Theoretical Foundations of Personality Development

Is a systematic statement of principles that provides a

framework for explaining a phenomenon.
Developmental theories are theories that
provide road maps for explaining human
development.
 Developmental Task

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atwill
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 Stage Age Period
Neonate From birth to 28 days of life
Infant 1 month – 1 year
Toddler 1 - 3 years
Preschool 3 – 5 years
School-age child 6 – 12 years
Adolescent 13 – 20 years
Developmental Age Period
12- 14 early adolescent
15-17 middle adolescent
18 - 20 late adolescent
21 - 30 young adult
30 - 40 adulthood
Sigmund Freud ( 1856 - 1939)
Austrian neurologist.
Founder of Psychoanalysis.
First to introduce Personality
Development.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

The theory, based on Freud’s observations of

mentally disturbed adults.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Described adult behavior as being a result of

instinctual drives of a primary sexual nature ( libido).
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

He described child
development as being a
series of psychosexual
stage.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Child sexual gratification becomes focused on a

particular body part at each day.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
➢ He postulated that the mind consist of 3 overlapping
divisions.

Conscious, subconscious, unconscious

 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
DISTINCT ENTITIES
❑ Id – operates on pleasure principle, derived
from drives and instincts
❑ Ego- controls action & perception,
- contact with reality, through defense
mechanism
- w/ capacity for developing mutually
satisfying relationship w/ others
- operates on reality principle
❑ Superego –concerned w/ moral behavior
 ORAL STAGE (0-18 months)
▪ Child explores the world by using mouth, especially the tongue.
▪ Satisfaction & gratification anxiety management revolves around
oral activity.
▪ Obtain gratification through stimulation of mouth ( oral stimulation )
as they suck, bite and explore own body.
▪ Judge reality in terms of satisfaction.
▪ Develop self concept from the response of others.
 Major
Site of Activities What happen
NURSING Develop
Gratification or or Sexual on this
IMPLICATIONS mental Fixations
Focus of Libido Focus stage?
Task

>Provide oral Mouth, Biting They like to Weaning Smoking,

stimulation even Tongue, Lips Crying put things in off of Overeating,
if baby is place Sucking their mouth. breast or Alcoholism
NPO (use Chewing formula
pacifier) feeding.
>Never
discourage
thumb sucking.
 ANAL STAGE (18 months- 3 years old)
➢Child learns muscle control for toilet training.
➢Source of enjoyment/gratification is the act of releasing
contents of bowel and bladder.
➢Shows negativism as his or her assertion for independence.
➢Introduction of reality principle.
➢ego development.
 Site of What
Activities Major
NURSING Gratification happen
or Sexual Developmental
IMPLICATIONS or Focus of on this Fixations
Focus Task
Libido stage?

Help them Anus/ Bowel Elimination Child Help the child Obsession with cleanliness,
achieve bowel and bladder Retention/ begin achieve bowel sexual anxiety. Orderliness and
and bladder control. Defecation potty and bladder Messiness.
control of Feces training. control even if Child wins:
without undue Toilet- the child is Holding on- Child turns to be
emphasis on Training. hospitalized. hard headed, antisocial,
its Principle of stubborn, unreliable,
importance. holding on and irresponsible
letting go. Mother Wins:
Mother wins or Letting go- Child turns to be
child wins. kind, obedient, perfectionist,
meticulous, OC’s, reliable and
responsible
 PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)
➢Gender identification and genital awareness occur as the
child finds pleasure through genitals.
➢Discover anatomical differences between sexes.
➢Sexual fantasies about parent of opposite sex and guilt
feeling about such fantasies.
➢Oedipal issues include castration in males and penis envy in
females.
 Site of Activities
NURSING What happen on this Major
Gratification or or Sexual
IMPLICATIONS stage? Developmental Task Fixations
Focus of Libido Focus

Accept child's Genitals May show Boys are more >Divert attention Deviancy behavior is
sexual interest, (masturbation) exhibitionism. attached to mother from masturbation defined as actions
such as Have increase while girls are more >Answer the child that violate social
fondling knowledge of 2 attached to father. questions directly. norms.
genitals, as a sexes. >Human sexuality. Sexual dysfunction.
normal area of >Resolving Oedipus Difficulty with
exploration. and Electra complex. intimate
>Identifying with relationships.
gender role models Father
(Oedipus and Electra figure/Mother
complex) figure relationships.

>Sexual identity.
 LATENT STAGE (6-12 years old)
➢Repression of sexuality ; sexual drives is in active until
pubescence.
➢Sexual urges are submerged, put their energies into
acquiring cultural skills.
➢Development of sense of industry and capacity for mastery
of concepts and objects.
 Site of
Gratification What Major
NURSING or Focus of Activities happen on Developmental Fixations
IMPLICATIONS Libido or Sexual Focus this stage? Task

