HUMANITIES (Art Appreciation)  Graphic Arts: Painting, Drawing,

Photography, Printing industry such

Humanities believes that a man should be as design of books, advertisements,
humanized, socialized, and educated to signs, posters, and other display of
respond positively to rapid changes. advertisement. Paintings:
Art is a creative or imaginative activity,
especially the expressive arrangement of
elements with a medium and technique. It
is derived from the Latin word “ars”
meaning ability or skills
Art Appreciation is BEING ABLE to look at a
Work of Art and then being able to form an
OPINION of the work. Having the
knowledge, background and understanding
 Plastic Arts: artwork which have
of the universal and timeless qualities that
three dimensional forms,
comprise ALL WORK of ART.
architectural designs, landscape,
Work of Art is an activity that involves both interior design, industrial design,
imagination and skills. It creates aesthetic sculpture
feelings or experiences. It is a record of a 2. Performing Arts
particular artist’s view.

Factors that influence the evolution of Arts

Work of Art is a product of the artist’s
unique personality influenced consciously
or unconsciously by factors such as:
 Environment
 Traditions
 National traits
 Religious beliefs
 Economic conditions
 His ideals (artist opinion)
 Climate and geography

Classification of Arts
1. Visual Arts
 artwork that are perceived by our
eyes. Classified into Graphic Arts
and Plastic Arts.
  involved movement, speaking and  Art exists because it is liked and
gestures: includes theater, play, enjoyed. Art does not grow old.
dance, and music.  Art is something to be seen or heard
3. Literary Arts  Art is the product of man’s imagination,
 includes the short stories, novels, good taste, and skills in doing things.
poetry, and dramas.  Nature is artful. Its beauty and artistry
4. Popular Arts could be enhanced.
 includes the film, newspaper,
magazine, radio, and television.
5. Gustatory Art of the Cuisine-
 involves skills in food preparation,
like cakes and pastries. Art Appreciation
6. Decorative Arts
ceci n’est pas une pipe
 visual objects produced for
beautifying houses, offices, cars,  French for "This is not a pipe."
and other structures  A phrase from Rene Magritte’s Famous
Artwork
Ways of Defining Art
Values and Reasons of ARTS
 Oxford Dictionary of English: The
 We create things to serve our practical
expression or use of human creativity,
purposes. We make things that are
usually in the form of anything visual,
pleasing to the eye or ear.
like a painting or a sculpture, results in
 Art works are also valuable sources of
art that is valued primarily for its
inspiration and aesthetic experience.
aesthetic appeal or emotional impact.
 Through the artist’s work, we also get a
glimpse of the thoughts, feelings and Definition of Art
beliefs of the people in their time and
the forces in their environment that  OBELISK
influenced their artwork. - Art is a process.
 Out of the aesthetic experiences we - Art is communication.
derive from the arts, we may be - Art is an expression of humanness.
influenced to change our ways:  JEAN
transform us into highly cultured, - the deliberate creation of something
dignified, and respectable human lovely or significant employing talent
beings. The arts may beautify our and imagination.
humanity.

Etymology
Basic Assumption About Arts  The word art originally comes from the
 Art has been created by various people, Aryan suffixed form of the root ar
at all places and time. meaning "join," or "to fit together.”
From this ancient etymon, two Greek
verbs are derived, artizein, meaning "to
 prepare," and arkiskein, “to put
together.”
 It also originated in Old French art,
meaning “skill as a result of learning or
practice” Then the Latin nominative
word ars, whose accusative form is
artem, which means "work of art;
practical skill; a business, craft," is then
related to the term art.
 The first known use of the word comes
from 13th-century manuscripts.
However, the word art and its many
variants (just like mentioned earlier,
artem, eart, etc.) have probably existed
since the founding of Rome.
Philosophy of Art
How do we determine what is defined as
art?
 The Essential Nature of Art
 Social Importance (or lack thereof)
Three general ways of categorizing what
defines art:
Art as Representation
Mimesis: a Greek word, meaning copying or
imitation. An idea first developed by Plato.
The representation or replication of
something that is beautiful or meaningful.
“All art is but imitation of nature.”
- Seneca, Moral letters to Lucilius/
Letter 65, 65 CE
“Art is the unceasing effort to compete with
the beauty of flowers– and never
succeeding”
The Oxbow (The Connecticut River Near
Northampton) - Thomas Cole
Spoliarium, Juan Luna (1984) Kandinsky or the “action” paintings of
Jackson Pollock.”
- Gordon Graham

Weeping Woman, Pablo Picasso (1937)

Art as representation was used for

centuries. Until roughly the end of the
eighteenth century, a work of art was
valued based on how faithfully it replicated
its subject.

