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Types of Errors

The document defines error as the difference between a true value and its approximation, with specific measures including Absolute Error, Relative Error, and Percentage Error. Absolute Error is the numerical difference, while Relative Error is the ratio of Absolute Error to the true value, and Percentage Error is the Relative Error expressed as a percentage. Each measure has its own formula and implications for accuracy and unit independence.

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41 views1 page

Types of Errors

The document defines error as the difference between a true value and its approximation, with specific measures including Absolute Error, Relative Error, and Percentage Error. Absolute Error is the numerical difference, while Relative Error is the ratio of Absolute Error to the true value, and Percentage Error is the Relative Error expressed as a percentage. Each measure has its own formula and implications for accuracy and unit independence.

Uploaded by

adwaitdorke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

The core concept of error is defined when comparing a true quantity to its approximation:

Error (E): This is the difference between the true value of a quantity (X) and its approximate
value (X').

Formula: Error = E = X - X'.

Building on the general definition of Error, specific measures are defined:

Absolute Error (Ea): This is the numerical difference between the true value (X) and its
approximate value (X'). It is also denoted by δX.

Formula: Ea = |X - X'| = δX.


The unit of the absolute error is the same as the unit of the exact or approximate values.
Absolute Accuracy (∆X) is a number that serves as an upper limit on the magnitude of the
absolute error (|X1 - X| ≤ ∆X) and is said to measure absolute accuracy. For a number X
rounded to N decimal places, the absolute accuracy ∆X is given by:

Formula: ∆X = 1/2 × 10⁻ᴺ.

Relative Error (Er): This is defined by dividing the absolute error by the true value.

Formula: Er = |X - X'| / |X| = Ea / True Value.


The relative error is independent of units.

Percentage Error (Ep): This is calculated by multiplying the relative error by 100.

Formula: Ep = 100 × Er = 100 × |X - X'| / |X|.


The percentage error is also independent of units.

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