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CPP OOP FileHandling Notes

The document provides notes on C++ object-oriented concepts and file handling, covering key topics such as polymorphism, function overloading, virtual functions, abstract classes, and exception handling. It explains the structure of try-catch blocks and exception propagation, along with file input and output operations using ifstream and ofstream classes. Examples are included to illustrate each concept effectively.

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Tushar Kumar
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24 views4 pages

CPP OOP FileHandling Notes

The document provides notes on C++ object-oriented concepts and file handling, covering key topics such as polymorphism, function overloading, virtual functions, abstract classes, and exception handling. It explains the structure of try-catch blocks and exception propagation, along with file input and output operations using ifstream and ofstream classes. Examples are included to illustrate each concept effectively.

Uploaded by

Tushar Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++ NOTES: OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS AND FILE HANDLING

------------------------------------------------------------

1. POLYMORPHISM

Polymorphism means "many forms". In C++, it allows objects to behave differently based on their

types.

Types:

- Compile-time polymorphism (Function Overloading, Operator Overloading)

- Run-time polymorphism (Virtual Functions)

------------------------------------------------------------

2. FUNCTION OVERLOADING

Function Overloading means defining multiple functions with the same name but different

parameters.

Example:

void show();

void show(int);

void show(double, int);

------------------------------------------------------------

3. VIRTUAL FUNCTION

A virtual function is a function in a base class that can be overridden in a derived class using the
'virtual' keyword.

Example:

class Base {

public:

virtual void display() { cout << "Base"; }

};

class Derived : public Base {

public:

void display() override { cout << "Derived"; }

};

------------------------------------------------------------

4. ABSTRACT CLASS

An abstract class contains at least one pure virtual function and cannot be instantiated.

Example:

class Shape {

public:

virtual void draw() = 0; // Pure virtual function

};

------------------------------------------------------------

5. EXCEPTION HANDLING - INTRODUCTION


Exception handling is used to manage runtime errors gracefully using try, throw, and catch blocks.

------------------------------------------------------------

6. TRY-CATCH BLOCK

Structure to detect and handle exceptions:

try {

// code that might throw

} catch (exception_type e) {

// handler code

------------------------------------------------------------

7. EXCEPTION PROPAGATION

If an exception is not caught in the current function, it propagates back to the calling function.

Example:

void A() { throw "Error"; }

void B() { A(); }

main() {

try { B(); }

catch (const char* msg) { cout << msg; }

------------------------------------------------------------
8. FILE INPUT AND OUTPUT OPERATIONS

Header Required: #include <fstream>

Classes:

- ifstream: read from file

- ofstream: write to file

- fstream: read and write

Writing Example:

ofstream out("file.txt");

out << "Hello!";

out.close();

Reading Example:

ifstream in("file.txt");

string line;

while (getline(in, line)) { cout << line; }

in.close();

Modes:

ios::in, ios::out, ios::app, ios::ate, ios::trunc, ios::binary

------------------------------------------------------------

END OF NOTES

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