Provide None Period of suppression. Children Help the child No fixations

appropriate No obvious development, slower spend more achieve positive occurs (this
opportunities to growth. time and experiences so stage does not
relate with Childs energy or libido is diverted interact that he’ll be occur in all
opposite sex into more concrete type of mostly with ready to face society.)
thinking. same sex the conflicts of
peers. adolescents.
Repression Developing
of sexual defense
feeling. mechanisms
Social
interaction.
Learning
 GENITAL STAGE (12-young adult age)
➢Sexuality is channeled into relationships with opposite sex.
➢Physiological maturation of genital/sexual functions and
attendant hormonal systems lead to intensification of drives,
especially libidinal ones.
➢Task of transferring libido from parents and attributing it to
others, more suitable love objects, or person of opposite sex.
➢ development of sexual identity, ability to love and work.
 Major
Site of Gratification or Activities What happen on
NURSING IMPLICATIONS Developmental
Focus of Libido or Sexual Focus this stage? Fixations
Task

Provide positive experiences as Genitals Achieve sexual Individuals are Give opportunity If all stages were
self esteem continue to grow (sexual intimacy) maturity and attracted to to relate to successfully
as he/she prepares for conflict learn to establish opposite sex opposite sex. completed then
of adolescents. satisfactory peers. Reaching full the person
relationship with Maturation of sexual maturity. should be
the opposite sex. sexual Intimate sexually matured
orientation. relationships and mentally
productivity. healthy .Previous
Genital fixation is equal
intercourse. to low sexual
interest.
No previous
fixation is equal
to normal sexual
motivation.
 Jean Piaget ( 1896 – 1980 )

Swiss psychologist, introduced

concepts of cognitive
development, or the way children
learn and think.

• Reasoning powers.
• Genetic Epistemologist.
 Defined 4 stages of cognitive development , with
in the stages of growth .

To progress from one period to next, children

recognize their thinking processes to bring them
closer to adult thinking.

Given adequate environmental

stimuli and an intact neurologic
system, a child acquires
sequentially predictable cognitive
abilities.
1. Sensorimotor
• 0 – 2 years old
• Also called Practical Intelligence (Common Sense).
o words and symbols are not yet available.
o communication through senses.
o Concept of PERMANENCE – parents exist, and will return
to them.
 1. Schema 1: Neonatal Reflex
o 1 month
o Early reflexes

2. Schema 2: Primary Circular Reaction

o 1 – 4 months
o Activities related to body; repetition of behavior
Example: thumb sucking
3. Schema 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
o 4 – 8 months
o Activities not related to the body.
o Discover person and object’s permanence.
o Memory traces are present and anticipate familiar events.
4. Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
o 8 – 12 months
o Exhibit goal directed behavior.
o Sense of permanence and separateness.
o Play activities: Throw and retrieve.
5. Schema 5: Tertiary Circular Reaction
o 12 – 18 months
o use trial and error to discover characteristic of places and
events.
o “Invention” of new means.
o capable of space and time perception.
6. Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental
Coordination
o 18 – 24 months
o Symbolic representation.
o Transitional phase to the pre-operational thought period.
2. Pre-operational Thought

1. Pre – conceptual Thought

o 2 – 4 years old
o Concrete, literal, static thinking
o EGOCENTRIC – unable to view another's viewpoint.
o REVERSIBILITY – in every action there is opposite reaction; cause and effect
o Concept of time is only now and concept of distance is only as far as they can see
o ANIMISM – consider inanimate object as alive.
o CENTERING– able to see only one characteristics of an object.
➢ Centering contributes to lack of conservation (ability to discern
truth, even thought of physical properties) or reversibility (ability
to retrace steps).
➢ Pre school thinking strongly influence by role fantasy (how they
want something to turn out).
➢ Pre-schooler use assimilation ( taking in information and changing
it to fit their existing ideas).
➢ Later on learn accommodation ( change their ideas to fit reality)
➢ Egocentrism –perceive that one’s thought and needs are more
important than others. Define objects mainly in relation to
themselves.
Centering notice banana as yellow, not notice that it is also long.
Centering is noticeable when children are learning about medicine
( they observe medicine as bitter but cannot understand it is good for
them.)
Centering contributes to preschoolers lack of conservation.

Example if preschoolers see water poured from a short fat glass into a
tall, thin one, they will notice only one changing characteristics. They
have seen that there is no more water in the second glass. Because
the level have risen. If you pour again the water they will not
understand that the amount of water are unchanged (reversibility).
2. Pre-operational Thought

2. Intuitive Thought
o Beginning of causation
3. Concrete Operational

o 7 – 12 years old
o SYSTEMATIC REASONING as solution to problems.
o Concept of (+) reversibility
o Concept of Conservation – constancy despite of transformation
o Activity recommended: Collecting and Classifying.
➢ Now using practical solutions to everyday problem.
➢ Recognize cause-and-effect relationship.
➢ Conservation of numbers – 7 years old
➢ Conservation of quantity – 7 or 8 years old
➢ Conservation of weight – 9 years old
➢ Conservation of volume – 11 years old
➢ Reasoning proceeds from specific to general.

Holding a broken toy reasons the toy is made of plastic , and

therefore all plastics toys break easily.
4. Formal Operational

o 12 years old and above

o Period when cognition achieve its final form.
o Can solve hypothetical problem with SCIENTIFIC REASONING.
o Can deal with past, present and future.
o Capable of ABSTRACT, mature thought and formal reasoning.
o Activity recommended: talk time; focus on opinions and current
events.
KOHLBERG’S
THEORY
OF
MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• Recognized the theory of moral development as considered to

closely approximate cognitive stages of development.
• Stages of Moral Development
o Infancy
o Premoral
o Amoral
o Pre-religious