The Ugly Duchess, Quentin Matsys (1513)

WHAT IS GOOD
ART?
“It leads people to
place a high value
on very lifelike
Art as expression of emotional content: Art
portraits such as
as an expression core of the romantic
those by the great
movement, with artworks having a definite
masters–
feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic.
Michelangelo,
Rubens, and “Art is a completed pass. You just don’t
Velasquez and so throw it out into the world– someone has to
on– and to raise questions about the value catch it”
of “modern” art–the cubist distortion of
Picasso, the - Jame Turell, Harper’s Bazaar, 2013
surrealist The Old Guitarist, Pablo Picasso (1903-04)
figures of
Joan
Miro, the The Starry Night, Vincent Van Gogh (1889)
abstract
paintings of
 Plato and Aristotle debated the
nature of art and its role in society.
Art as Form
Plato discussed the nature of art in
Art should not have a concept but should be his work "The Republic,"
judged only on its formal qualities because emphasizing the importance of
the content of a work of art is not of moral and educational values in art.
aesthetic interest. Aristotle, in his "Poetics," explored
the role of imitation and catharsis in
Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) is an 18th tragedy.
century German philosopher, who argued
for the judgment of art using formal
qualities.

Elements of Arts
 Color
 Shape
 Form
 Value
 Texture
 Space
 Line

Principles of Design
 Balance
 Unity 2. Medieval Europe (c. 5th century - 15th
 Variety century)
 Emphasis  During the Middle Ages, art was largely
 Movement defined by its religious and spiritual
 Pattern purpose. The Church played a central
 Proportion role in commissioning and defining art.
History of How Arts is defined
Throughout history, the definition of art has
evolved to reflect changes in culture,
society, and artistic movements.
1. Classical Art (c. 5th Century BCE-5th
century CE)
 In ancient Greece and Rome, art
was closely linked to aesthetics and
the pursuit of beauty. Artists like
 individualism, influencing the idea
of art as a form of self-expression
and a reflection of human creativity.
 Immanuel Kant's "Critique of
Judgment" explored aesthetics and
the nature of artistic beauty as a
product of taste and judgment.

3. Renaissance (14th - 17th century)

 The Renaissance marked a shift
towards humanism, with a focus on
the study of classical art and a
revival of interest in aesthetics and
naturalism.
 Example of the artist: Leon Battista
Alberti-who emphasized the study
of classical art, humanism, and the
pursuit of beauty.
 Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks also 5. Romanticism (late 18th 19th century)
had a great influence during this  The Romantic emphasized
period movement emotion, imagination,
and the sublime in art, challenging
classical definitions.

4. Enlightenment (18th century)

 The Enlightenment brought a new
emphasis on reason and
6. Modern and Contemporary Art (late Art is a discovery and development of
19th century - present) elementary principles of nature into
 The 20th century saw a proliferation beautiful forms suitable for human use.
of art movements, including
- Frank Lloyd Wright “The
Cubism, Surrealism, Abstract
Fallingwater,” (1935)
Expressionism, and Pop Art,
challenging traditional notions of
art.

The purpose of art is washing the dust of

daily life off our souls.
- Pablo Picasso "Les Desmoiselles d'
Avignon," (1907)

