2024

APPSC
FOREST RANGE OFFICER
T OO LKIT
The Ultimate Guide to Success

Module - 2

General Forestry – 1

[Unit – IV] Soil Science & Geology

[Unit – V] Water Resource Management and Watershed Management

[Unit – VI] Agroforestry

[Unit – VI] Joint Forest Management

 To all our successful candidates in

MADHYA PRADESH FOREST Service 2020

Assistant Conservator of Forest (ACF)

1 2 3 4 6

Ashish Vijaywar Ankit Sachindra Singh Shubham Soni Rahul Chouhan

Kumar Jain Tomar
Out Selections in MPPSC
5 of 6 Forest (ACF) 2020

RANGE FOREST OFFICER (RFO)

1 2 3 4 5

Gourav Dubey Saurabh Dubey Pawan Sharma Manish Sharma Kuldeep Baghel

6 7 9 10 12

Sushil Parmar Lantav Jain Shubham Manisha Mukati Vedant Goutam

Raghuvanshi

13 16 19 20 21

Shri Ram Dwivedi Shashi Prakash

Parag Jain Anil Kumar Anubhav Jain
Pandey

22 24 25 26 27

Ravindran Gupta Kuldeep Bohare Shubham Tiwari Yogesh Dhote Piyush Shukla

28 30 31 33 34

Yogendra Singh Amit Singh

Abhilash Pathak Manav Patidar Omkar Nath Mishra
Baghel Chandel
GENERAL FORESTRY
MODULE – 2

EDITION : 2024
+917223970423 [email protected]
Gole ka mandir, Morar, Gwalior (MP) 474005
 Module - 2

CONTENT
PART – I : SOIL SCIENCE & GEOLOGY
1. Forest Soil : Introduction 1–3
2. Rocks & Their Formation 4–8
3. Weathering of rocks 9 – 11
4. Soil Formation 12 – 14
5. Soil Classification 15 – 19
6. Soil Physical Properties 20 – 28
7. Chemical Properties 29 – 35
8. Afforestation Of Difficult Sites 36 – 44
PART – II : WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
1. Watershed Management 45 – 63
PART – III : PEOPLE PARTICIPATION IN THE FOREST MANAGEMENT
2. Joint Forest Management 64 – 69
PART – IV : AGROFORESTRY & SOCIAL FORESTRY
3. Agroforestry : Introduction 71 – 75
4. Classification of Agroforestry 76 – 85
5. Role of trees in Agroforestry 86 – 88
6. Choice of agroforestry system 89
7. MPTs 90 – 91
8. N-Fixing tree species 92 – 93
9. Diagnosis & Design 94 – 96
10. Agroforestry policy 2014 97 – 98
11. Social Forestry 99 – 105
 FORESTRY

PYQs PAPER
ANALYSIS
PYQs ANALYSIS .

No of Questions FRO 2018 Section officer 2019 ACF 2022 FRO 2022
30

20

10

0
Forest Soil Watershed JFM Agroforestry

SYLLABUS .

SOIL SCIENCE & GEOLOGY [GENERAL FORESTRY-I | UNIT – IV]

• Geological formation of the rocks and minerals of India.

• Earth and its layers-domains of earth Types – of rocks and their formation. weathering process of rocks-
factors affecting soil formation-physical, chemical and biological properties of soil; minerals, their types and
their conservation.
• Soil conservation - definition, causes for erosion, types - wind and water erosion; conservation and
management of eroded soils/areas, windbreaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of saline and alkaline
soils, waterlogged and other wastelands. Role of forests in conserving soils.
• Maintenance and build-up of soil organic matter; forest leaf litter and composting; Role of microorganisms
in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles.

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT [GENERAL FORESTRY-I | UNIT – V]

• Basics of surface and subsurface water resources, pollution of water and water resource management.
• Concepts of watershed; Role of mini-forests and forest trees in overall resource management, forest
hydrology, watershed development.
• Water-harvesting and conservation; groundwater recharge and watershed management; the role of
integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders

AGROFORESTRY [GENERAL FORESTRY-I | UNIT – VI]

• Scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated land use, planning
especially related to soil and water conservation, water recharge, nutrient availability to crops, nature and

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 APPPSC | 2024

eco-system preservation including ecological balances through pest-predator relationships and providing
opportunities for enhancing biodiversity, medicinal and other flora and fauna.
• Agroforestry systems under different agroecological zones, selection of species and role of multipurpose
trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and fuel security.
• Objectives, scope and necessity of social forestry.

JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT [GENERAL FORESTRY-I | UNIT – VI]

• Genesis, principles, objectives and methodology of Community Forest Management in Andhra Pradesh

SOIL SCIENCE . (d) Kota

INTRODUCTION ROCKS & MINERALS

1. ‘The smallest three-dimensional volume of a soil 6. The study of rock layers preserved in the geological
needed to give a full representation of horizontal record is called [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry
variability of the soil’ is termed as [APPSC (ACF) 2022 Paper - I]
General Forestry – I] (a) Geochronology
(a) Soil horizon (b) Stratigraphy
(b) Pedon (c) Sedimentology
(c) Soil profile (d) Palaeontology
(d) Regolith 7. When a rock is subjected to increasing stress, how
2. In soil classification systems, topsoil is known as the many successive stages of deformation does it
[APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I] passthrough ? [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry
(a) O Horizon or A Horizon Paper - I]
(b) B Horizon (a) 3
(c) C Horizon (b) 4
(d) R Horizon (c) 5
3. _____ is the mechanical movement of clay and (d) 6
other fine particles down the profile [APPSC (Forest 8. Repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks is known
Section Officers) 2019] as [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
(a) Eluviation (a) Lineation
(b) Illuviation (b) Foliation
(c) Cheluviation (c) Nappe structure
(d) Organic sorting (d) Beds
4. When is the World Soil Day celebrated annually? 9. Which of the following minerals has the highest
[APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019]
specific gravity? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry –
(a) 5th July I]
(b) 5th September (a) Pyrite
(c) 5th April (b) Magnetite
(d) 5th December (c) Haematite
5. The headquarters of the Indian Institute of Soil and (d) Wolframite
Water Conservation is located at which of the
following places? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry SOIL FORMATION
– I]
(a) New Delhi 10. How many factors and their interactions are
(b) Ooty responsible for the formation of soil [APPSC (FRO)
2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
(c) Dehradun

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(a) 3 16. According to the International Society of Soil

(b) 4 Science classification, the size of silt particles is
(c) 5 [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(d) 6 (a) 0.02 mm
(b) 0.002–0.02 mm
SOIL ORDER & CLASSIFICATION
(c) 0.002 mm
11. Identify the correct sequence of six levels of (d) 0.002–0.02 cm
classification proposed by the USDA soil taxonomy 17. …………. is the size of clay particles as per USDA
[APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I] classification of soil texture [APPSC (Forest Section
(a) Order → Suborder → Great Group → Officers) 2019]
Subgroup → Family → Series (a) <0.02mm
(b) Order → Suborder → Great Group → (b) <2mm
Subgroup → Series → Family (c) <0.2mm
(c) Great Group → Subgroup → Order → (d) <0.002mm
Suborder → Family → Series
18. Soil separates are the size groups of mineral
(d) Great Group → Subgroup → Order →
particles that are [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry
Suborder → Series → Family
Paper - I]
12. Which of the following is the most dominant soil
(a) Between 3 mm and 4 mm in diameter
order in India? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry –
(b) Between 4 mm and 5 mm in diameter
I]
(c) Between 5 mm and 6 mm in diameter
(a) Vertisols
(d) Less than 2 mm in diameter
(b) Entisols
19. If the soil has porosity of 60%, its void ratio is [APPSC
(c) Inceptisols
(ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(d) Alfisols
(a) 0.40
13. Latosols are soils rich in Fe and Al oxides and are
(b) 0.67
commonly found under [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General
(c) 1.50
Forestry – I]
(d) 0.60
(a) Hot and dry tropics
(b) Hot and wet tropics SOIL WATER
(c) Humid temperate
(d) Dry temperate 20. …………. Is defined as the ‘water that is retained
14. Are the soils of grassland ecosystems [APPSC (FRO) around soil particles and the capillary pores in the
2018 General Forestry Paper - I] soil at forces approx. Between values of pf2.7 and
(a) Oxisols 4.5’. [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(b) Mollisols (a) Capillary water
(c) Ultisols (b) Hygroscopic water
(d) Andisols (c) Gravitational water
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (d) Hydrophobic water
21. Which fraction of the following water is readily
Soil Texture available to plants? [APPSC (Forest Section Officers)
2019]
15. The size of clay particles is [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General
(a) Hygroscopic water
Forestry – I]
(b) Combined water
(a) <0.002 millimetres
(c) Capillary water
(b) 0.002 to 0.003 millimetres
(d) Gravitational water
(c) >0.002 millimetres
(d) 0.002 to 0.004 millimetres 22. Measure the amount of tension or pull roots are
exerting on the soil water and how tightly water is

