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MIKROMERITIK
9/29/2024

Dr. apt. Dhadhang Wahyu Kurniawan, M.Sc.

Laboratorium Teknologi Farmasi Unsoed
X: Dhadhang_WK
Facebook: Dhadhang Wahyu Kurniawan
Instagram: dhadhang_wk
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What is Micromeritics?

The science and Micromeritics deals

technology of small with-
particles is known as
Micromeritics Particle size and size distribution
Methods of determining particles size
Particle shape and surface area
Pore size
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Importance of study of micromeritics

• Knowledge and control of the size and the size
range of particle is of profound importance in
pharmacy
• Size and surface area can be related to the
physical, chemical and pharmacological
properties of a drug
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Importance of study of micromeritics

1. Particle size affect its release from dosage forms
that are administered orally, parenterally,
rectally, topically, etc.
2. Physical stability and pharmacologic response
of suspensions, emulsion, and tablets depends
on particle size
3. It is important in flow properties and proper
mixing of granules and powders in tableting,
tablet compression, encapsulation process, etc.
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PARTIKEL

Hal yang penting dalam suatu kumpulan

partikel/sampel polidispers:
Bentuk dan luas permukaan partikel

Kisaran/persentase bentuk dan luas permukaan partikel

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Bentuk Partikel

Jika semua partikel berbentuk bola------------?


3

volume = .d
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Particle Size
The size of a sphere is readily expressed in terms of its diameter.

The Surface diameter, ds, is the diameter of a sphere having

the same surface area as the particle.

The Volume diameter, dv, is the diameter of a sphere having

the same volume as the particle.

The Projected diameter, dp, is the projected diameter of a

sphere having the same observed area as the particle.

The Stokes diameter, dst, is the diameter which describes an equivalent

sphere undergoing sedimentation at the same rate as the asymmetric particle.
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Particle size
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Any collection of particles is usually polydisperse. It is therefore

necessary to know not only the size of a certain particle, but also
how many particles of the same size exist in the sample.

Thus, we need an estimate of the size range present and

the number or weight fraction of each particle size.

This is the particle-size distribution and from it we can

calculate an average particle size for the sample.
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Micromeritics applications

1. Release 2. Absorption
and and drug
dissolution. action.

3. Physical 4. Dose
stability. uniformity.
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Release and dissolution

• Particle size and surface area influence the
release of a drug from a dosage form.
• Higher surface area allows intimate contact of
the drug with the dissolution fluids in vivo and
increases the drug solubility and dissolution.
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Absorption and drug action

• Particle size and surface area influence the drug
absorption and subsequently the therapeutic
action.
• Higher the dissolution, faster the absorption and
hence quicker and greater the drug action.
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Physical stability
• The particle size in a formulation influences the
physical stability of the suspensions and
emulsions.
• Smaller the size of the particle, better the
physical stability of the dosage form.
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Dose uniformity
• Good flow properties of granules and powders
are important in the manufacturing of tablets
and capsules.
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Metode Penentuan Ukuran Partikel

Optical Mikroskopi
Pengayakan (range:
(range: 0.2 – 100
40 – 9500 µm)
µm)

Particle volume
Sedimentasi (range:
measurement (range:
0.08 – 300 µm)
0.5 – 300 µm)
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Range of particle sizes

Particle size Method
1 µm Electron microscope,
ultracentrifuge, adsorption

1 – 100 µm Optical microscope,

sedimentation, coulter
counter, air permeability
> 50 µm sieving
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Optical microscopy (range: 0.2 – 100 µm)

• The microscope eyepiece is fitted with a micrometer by

which the size of the particles may be estimated.
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Optical microscopy (range: 0.2 – 100 µm)

According to the optical microscopic method, an

emulsion or suspension is mounted on ruled slide on
a mechanical stage.

The microscope eyepiece is fitted with a micrometer

by which the size of the particles can be estimated.

The ordinary microscope used for measurement the

particle-size in the range of 0.2 to about 100 μm.
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Sieving (range: 40 – 9500 µm)

Standard size sieves are

available to cover a wide
range of size.

These sieves are designed to sit in a

stack so that material falls through
smaller and smaller meshes until it
reaches a mesh which is too fine for
it to pass through.
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Particle size analyzer

• It works on the principle that when a beam of light (a laser) is
scattered by a group of particles, the angle of light scattering is
inversely proportional to particle size (ie. the smaller the particle
size, the larger the angle of light scattering)
• The particle size measurement is typically achieved by means of
devices called Particle Size Analyzers (PSA) which are based on
different technologies, such as high definition image processing,
analysis of Brownian motion, gravitational settling of the particle
and light scattering (Rayleigh and Mie scattering) of the particles.
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Scanning electron
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microscopy (SEM)
• A scanning electron
microscope (SEM) scans a
focused electron beam over
a surface to create an image.
• The electrons in the beam
interact with the sample,
producing various signals
that can be used to obtain
information about the
surface topography and
composition.
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Transmission electron
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microscope (TEM)
• The transmission electron
microscope is used to view
thin specimens (tissue
sections, molecules, etc)
through which electrons can
pass generating a projection
image. The TEM is analogous
in many ways to the
conventional (compound)
light microscope.
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PARAMETER/KARAKTERISTIK
SERBUK

Kerapatan
Porositas Bulkiness
Partikel

Sifat alir Kompresi

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PARAMETER/KARAKTERISTIK SERBUK
1. Porositas (ε)
Vb – Vp
=
Vb
ε = porositas
Vb = volume bulk
Vp = volume partikel
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PARAMETER/KARAKTERISTIK SERBUK
3. Bulkiness

1
Bulkiness=
kerapatan bulk

Diperlukan dalam pemilihan ukuran kemasan sediaan serbuk

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PARAMETER/KARAKTERISTIK SERBUK

4. Sifat alir

Ф Ф

Semakin besar sudut kontak maka sifat alir serbuk semakin turun
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PARAMETER/KARAKTERISTIK
SERBUK…sifat alir
• Serbuk dapat mengalir bebas atau kohesif
(sticky).
• Menurut Neumann, faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi sifat aliran serbuk diantaranya
ukuran partikel, bentuk, porositas dan
kerapatan, dan tekstur permukaan.
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…sifat alir
• Metode untuk mengevaluasi sifat alir serbuk dan
granul antara lain:
▫ rasio Hausner atau packed bulk density versus
loose bulk density,
▫ laju tamping,
▫ laju alir dan aliran bebas melalui suatu lubang,
▫ sudut diam “drained”.
• Rasio Hausner, mengalir bebas, dan sudut diam
berhubungan satu dengan yang lain dan dapat
diterapkan pada granulasi tablet kohesif secara
bebas.
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Micromeritics in Pharmaceutical
Product Development
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Chapter Summary
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• Pengetahuan dan kontrol ukuran/rentang

ukuran partikel sangat penting dalam farmasi.
• Ukuran partikel terkait dengan siginifikansi
terhadap sifat fisika, kimia, dan farmakologi
obat.
• Secara klinis, ukuran partikel obat dapat
mempengaruhi pelepasannya dari sediaan yang
diberikan secara oral, parenteral, rektal, topical,
dan lain-lain.
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…chapter summary
• Keberhasilan formulasi suspensi, emulsi, dan
tablet, dari aspek stabilitas fisik dan respon
farmakologi juga bergantung pada ukuran
partikel produk.
• Dalam pembuatan tablet dan kapsul, kontrol
ukuran partikel penting untuk mencapai sifat
alir yang diinginkan dan pencampuran
granul/serbuk.
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Thank you…