7. Postmodernism (late 20th century)

 Questioned the idea of a fixed
definition of art, embracing
pluralism and the role of context
and interpretation
8. Digital and Conceptual Art (late 20th
century - present)
 Advancements in technology have
led to new forms of art, including
digital media and conceptual art, Art enables us to find ourselves and lose
challenging traditional materials ourselves at the same time.
and boundaries.
- Thomas Merton
All art is but imitation of nature.
Quotes
- Lucius Annaeus Seneca
Art evokes the mystery without which the
Art is not what you see, but what you make
world would not exist.
others see.
- Rene Magritte "The Treachery of
- Edgar Degas
Images,” (1928-1929)
Art is the signature of civilizations.
 - Jean Sibelius 2. The Normative Question
 This question concerns what makes
Art is a human activity consisting in this,
aesthetic value "valuable." The
that one man consciously, by means of
dominant answer is aesthetic hedonism,
certain external signs, hands on to others
which posits that aesthetic value is
feelings he has lived through, and that
valuable because it provides pleasure
others are infected by these feelings and
when experienced.
also experience them.
- Leo Tolstoy
Art and Mathematics
Art and mathematics have a long and
Art and the Value of Aesthetics
intertwined history. Mathematics is
 Everything has value in many different frequently used to provide structure,
ways. Artworks frequently have patterns, and a foundation for artistic
monetary, historical, or sentimental expression in the creation and appreciation
worth. Although many works of art lack of art.
beauty, this value is sometimes
For example, the renowned masterpiece by
mistakenly identified as beauty.
Leonardo Da Vinci, the Mona Lisa,
Therefore, it is more conceivable that
exemplifies the use of the Golden Ratio in
beauty has a certain kind of aesthetic
art. This attention to the Golden Ratio is
value.
consistent in Da Vinci's other works,
 Aesthetic value is the worth that an
including "The Last Supper" and "The
item, circumstance, or state of things
Vitruvian Man,"
(often an artwork or the natural world)
possesses as a result of its ability to Another artist embracing mathematics in
make the observer feel either pleasure art is Wassily Kandinsky, recognized for
(positive value) or repulsion (negative abstract artworks and his association with
value) when viewed or experienced the Bauhaus school. He incorporates
aesthetically. Geometry in his artwork.
Two Fundamental Questions in the Theory Piet Mondrian, an artist active around
of Aesthetic Value 1930, laid the foundation for Neoplasticism,
an avant-garde movement that redefined
1. The Aesthetic Question
art.
 This question addresses what makes
aesthetic value "aesthetic." The
prevailing view is aesthetic formalism,
Cultural Relativism for Aesthetics
which asserts that aesthetic value arises
from an object's perceptual properties, Cultural relativism is the idea that beauty is
encompassing visual, auditory, subjective, frequently depending on a
gustatory, olfactory, and tactile variety of cultural ideals and historical
properties. contexts, and that it cannot be assessed
outside of those parameters.
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 Venus of Willendorf Arts integration in Education is an approach
 Haerin for ELLE Korea to teaching and learning through which
content standards are taught and assessed
There is no universal standard of beauty.
equitably in and through the arts.
The arts find their way into elementary,
Concept of Beauty middle, and high school classrooms every
day in a variety of ways. The variations can
“Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.” be distilled into three main categories.
Beauty is not determined by race, gender,  Arts as Curriculum: If a school has a
nationality, physical appearance, or even music, art, drama, or dance teacher,
our personal preferences. The only thing their approach is most likely primarily
that differentiates one from another is their Arts as Curriculum. Students develop
uniqueness. We, people, are our own knowledge and skills in a particular art
definition of Beauty. form.
Yet, questions arise as the topic of Beauty  Arts-Enhanced Curriculum: When the
opens again. Is it objective or subjective? arts are used as a device or strategy to
support other curriculum areas, but no
 According to Humes, “Beauty is no objectives in the art form are explicit,
quality in things themselves: It exists then the approach is called Arts-
merely in the mind which contemplates Enhanced Curriculum.
them; and each mind perceives a  Arts-Integrated Curriculum: In Arts-
different beauty.” Integrated Curriculum, the arts become
 According to Kant, “The judgement of the approach to teaching and the
taste is therefore not a judgement of vehicle for learning. Students meet dual
cognition, and is consequently not learning objectives when they engage in
logical but aesthetical, by which we the creative process to explore
understand that whose determining connections between an art form and
ground can be no other than another subject area to gain greater
subjective.” understanding in both.
Despite Kant and Humes’s arguments about
beauty being subjective, Plato and Aristotle
believe that Beauty explains the following: REASONS WHY ART IS IMPORTANT IN
EDUCATION
 For Plato, Forms, and Beauty are non-
physical ideas. 1. Working in the arts helps learners to
 Aristotle believes that the qualities of an develop creative problem-solving
artwork, such as symmetry, order, skills.
balance, and proportion, define beauty 2. Teaching through the arts can
as what is observed. present difficult concepts visually,
making them more easy to
understand.
Art and Education 3. Art instruction helps children with
the development of motor skills,
 language skills, social skills, decision- center on how the test is scored and
making, risk-taking, and whether the results have any diagnostic
inventiveness. value in psychotherapy. It was found to lack
4. Visual arts teach learners about reliability and have poor validity.
color, layout, perspective, and
balance: all techniques necessary for
presentations (visual, digital) of The Essence of Artistic Expression
academic work.
5. Integrating art with other disciplines Art psychology is the expression of the
reaches students who might not human, and its beauty is in its interpretation
otherwise be engaged in classwork. – all different, none incorrect. While you can
6. Arts experiences boost critical assign a textbook definition to art, art itself
thinking, teaching students to take in its creation will forever be ever-changing
the time to be more careful and and unique.
thorough in how they observe the Of Exploring and Expressing Ideas
world.
7. The arts provide challenges for Art is something you relate to, something
learners at all levels. that draws your attention towards itself – a
8. Art education connects students connection. The psychology of art is at play,
with their own culture as well as and it beckons your attention toward what
with the wider world. resonates with you and enables you to
connect with each work.

Art and Psychology

The Healing and Far-Reaching Effects of Art
When we look at others’ art what does it
mean and why? Art holds a different Art engages the mind and is beneficial to
meaning for different people, primarily have around in more ways than one. Art
because of its psychological impact. The therapy is a tool therapists use to help
psychology of artwork is closely linked to patients interpret, express, and resolve their
that of aesthetics and perception, along emotions and thoughts. Patients work with
with experience. an art therapist to explore their emotions,
understand conflicts or feelings that are
causing them distress, and use art to help
Rorschach Inkblot Test them find resolutions to those issues.

Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychologist,

created the inkblot test where people are Art is enjoyed and respected in their unique
asked to look at various inkblots and personal ways. The psychological
describe what they see, where the connection to art makes it so that no two
interpretation of such inkblots might reveal people will see a piece of art the same, and
hidden aspects of someone’s personality. each of our brains is different and interprets
Despite its popularity, the Rorschach is a art in a different way.
controversial test. Many of the criticisms
  Professions
- Painter
Art and Mathematics - Engineer
Art: Human activities that involve producing - Architect
visual, auditory, or performed artworks. - Inventor
Expression, passion, and aesthetic - Scientist
- Cartographer
Mathematics: Branch of science that - Anatomist
examines the logic of form and uses of - Botanist
numbers and symbols. Reasoning - Writer
- Philosopher
 Famous Paintings
History and Correlation of Math and Art - The Last Supper
- Mona Lisa
1. 5th Century BCE (Ancient Greece)
 Canon 'rule' of Polykleitos Mathematician Meets Artist, Luca Pacioli
 Known for designing aesthetic and Leonardo Da Vinci
human sculptures with ideal
proportions and balance.  After arriving in Milan in 1496, Pacioli
 Suggests the shoulders and hips of formed a very close connection with da
sculptures are positioned in a way Vinci in which he tutored da Vinci in
that counterbalances tension and mathematics.
relaxation known as the chiastic  The two men had a deep friendship that
balance. transcended their mathematical
2. 14th Century (The Renaissance) endeavors; their notebooks include
 Period of artistic 'rebirth' comments to one another like “Well
 Recognize the close relationship Leonardo, you can do more of this on
between math and art your own” and “learn the multiplication
of roots from Maestro Luca."
Importance of Math in Art  Mathematically speaking, the duo
shared a deep interest in geometric
 Can be applied in various ways
shapes. Pacioli successfully taught da
 Allows to express beauty
Vinci the works of Euclid’s Elements and
 Art motivated by beauty
less successfully taught him arithmetic
 Express and comprehend ideas
techniques like multiplying squares and
 Explain angles and perspectives
square roots.
Without mathematics, there’s no art  During this time, da Vinci created
several sketches of polyhedra that
- Luca Pacioli, Father of Accounting
would be featured in Pacioli’s
publication De Divina Proportione.
 In 1499 the French invaded Milan and
Leonardo Da Vinci the pair was forced to flee the city,
 (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) eventually settling in Florence (where
 A “Renaissance Man” they lived together).
Golden Ratio imagine the picture surface as an "open
window" through which to see the
 Often referred to as “Nature’s great
painted world. Straight lines are then
mystery” or “universal law in all forms
drawn on the canvas to represent the
of nature”
horizon and "visual rays" connecting the
 The Golden Ratio creates the idea of
viewer's eye to a point in the distance.
pattern, which is an important aspect of
 The horizon line runs across the canvas
art and maths.
at the eye level of the viewer. The
 The divine proportion, or golden ratio,
horizon line is where the sky appears to
is a special number that frequently
meet the ground
appears in geometry, fine art, and
 The vanishing point should be located
architecture
near the center of the horizon line. The
 Its value is approximately 1.618. When a
vanishing point is where all parallel lines
line is split into two parts, the length of
(orthogonals) that run towards the
the whole line divided by the long part
horizon line appear to come together
of the line equals the length of the long
like train tracks in the distance.
part of the line divided by the short part
 Orthogonal lines are "visual rays"
of the line. This is known as the golden
helping the viewer's eye to connect
ratio.
points around the edges of the canvas to
 According to many academics, Da Vinci
the vanishing point. An artist uses them
may have used the golden ratio in many
to align the edges of walls and paving
of his paintings and drawings. It is
stones
unknown if Leonardo Da Vinci did so
 For instance, The Last Supper, and The
intentionally, but Luca Pacioli, the
Two ‘Mona Losa’s
author of On Divine Proportion, a book
about the golden ratio, was a close Geometric Art
friend of Leonardo's. Leonardo also held
 Geometric art or abstract uses one or
the view that mathematics was a
more geometric shapes to elicit a visual
fundamental component of all life and
response from the viewer. The artwork
work, including the creation of art.
is futuristic, abstract, and colorful,
 For instance, The Mona Lisa
showing different arrangements of
Perspective shapes. Geometry is the root of many
artistic movements, including Concrete
Perspective is nothing else than the vision of
Art, Suprematism, minimalism, and