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 APPPSC | 2024

held by the soil [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry (d) Fungal association of plants
Paper - I] 29. Total organic matter in soil comes from [APPSC (ACF)
(a) Time domain reflectometers 2022 General Forestry – II]
(b) Neutron probes (a) Plant and animal residues, cells and tissues of
(c) Piezometer soil organisms and substances synthesised by
(d) Tensiometers the soil population
23. In a completely saturated soil, the volume of air (Va) (b) Farmyard manure and atmospheric carbon
is [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I] (c) Humus, human waste and carbon dioxide
(a) 0% (d) Leaf litter, animal dung and bacteria
(b) 25% 30. The C : N ratio of cultivated soils ranges from [APPSC
(c) 50% (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(d) 100% (a) 8 : 1 to 15 : 1
24. What type of soil water is mostly available to plants? (b) 10 : 1 to 12 : 1
[APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I] (c) 20 : 1 to 30 : 1
(a) Hygroscopic water (d) 4 : 1 to 9 : 1
(b) Capillary water 31. _____ is the process of converting ammonia to
(c) Gravitational water nitrate [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(d) Molecular bonded water (a) Nitrification
(b) Assimilation
SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(c) Ammonification
25. If the pH of the growing medium drops below 5.5, (d) Denitrification
all micronutrients become soluble and are available 32. What type of pan is formed in alluvial soils of Uttar
to the plant, except [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Pradesh and black cotton soils of the Deccan region?
Forestry Paper - I] [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(a) Iron (a) Silican
(b) Molybdenum (b) Kankar
(c) Manganese (c) Podsolic
(d) Copper (d) Lateritic iron
26. The Walkley-Black method is used for the 33. Which of the following is not a characteristic of alkali
estimation of ______ in soil [APPSC (ACF) 2022 soils? [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
General Forestry – I] (a) High ph (> 8.2)
(a) Available phosphorus (b) High exchangeable sodium percentage (> 15)
(b) Available potassium (c) High sodium carbonate
(c) Bulk density (d) High ECE 0020 ( >4ds m-1)
(d) Organic carbon AFFORESTATION OF DIFFICULT SITES
27. The Van Bemmelen factor used for the conversion
of organic carbon to organic matter is [APPSC (ACF) 34. In Central India, Soymida febrifuga, Acacia
2022 General Forestry – I] leucophloea and Chloroxylon swietenia are
(a) 1.724 indicator plants of [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General
(b) 1.624 Forestry – I]
(c) 1.524 (a) Clayey soil
(d) 1.424 (b) Lime rich soil

28. Nitrogen constitutes 25% of Dry weight of plants. (c) Stiff kankar clay
The source of nitrogen in the soil is [APPSC (ACF) (d) Alluvial soil
2022 General Forestry – II] 35. Which of the following statement(s) is true with
(a) Atmosphere only respect to formation of saline alkali soils? [APPSC
(b) Atmosphere and organic matter (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]

