FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW
Lecture Notes
Subject Code: EE-7042
Subject: Advanced Power Transmission
(FACTS Benefit and Classification)
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
Assistant Professor
Deptt. of EE
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a new
integrated concept based on power electronic
switching converters and dynamic controllers to
enhance the system utilization and power
transfer capacity as well as the stability, security,
reliability and power quality of AC system
interconnections.
INTRODUCTION
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System.
FACTS as they are generally known, are new devices that
improve transmission systems.
FACTS is a static equipment used for the AC transmission
of electrical energy.
It is generally a power electronics based device.
Meant to enhance controllability and increase power
transfer capability.
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BENEFITS OF FACTS DEVICES
• Regulation of power flows in prescribed transmission
routes.
• Reduces the need for construction of new transmission
lines, capacitors and reactors.
• Provides greater ability to transfer power between
controlled areas.
• These devices help to damp the power oscillations that
could damage the equipment.
• Improves the transient stability of the system.
• Controls real and reactive power flow in the line
independently.
• Damping of oscillations which can threaten
security or limit the usable line capacity.
Better utilization of existing transmission system assets
UPFC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Increased transmission system reliability and availability (lower
vulnerability to load changes, line faults)
Increased dynamic and transient grid
Stability and reduction of loop flows
Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries
(through mitigation of flicker, frequency variations)
Environmental benefits
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Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
FACTS controllers are classified as
• Series Controllers
• Shunt Controllers
• Combined Series-Series Controllers
• Combined Series-Shunt Controllers
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Series Controllers:
• It could be a variable impedance (capacitor,
reactor, etc) or a power electronic based variable
source of main frequency, subsynchonous and
harmonic frequencies to serve the desired need.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Series Controllers:
• Inject a voltage in series with the line.
• If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the
current, controller supplies or consumes reactive
power.
• Any other phase, involves control of both active
and reactive power.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Shunt Controllers:
• It could be a variable impedance (capacitor,
reactor, etc) or a power electronic based variable
source or combination of both.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Shunt Controllers:
• Inject a current in the system.
• If the current is in phase quadrature with
the voltage, controller supplies or
consumes reactive power.
• Any other phase, involves control of both
active and reactive power.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Combined Series-Series Controllers:
• It could be a combination of separate series
controllers or unified controller.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Combined Series-Series Controllers:
• Series controllers supply reactive power for each
line and real power among lines via power link.
• Interline power flow controller balance real and
reactive power flow in the lines.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Combined Series-Shunt Controllers:
• It could be a combination of separate series &
shunt controllers or unified power flow controller.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Combined Series-Shunt Controllers:
• Inject current into the system with the shunt
controller and voltage in series with the line with
series controller.
• When the controllers are unified, exchange real
power between series and shunt controllers via
power link.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
Choice of the controller:
• Series controller controls the current/power flow
by controlling the driving voltage.
• To control current/power flow and damp
oscillations, series controller is several times more
powerful than shunt controller.
• Shunt controller injects current in the line
• Thus it is used for more effective voltage control
& damp voltage oscillations.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
• Injecting the voltage in series with the line can
improve the voltage profile.
• But shunt controller is more effective to improve
the voltage profile at substation bus.
• For a given MVA, size of series controller is small
compared to shunt controller.
• Shunt controllers cannot control the power flow in
the lines.
• Series controllers should bypass short circuit
currents and handle dynamic overloads.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
• Controllers with gate turn off devices are based on
dc to ac converters and exchange active/reactive
power with ac lines.
• This requires energy storage device.
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
• Energy storage systems are needed when active
power is involved in the power flow.
• A controller with storage is more effective for
controlling the system dynamics.
• A converter-based controller can be designed with
high pulse order or pulse width modulation to
reduce the low order harmonic generation to a
very low level.
• A converter can be designed to generate the
correct waveform in order to act as an active filter.
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Reference:
Text Books:
N.G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS”, IEEE Press.
Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns, “Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)”, IEEE Press.
R. M. Mathur and R. K. Varma, “Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers for Electrical Transmission
Systems”, Wiley-Blackwell Pub.
Reference Books:
K. R. Padiyar, “FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution”, New Age
International Pvt. Ltd.
V. K. Sood, “HVDC and FACTS controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems”,
Springer.
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