a scene behind a flat and clear glass on
futurism. Geometric shapes are made
which we mark all objects that are on the
by combining lines, triangles, squares,
other side; they can be connected by
and circles. Geometric abstraction is a
pyramids to the center of the eye and these
type of art that uses straightforward
pyramids are intercepted by the glass.
geometric forms that are vivid, colorful,
- Leonardo Da Vinci and intended to evoke a range of
 Linear perspective is a mathematical emotions
system for creating the illusion of space  Leonardo Da Vinci used geometry
and distance on a flat surface. To use brilliantly to create his masterpieces. D
linear perspective an artist must first
 a Vinci's collaboration with Italian  Based on Pacioli's writings, Da Vinci
mathematician Luca Pacioli in writing his illustrated sixty geometric forms, some
book "De divina proportione" increased of which were the earliest polyhedra
his interest in geometry. with discernible solid edges. With this
 The mathematics text De divina drawing method, the edges on the front
proportione, written by Luca Pacioli and and back can be seen. It eliminates all
illustrated by his friend Leonardo Da the confusion that might arise when
Vinci, provides a popularized and creating only a straightforward line
educational understanding of geometry, drawing. It was made possible to see
with a focus on polyhedra through the structure from the front to
the back by adding hollow faces to the
Polyhedra
shape.
 A three-dimensional object called a  This geometric illustration provided
polyhedron is made up of a limited extensive and crucial geometric
number of polygons. It simply means information that was used by other
that it displays a solid interior and artists in various parts of the world to
exterior. create their works of art. Da Vinci also
 Unfortunately, some of the information created drawings for other geometric
in the book's Polyhedra section has shapes using similar techniques. The
been lifted verbatim from Piero della majority of the time, it is produced in
Francesca's unpublished manuscripts, pairs.
who was a brilliant Renaissance artist
Line of Symmetry
and mathematician in the 15th century.
Shortly after Piero's death, Pacioli  A line of symmetry separates an object
plagiarized the majority of his writings; into two parts that are exactly the same.
as a result, the majority of Pacioli's - Vertical Line of Symmetry
works were published without giving - Horizontal Line of Symmetry
Piero the proper credit and attribution. - Diagonal Line of Symmetry
This damaged Piero's reputation as a
Vitruvian Man and Vitruvius
mathematician
 For many centuries, researchers  The Vitruvian Man was created by
questioned Piero's veracity, but the Leonardo da Vinci around the year
discovery of three of his mathematical 1487. It is accompanied by notes based
manuscripts at the beginning of the on the work of the famed architect,
20th century helped him establish his Vitruvius
enviable reputation.  The Vitruvian Man is “it’s a study of the
 When compared to the illustration ideal proportion of the human form”
created by Da Vinci in Pacioli's  Originally referred to as “Le proporzioni
manuscript "De Divina Proportione, " del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio.”
which is now housed in the Vatican (Italian) This literally translates to “The
library, Piero's drawing from his proportions of the human body
manuscript "Libellus De Quinque according to Vitruvius.”
Corporibus Regularibus" bears an exact
resemblance
 It is stored in the “Gallerie Dell’  components of visual art into three
Accademia in Venice, Italy” and is fundamental elements: point, line, and
displayed only occasionally plane.
 Point: The point was seen as the most
minimal, atomic element of visual
Wassily Kandinsky expression.
 Line: had the potential to express
 Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) was a movement and direction. They could be
Russian painter and art theorist. straight or curved, and their
 He believed that art could convey arrangement and trajectory conveyed
emotions and ideas through non- different emotional qualities.
representational forms and colors.  Plane: the largest visual elements,
 Kandinsky experienced a condition representing fields of color or space. The
known as “synesthesia” where he interaction between planes created
perceived colors and shapes when spatial relationships and added depth
hearing music. and dimension to an artwork
 He published several influential books,
including "Concerning the Spiritual in Famous Artworks
Art" (1910) and "Point and Line to
 Composition VII (1913): This iconic
Plane" (1926), in which he articulated
painting is a prime example of
his ideas about the relationship
Kandinsky's use of geometric shapes,
between art, spirituality, and
including circles, triangles, and spirals,
mathematics.
to create a visually and emotionally
Concerning the Spiritual in Art (1910) engaging composition.