(c) Bacteria only

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 FORESTRY

i) Low pH and high proportion of exchangeable (d) Fluffy paddy soil

aluminium and hydrogen. 41. Which of the following conditions define ‘Saline
ii) Dominant in kaolinite and illite types of clay soil’? [APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019]
minerals. (a) ECe> 4 dS/m. pH < 8.5 and ESP< 15
iii) Found in arid and semiarid regions (b) ECe> 4 dS/m. pH <8.5 and ESP> 15
(c) ECe>4 dS/m. pH > 8.5 and ESP < 15
Options
(d) ECe< 4 dS/m. pH <8.5 and ESP> 15
(a) I 42. ………………….. evaluates the quality of a soil as a
(b) ii function of its characteristics, water, plant and other
(c) iii biological properties. [APPSC (Forest Section Officers)
(d) i and iii 2019]
36. Exchangeable sodium percentage of saline alkali soil (a) Soil Sampling
is [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] (b) Soil Rating Chart
(a) Greater than 15% (c) Soil Testing
(b) Between 10% and 15% (d) Soil Health Card
(c) Between 8% and10%
43. Sodic soil is characterised by a disproportionately
(d) Less than 8%
high concentration of [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General
37. Which of the following crops is highly salt tolerant?
Forestry Paper - I]
[APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(a) Na+
(a) Sunhemp
(b) K+
(b) Pea
(c) Ca2+
(c) Linseed
(d) Mg2+
(d) Barley
38. Assertion (A) : Gypsum is added to acidic soil [APPSC SOIL EROSION
(RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
44. Saltation, suspension and surface creep are three
Reason (R) : Gypsum lowers the ESP to desired
basic stages of ______ [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General
value.
Forestry – I]
Based on the given assertion and reason, select the (a) Geological erosion
correct option. (b) Wind erosion
(c) Water erosion
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) Biotic erosion
explanation of A.
45. Erosion because of the kinetic energy of falling
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
raindrops is called _______ [APPSC (RFO) 2022
explanation of A.
General Forestry – I]
(c) A is false but R is true.
(a) Rill erosion
(d) A is true but R is false
(b) Splash erosion
39. Urea contains ………… % of nitrogen [APPSC (Forest
(c) Gully erosion
Section Officers) 2019]
(d) Sheet erosion
(a) 56
46. Which of the following is the most severe form of
(b) 66
the erosion? [APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019]
(c) 36
(a) Gully erosion
(d) 46
(b) Splash erosion
40. Lime, dolomite, basic slag, flue dust and wood ash
(c) Rill erosion
are used for reclamation of ……………… [APPSC (Forest
(d) Sheet erosion
Section Officers) 2019]
47. ………… mechanically breaks up the compacted soil
(a) Acidic soil
layers. [APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019]
(b) Sodic soil
(a) Deep Ripping
(c) Saline soil

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 APPPSC | 2024

(b) Mounding (a) Tamarindus indica

(c) Levelling (b) Dalbergia sissoo
48. Which of the following is Primany tillage? [APPSC (c) Populus deltoides
(Forest Section Officers) 2019] (d) Prosopis juliflora
(a) Deep tillage 55. ……………… is a watershed development project
(b) Year round tillage sponsored by the Central Government that aims at
(c) All of the given options enabling the rural population to conserve water for
(d) Sub soiling drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation
49. Which of the following condition(s) is / are correct? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
[APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019] (a) Atal Bhujal Yojana
(a) All fertile soils are productive. (b) Arvary Pani Sansad
(b) All productive soils are fertile. (c) Haryali
(c) All productive soils need not be fertile. (d) Neeru-Meeru
(d) All of the given options 56. The Central Ground Water Authority was
constituted under Section ______ of the
50. What kind of unconformity occurs when the beds
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 [APPSC (ACF)
beneath an erosional surface are tilted and eroded
2022 General Forestry – I]
[APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
(a) 3 (3)
(a) Paraconformities
(b) 5 (3)
(b) Non- conformities
(c) 2 (1)
(c) Angular unconformities
(d) 6 (2)
(d) Disconformities
57. Understanding of relationships between
51. The minimum friction velocity required to initiate
hydrological and biological processes at different
the movement of soil particles is called [APPSC (FRO)
scales to improve water security, enhance
2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
biodiversity and further opportunities for
(a) Optimum friction velocity
sustainable development by lessening ecological
(b) Maximum friction velocity
threats and maximising greater harmony within
(c) Terminal friction velocity
catchment processes, is called [APPSC (RFO) 2022
(d) Threshold friction velocity
General Forestry – I]
52. According to the global assessment of human-
(a) Ground water hydrology
induced soil degradation (glasod), what is the
(b) Hydroinformatics
percentage of world’s land that is degraded due to
(c) Hydrogeology
human activity? [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry
(d) Ecohydrology
Paper - I]
58. Match the following hydrological events and their
(a) 2%
measurement method/ the factors they depend on
(b) 5%
[APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(c) 10%
(d) 15% Measurement and/or
Hydrological event
dependent upon
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT .
A) Inconsistency of 1) Topography
53. How many Land Capability Classes are there? rainfall data
[APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I] B) Runoff 2) Temperature
(a) Six
C) Evaporation 3) Double mass curve
(b) Four
technique
(c) Five
(d) Eight (a) A-1, B-2, C-3
54. Which of the following species is the most suitable (b) A-3, B-1, C-2
for the reclamation of saline and alkaline soils? (c) A-3, B-2, C-1
[APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I] (d) A-2, B-3, C-1

