ok;qeaMy osQ fodkl esa

Reprint 2025-26
i`Foh dh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl 17

lg;ksx fd;kA var esa ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk dks tSo fodkl vkjaHk gqvkA ;|fi yxHkj 250 ls 300 djksM+
eaMy osQ çdk'k la'ys"k.k çfØ;k (Photosynthesis) lky igys çdk'k la'ys"k.k çfØ;k fodflr gqbAZ yacs
us la'kksfèkr fd;kA le; rd thou osQoy egklkxjksa rd lhfer jgkA
çkjafHkd ok;qeaMy ftlesa gkbMªkstu o ghfy;e dh çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k }kjk vkWDlhtu esa c<+ksrjh
vf/drk Fkh] lkSj iou osQ dkj.k i`Foh ls nwj gks x;kA egklkxjksa dh nsu gSA /hjs&/hjs egklkxj vkWDlhtu ls
,slk osQoy i`Foh ij gh ugha] oju~ lHkh ikfFkZo xzgksa ij lar`Ir gks x, vkSj ok;qeaMy esa vkWDlhtu dh ek=kk
gqvkA vFkkZr~ lHkh ikfFkZo xzgksa ls] lkSj iou osQ çHkko 200 djksM+ o"kZ iwoZ iw.kZ :i ls Hkj xbZA
osQ dkj.k] vkfndkfyd ok;qeaMy ;k rks nwj /osQy
fn;k x;k ;k lekIr gks x;kA ;g ok;qeaMy osQ fodkl thou dh mRifÙk
dh igyh voLFkk FkhA
i`Foh osQ BaMk gksus vkSj foHksnu osQ nkSjku] i`Foh osQ i`Foh dh mRifÙk dk vafre pj.k thou dh mRifÙk
van:uh Hkkx ls cgqr lh xSlsa o tyok"i ckgj fudysA o fodkl ls lacaf/r gSA fu%lansg i`Foh dk vkjafHkd
blh ls vkt osQ ok;qeaMy dk mn~Hko gqvkA vkjaHk esa ok;qeaMy thou osQ fodkl osQ fy, vuqdwy ugha
ok;qeaMy esa tyok"i] ukbVªkstu] dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM] FkkA vk/qfud oSKkfud] thou dh mRifÙk dks ,d
ehFksu o veksfu;k vf/d ek=kk es]a vkSj Lora=k vkWDlhtu rjg dh jklk;fud çfrfØ;k crkrs gSa] ftlls igys
cgqr de FkhA og çfØ;k ftlls i`Foh osQ Hkhrjh Hkkx tfVy tSo (dkcZfud) v.kq (Complex organic
ls xSlsa /jrh ij vkbaZ] bls xSl mRltZu (Degassing) molecules) cus vkSj mudk lewgu gqvkA ;g
dgk tkrk gSA yxkrkj Tokykeq[kh foLiQksV ls ok;qeaMy lewgu ,slk Fkk tks vius vkidks nksgjkrk FkkA (iqu%
esa tyok"i o xSl c<+us yxhA i`Foh osQ BaMk gksus osQ cuus esa l{ke Fkk)] vkSj futhZo inkFkZ dks thfor
lkFk&lkFk tyok"i dk la?kuu 'kq: gks x;kA ok;qeaMy rÙo esa ifjofrZr dj ldkA gekjs xzg ij thou osQ
esa mifLFkr dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM osQ o"kkZ osQ ikuh esa fpÉ vyx&vyx le; dh pêðkuksa esa ik, tkus okys
?kqyus ls rkieku esa vkSj vf/d fxjkoV vkbZA iQyLo:i thok'e osQ :i esa gaSA 300 djksM+ lky iqjkuh
vf/d la?kuu o vR;f/d o"kkZ gqbZA i`Foh osQ /jkry HkwxfHkZd 'kSyksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh lw{en'khZ lajpuk
ij o"kkZ dk ty xrks± esa bdêòk gksus yxk] ftlls vkt dh 'kSoky (Blue green algae) dh lajpuk
egklkxj cuasA i`Foh ij mifLFkr egklkxj i`Foh dh ls feyrh tqyrh gSA ;g dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS
mRifÙk ls yxHkx 50 djksM+ lkyksa osQ varxZr cusaA fd blls igys le; esa lk/kj.k lajpuk okyh
blls gesa irk pyrk gS fd egklkxj 400 djksM+ lky 'kSoky jgh gksxhA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd thou dk
iqjkus gaSA yxHkx 380 djksM+ lky igys thou dk fodkl yxHkx 380 djksM+ o"kZ igys vkjaHk gqvkA

vH;kl
1- cgqoSdfYid iz'u %
(i) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh la[;k i`Foh dh vk;q dks çnf'kZr djrh gS\
(d) 46 yk[k o"kZ ([k) 4-6 vjc o"kZ
(x) 13-7 vjc o"kZ (?k) 13-7 [kjc o"kZ
(ii) fuEu esa dkSu&lk rRo orZeku ok;qeaMy osQ fuekZ.k o la'kks/u esa lgk;d ugha gS\
(d) lkSj iou ([k) xSl mRltZu
(x) foHksnu (?k) çdk'k la'ys"k.k

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18 HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar

(iii) i`Foh ij thou fuEufyf[kr esa ls yxHkx fdrus o"kksZa igys vkjaHk gqvkA
(d) 1vjc 37 djksM+ o"kZ igys ([k) 460 djksM+ o"kZ igys
(x) 38 yk[k o"kZ igys (?k) 3 vjc] 80 djksM+ o"kZ igys

2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksa esa nhft, %

(i) foHksnu çfØ;k ls vki D;k le{krs gSaA
(ii) izkjfEHkd dky esa i`Foh osQ /jkry dk Lo:i D;k Fkk\
(iii) i`Foh osQ ok;qeaMy dks fufeZr djus okyh izkjafHkd xSlas dkSu lh Fkha\

3- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj yxHkx 150 'kCnksa esa nhft, %

(i) fcx cSax fl¼kar dk foLrkj ls o.kZu djsaA
(ii) i`Foh osQ fodkl laca/h voLFkkvksa dks crkrs gq, gj [email protected] dks la{ksi esa of.kZr djsaA

ifj;kstuk dk;Z
^LVkj MLV* ifj;kstuk osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr i{kksa ij osclkbV ls lwpuk ,df=kr dhft, %
(www.sci.edu/public.html and www.nasm.edu)
(v) bl ifj;kstuk dks fdl ,tsalh us 'kq: fd;k Fkk\
(c) LVkj MLV dks ,df=kr djus esa oSKkfud bruh :fp D;ksa fn[kk jgs gSa\
(l) LVkj MLV dgk¡ ls ,d=k dh xbZ gS\

Reprint 2025-26