 Kandinsky developed a theory known as

"The Spiritual in Art, " in which he
explored the psychology of colors and
how color and form work together to
convey emotion and meaning.
 His colour theory centered around two
related contrasts: warm versus cool and
light versus dark.
 He believed that yellow tones move
towards the viewer, expanding and
leading outward from the canvas,
whereas blue moves away from the
viewer, receding and shrinking into the  Yellow-Red-Blue (1925): In this painting,
picture Kandinsky employed primary colors and
geometric forms, such as squares and
rectangles, in a meticulously balanced
composition.

Point and Line to Plane (1926)

 comfort to feelings of anger and
hostility.
 Colors on the blue side of the spectrum
are known as cool colors which include
blue, purple, and green. These colors
are often described as calm, but can
also call to mind feelings of sadness or
indifference.
The Color Psychology of Red
 Associated with energy, war, danger,
strength, power, determination as well
 Composition X (1939)
as passion, desire, and love.
 Moscow 1 (1916)
 It attracts attention more than any other
 The Blue Rider (1903)
color, at times signifying danger.
 Enhances human metabolism, increases
respiration rate, and raises blood
pressure
The Color Psychology of Yellow
 The brightest color of the spectrum
 Associated with joy, happiness, intellect,
and energy.
Psychology of Colors  Produces a warming effect, arouses
 The study of how different colors affect cheerfulness, stimulates mental activity,
human mood and behavior. and generates muscle energy.
 While color perception is subjective,  Bright, pure yellow is an attention-getter
certain colors have a very universal The Color Psychology of Blue
significance.
 Color psychology is a very important  It is a non-aggressive color.
tool used by artists and interior  Associated with open spaces, freedom,
decorators, especially in marketing that intuition, imagination, inspiration, and
is used in many industries. sensitivity.
 The colors are mainly divided into two  It is also associated with feelings of
categories, warm and cool sadness.
 Research shows that blue is the least
appetizing color.
Warm Vs. Cool  Blue is frequently used for social media
logos. One reason for that is that blue
 Colors in the red area of the color represents dependability and trust
spectrum are known as warm colors
which include red, orange, and yellow.
These warm colors evoke emotions
ranging from feelings of warmth and
  Broadway Boogie Woogie (1943)
 Composition A (1923)
 Tableau (1921)

Piet Mondrian
 Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) was a Dutch
painter and one of the pioneers of Maurits Cornelis Escher
abstract art.
 He believed that the harmony and order  M. C. Escher (1898-1972) also known as
found in mathematical principles could Maurits Cornelis Escher was a famous
be applied to art to create a sense of Dutch painter who made some art
balance and clarity. works that was inspired by
 He was a key figure in the De Stijl art mathematics.
movement also known as  Escher's works features a lot because of
Neoplasticism. De Stijl simply means the impossible objects, reflection,
“the style” in Dutch as Neoplasticism exploration, and such as of his art. In
means “new art”. fact, Escher's doesn't believe about his
 The leaders of the De Stijl art movement ability when it comes to mathematics.
sought to reduce artistic elements to  However, he interacted with some
their purest, most fundamental forms mathematicians to get knowledge and
conduct about his tesellation pattern.
Famous Artworks
Tessellation Pattern
 Composition with Red, Blue, and
Yellow: Being true to De Stijl art, you  Tessellations are a group of shapes that
only see vertical and horizontal lines. are drawn by a continuous pattern or an
What’s incredible about these lines is infinite plane. For creating the
Mondrian never used a ruler in his tessellations, you must need a specific
paintings shape such as all squares or any other
polygons that can look like a natural tile
infinitely.
 Escher used what geometers would
refer to as reflections, glide reflections,
translations, and rotations in his
tessellations to take use of these
fundamental patterns and produce a
wider range of patterns
 Example: Regular Division of the Plane
with Birds: Wood Engraving, 1949  Hands with Reflecting Sphere (1935): a
famous lithograph artwork. Escher's interior
studio in Rome that is reflected that he
holds by his hands.

 Relativity (1953)
 Development I; woodcut, 1937  Waterfall (1961)
 Cycle; lithograph, 1938  Sky and Water (1938)

Tommaso Laureti
 Drawing Hands (1948): one of the most  Tomasso Laureti (1530-1602) was an
popular artworks of M.C Escher, it was Italian painter from Sicily who studied
the first litograph printed artworks on at Sebastiano del Piombo's workshop
the month of January. This image and lived and painted in Bologna. In
illustrates a piece of paper with wrists of 1582, he started creating work for papal
a human patrons in Rome.
 Tommaso Laureti's paintings frequently
have numerous characters grouped in
intricate compositions that evoke a
feeling of drama and movement, and
his art prints provide a window into the
rich tradition of Italian Renaissance
painting.
Famous Artworks
 Triumph of Christianity, from the
Raphael Room (1585): depicts Christ on
 the Cross gazing down at it. Its Abstraction
placement suggests that Constantine
 Use of shapes, lines, colors, and forms
played a significant role in the victory it
to create an art
symbolizes, and three of the enormous
murals on the walls below illustrate the Minimalism and Cenceptualism
Church's assessment of Constantine's
primary contributions.  Concentrates mainly on ideas and
purposes.