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 FORESTRY

59. Match the following hydrological events and their (b) 4

respective measurement methods [APPSC (RFO) (c) 5
2022 General Forestry – I] (d) 6

Hydrological event Measurement 63. The initial stage of water erosion in any watershed
A) Hydrological cycle 1) Kirpich formula is ______ [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
B) Evapotranspiration 2) Blaney criddle
(a) rill erosion
method
C) Time of 3) Water budget (b) gully erosion
concentration equation (c) sheet erosion
(a) A-3, B-1, C-2 (d) splash erosion
(b) A-2, B-3, C-1
64. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(c) A-1, B-2, C-3
[APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(d) A-3, B-2, C-1
A) The mass rainfall curve is a plot between the
60. Match the following stream hierarchy and their accumulated rainfall at a station as ordinate and
number [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] time as abscissa, plotted in chronological order.
B) The hyetograph is the graphical representation
Stream hierarchy Number
of rainfall versus time.
A) Water resources region 1) 35
B) Basins 2) 112 Options
C) Catchments 3) 3257
(a) Only statement B is correct
D) Watersheds 4) 6 (b) Both statements A and B are incorrect
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 (c) Only statement A is correct
(b) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (d) Both statements A and B are correct
(c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 65. Which of the following statements are correct?
(d) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
A) Runoff coefficient is the ratio of runoff to
61. The delineation of Water Resource Regions into
rainfall intensity
their subsequent division and subdivisions is –
B) It is a larger value for areas with high infiltration
Basin, Catchment, Watershed, Sub watershed and
and low runoff, and higher for permeable, well
Micro-watershed. Arrange them in decreasing order
vegetated areas.
of their size [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
C) Runoff coefficient is regulated by vegetation
(a) Catchment > Basin > Watershed > Sub composition, surface coverage, slope and soil
watershed > Micro-watershed type.
D) It is used in the rational method to calculate the
(b) Watershed > Basin > Catchment > Micro-
quantity of water that the drainage system
watershed > Sub watershed
needs to handle.
(c) Basin > Catchment > Watershed > Sub
Options
watershed > Micro-watershed
(a) Only statements C and D are correct
(d) Catchments > Watershed > Basin > Sub
(b) Only statements A, B and C are correct
watershed > Micro-watershed
(c) Only statements A and B are correct
62. The number assigned to Water Resource Region in (d) Only statements B, C and D are correct
which all drainage flow into the Arabian Sea except 66. The range and average size (in hectare) of a micro-
Indus drainage, as suggested by Dr. AN Khosla in watershed in India is ____ and ______, respectively
1949, is __________ [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
Forestry – I]
(a) 500–1500; 1000
(a) 2 (b) 1000–2000; 1500