To Infinity and Beyond: Mathematics in

Contemporary Art
 Grid by Henry Segerman

 Bóveda de la Estancia de Constantino,

Triunfo de la Religión Cirstiana (1582)
 Horatius Cocles on the Sublician Bridge
(1530-1602)
 Sol Le Witt's "Square No. 4" (2004)

Contemporary Use of Mathematics in Art

Engineering and Arts
 Seeing Pi by John Sims
 In engineering, mathematics serves as
the foundation of every design and
offers the tools and techniques required
to do their job.
 Especially when it comes to art, it affects
artists on how to incorporate
mathematical ideas and theories into
their work in order to create more
intricate and high-quality designs.
 Yakan Seputangan headscarf by Nietzsche, entitled "On Truth and Lie in
Evelynda Otong and Tuwas Yakan an Extra-Moral Sense.")
Weavers, 2019

Philosophers
Plato
 Theory of the Forms: Plato's Aesthetics
In the Republic, Plato says that art
imitates the objects and events of
ordinary life. In other words, a work of
art is a copy of a copy of a Form. It is
Math art has the ability to connect people even more of an illusion than is ordinary
to math in ways they hadn’t expected experience. On this theory, works of art
are at best entertainment, and at worst
- John Sims
a dangerous delusion.
Immanuel Kant
 Formalism: The most prominent
Cultural Relativism in Aesthetics philosophical opponent of aesthetic
relativism was Immanuel Kant, who
Aesthetic Relativism argued that the judgment of beauty,
while subjective, is universal.
 is the philosophical view that the
 Kant's aesthetic theory is often thought
judgement of beauty is relative to
to be a kind of formalism, that our
different individuals and/or cultures
appreciation of beauty is to be
and that there are no universal criteria
concerned with the very way in which
of beauty
elements are arranged, not the nature
 In contemporary (cross-cultural) terms,
of the elements themselves.
body modification among "primitive"
peoples is sometimes regarded as Noam Chomsky
grotesque by Western society.
 Ancient aesthetics refers to the  Universal Grammar: Noam Chomsky's
perception of beauty and form in the theory of universal grammar primarily
ancient world and the importance it was pertains to linguistics and the idea that
given in many ancient cultures. there are innate structures in the
 Aesthetic relativism might be regarded human mind that underlie the capacity
as a sub-set of an overall philosophical for language. Chomsky's theory is more
relativism, which denies any absolute concerned with the cognitive aspects of
standards of truth or morality as well as language acquisition and processing.
of aesthetic judgement. (A frequently
cited source for philosophical relativism
in postmodern theory is a fragment by Coutura: Where Couture and culture
collides
Myanmar & Thailand evolved. However, there are different
theories as to how this culture
Kayan Neck Ring Culture
originated.
 It is a unique and fascinating tradition
Different Theories
practiced by the Kayan people, also
known as the “long-necked” tribe, who  1st belief – According to this belief,
reside primarily in Myanmar and the coils were thought to protect the
Thailand. Women of the Kayan tribe are women from evil spirits and even
well known for wearing brass coils wild animal attacks.
around their necks their entire lives in  2nd belief – It is designed to lessen
order to lengthen them. women’s attractiveness in order to
protect them from being kidnapped
The History of the Kayans
by rival tribes and from becoming
 The Kayans are originally from slaves.
Myanmar, formerly known as Burma.  3rd belief – Nowadays, Kayan
They fled to the Thai borders in the late women use it to preserve their
1980s and early 1990s during the cultural identity and as a symbol of
conflict between the Myanmar army beauty.
and the rebel forces.
“Wearing brass ring around your neck
Location map of Kayan villages in Mae makes you beautiful.”
Hong Son
 From an early age of five, the girls begin
 Many Kayan people relocated to the wearing six coils, and as they grow older,
province of Mae Hong Son, where they more coils are added.
now reside in the refugee villages built
Beauty will always be a mysterious aspect
there by the Thai government. The
of life; it is unexplainable but recognizable
Kayan women adapted to living in
when seen
refugee camps and continued their
tradition, memorializing the struggles of  Many tourists travel to their villages in
the past and maintaining a link to their northern Thailand every year to see
tribe’s history. them and behold this fascinating
aesthetic.
Neck Rings
 Therefore, the tradition is a great source
 Neck rings are any stiff jewelry item of income for local governments and an
worn as an ornament around the neck opportunity for the women to sell their
of an individual and are typically made artisan crafts to visitors.
of brass coils and gold alloys.
 Brass coils can weigh from 2.5 kilograms
up to 13–15 kilograms as the year goes Africa - Ethiopia
by.
African Mursi Lip Plates
 The origins of the Kayan neck rings can
be traced back many generations, and  African Lip Plates are a form of body
no one is really sure how the tradition modification done usually by Mursi
 women. These plates are worn in their  The stretching process begins once the
lower lip and is a symbol of a woman’s peg is placed. Once removed, a circular
beauty and signifies that a woman has disk will be inserted to further stretch
reached childbearing age. the lip until it reaches 4cm in diameter.
 At least two to four lower front teeth
Who are the Mursi Tribe?
will be extracted to accommodate the
 The Mursi tribe is a nomadic tribe, lip plate.
located close to the Sudan border in  The lip plates are decorated by the
Omo Valley, Ethiopia consisting of about women who wear it themselves and the
10,000 people. They reside near three stretching process will continue until
rivers in the most isolated part of their lower lip an accommodate a plate
Ethiopia. Once an oral only tribe, that is 10 – 15 cm in diameter.
meaning they only spoke since none of
Cultural Significance and Symbolism
them knew how to read or write until a
decade ago.  Lip plates are symbols of beauty inside
the Mursi tribe, even being worn by
Origin and History
women to attract a husband, being a
 Archaeological evidence stated that lip dowry for their family and are given
plates have been independently cattle which was said to be according to
invented six or more times in Sudan, the size of the disk but proves to not be
Eritrea, and Ethiopia as far back as 8700 true as in Mursi culture, marriages are
BC. pre-arranged and the price of the bride
 Originally, women who wore these lip will be predetermined and is paid to the
plates were forcefully brought to father of the bride by the groom.
Europe and North America to serve as  In rare cases, if a woman does not wear
entertainment in circuses in the late the plate as expected, she would be
19th and early 20th century. considered as lazy and might risk losing
 Currently, the number of people some of the cattle that would be given
wearing the disks is decreasing due to to her and her family.
the Ethiopian government taking  These lip plates also symbolize a
measures to have the tribe give up on woman’s commitment to her own
this practice. culture and to her own husband. Once
the husband passes away, the plate on
Process the widow’s lips will then be removed,
 At 16 years of age, an initiation ritual is as the woman’s beauty fades after the
done for the young women with their husband’s death.
mother or another kinswoman piercing
the lower lip open by 1 – 2 centimeters.
 A wooden peg or ceramic disk is then China
inserted into the incision to let the
History of Foot Binding
wound heal. These wounds would last
approximately three weeks.  The practice of foot binding was first
practiced in China's northern regions
 during 10th century, and in the 12th skull is, therefore, directed backwards
century it began to spread to the rest of meaning they grew higher at the rear.
the nation. The earliest women who
bound their feet were among the
affluent, upper-class, and royal women. Mambabatok Tattoo
What is Foot Binding?  Whang-od Oggay also known as Maria
Oggay or Apo Whang-od is a Filipina
 It is a tradition from China that involves
tattoo artist from Buscalan, Tinglayan,
breaking and firmly binding young girls'
Kalinga, Philippines. She is known
feet to change their size and shape.
worldwide as a living legend and the last
Lotus feet and lotus shoes are terms
tribal tattoo artist to hold the title of
used to describe feet that have had their
Mambabatok
arches bound.
“When you die, a tattoo is the only thing
that will remain on your body, so it is a
Philippines treasure, a treasure that lasts,”
Skull Molding - Oggay
 The practice of skull molding is done in Process
the belief that broad faces with
 The thorns are threaded into a bamboo
receding foreheads and flat noses were
reed. Oggay marks the tattoo design on
considered a local canon of beauty.
the skin with a delicate piece of straw.
 Archeological evidence was found in
Charcoal and water are mixed together
burial sites in Albay, Marinduque,
to make the tribal tattoo ink, which is
Samar, Cebu, Bohol, Surigao, and Davao
wiped onto the thorn and hand-tapped
to support this claim (Scott, 1994).
into the skin using a 12-inch bamboo
 These skulls came with filed black teeth,
hammer.
some of them filled with gold pegs. The
 For men, a Kalinga tattoo was
act of dying the teeth black or red was
traditionally a sign of strength, wealth,
to distinguish themselves from animals
and power. But there is also a
with white teeth and to preserve them
romanticism around Filipino tribal
until old age.
tattoos. Tattoos here represent beauty.
 This custom was deemed most beautiful
to the natives (Chirino, 1904; de Morga,
1990).
Binukot
Process
 A classic example of a native beauty
 The Visayan skull molding was carried would be the binukot of Central Panay
out using a tangad. This is a set of thin, or the lamin of Maranao.
comb-like rods bound to the baby's  The word binukot comes from bukot
forehead. The tangad hinders the meaning ‘to entrap’. These women
forward growth of the baby's skull. The were daughters of the datu who were
treated as princesses secluded from
 society to preserve their chastity and
future to be married to men with high
political status.
 They were known for their radiance –
the most beautiful and richest person
with the finest character (Abrera, 2009).
 This shows us the correlation of beauty
in physical appearance, social class, and
character.
 The Binukot is not exposed to the sun or
allowed to work and is accompanied by
her parents when she bathes. This
practice results in a fair, frail, fine-
complexioned, and long-haired woman.
At home, her parents and grandparents
entertain her with oral lore and
traditional dances.
 The Binukot is not allowed to do heavy
work but may weave in her room. She is
provided with female servants to do
other work for her. When a Binukot is
ready for marriage, often at age 13 or 14
or younger, her parents ask for a high
pangayu (Hiligaynon: bride price or
dowry) from the family of the suitor.