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 APPPSC | 2024

(c) 1000–1500; 750 (a) Rajasthan

(d) 2000–3000; 2500 (b) Gujrat
67. The time taken for the runoff to reach from the (c) Madhya Pradesh
remotest point of the watershed to the outlet is (d) Bihar
called [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] 74. Who is popularly known as the waterman of India?
(a) Run off lag coefficient [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
(b) Runoff coefficient time (a) Shirish Apte
(c) Time of concentration (b) Ayyappa Masagi
(d) Time lag coefficient (c) Rajendra singh
68. _______ is a set of characteristics curve that (d) Aabid Surti
describe the rainfall characteristics specific to the 75. What is the size of the milli watershed? [APPSC (FRO)
region [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
(a) Peak-Flow (a) 10,000 to 50,000 ha
(b) Intensity-Duration-Frequency (b) 1,000 to 10,000 ha
(c) Peak-Erodibility (c) 100 to 1,000 ha
(d) Peak-Intensity-Flow (d) 1to 100 ha
69. Permanent gully control structures are designed for 76. Who developed the universal soil loss equation
a period of _____ years [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General (ULSE) [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
Forestry – I] (a) Lorenzo A Richards
(a) 5 to 10 (b) Justus von Liebig
(b) 10 to 20 (c) George Nelson Coffey
(c) 20 to 25 (d) W Wischmeier and D Smith
(d) 25 to 50 77. Subsurface water that is found in a fully saturated
70. _____ is a series of broad channel or embankments zone is known as [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry
constructed at suitable spacing along the graded Paper - I]
gentle slopes [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] (a) Vadose water
(a) Continuous trench (b) Capillary water
(b) In-line trench (c) Groundwater
(c) Contour trench (d) Soil water
(d) Staggered trench
AGROFORESTRY + SOCIAL FORESTRY .
71. _______ is/are widely used to estimate runoff from
small-to medium-sized watersheds [APPSC (RFO) 78. World Agroforestry Centre is located in [APPSC (ACF)
2022 General Forestry – I] 2022 General Forestry – I]
(a) Soil-vegetation land use (a) Kenya
(b) Antecedent moisture conditions (b) South Africa
(c) SCS curve-number (c) Ethiopia
(d) Soil antecedent moisture (d) Zimbabwe
72. ……………….. refers to a technique of lowering 79. The term ‘social forestry’ was coined by [APPSC (ACF)
groundwater in waterlogged areas by raising tree 2022 General Forestry – I]

plantations. [APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019] (a) BT Kang

(a) Bio-exhaustion (b) JC Westoby
(b) Bio-drainage (c) Dietrich Brandis
(c) Bio-depletion (d) JB Raintree
(d) None of the given options 80. Which of the following are the basic attributes of all
agroforestry systems that form the basis for
73. The Chauka system is a method for harvesting evaluation of various agroforestry systems? [APPSC
rainwater practiced in which Indian state? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I] (a) Potentiality, Productivity and Adaptability

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 FORESTRY

(b) Sustainability, Profitability and Productivity 87. Which of the following factors is multiplied by total
(c) Productivity, Sustainability and Adaptability nitrogen content to determine the crude protein in
(d) Productivity, Suitability and Adoptability fodder? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
81. ‘Seasonal grazing of cattle in pastures under trees’ (a) 2.5
is what type of temporal arrangement in (b) 4.2
agroforestry systems? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General (c) 6.25
Forestry – I] (d) 8.15
(a) Interpolated 88. ……….. Is the major cash crop of Chagga home
(b) Concomitant gardens [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(c) Coincident (a) Tobacco
(d) Intermittent (b) Cashew nuts
82. Shifting cultivation is locally called ______ in (c) Coffee arabica
Malaysia [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I] (d) Cloves
(a) Hanumo 89. The practice of forestry in all its aspects on farm and
(b) Ladang village lands, generally more or less integrated with
(c) Karen other farm operations, is called [APPSC (ACF) 2022
(d) Milpa General Forestry – I]
83. Which secondary metabolite present in Leucaena (a) Village forestry
spp. Is responsible for its allelopathic effect? [APPSC (b) Community forestry
(ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I] (c) Farm forestry
(a) Mimosine (d) Social forestry
(b) Cyanogenic glycoside 90. Taungya is a ___ Word [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General
(c) Anthraquinone Forestry – I]
(d) Coumarin (a) Burmese
84. …………. Is a multipurpose tree species which is (b) Latin
native to Australia [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General (c) Greek
Forestry – I] (d) French
(a) Robinia psuodoacacia 91. Who among the following directed the
(b) Prosopis juliflora development of a diagnosis and design (D&D)
(c) Leucaena leucocephala survey in agroforestry at ICRAF for the first time?
(d) Casuarina equisetifolia [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
85. Which of the following is NOT true with regard to (a) GHS Nair
the selection criteria for good alley cropping trees? (b) JB Raintree
[APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I] (c) PKR Nair
(a) It should be nitrogen-fixing in nature. (d) JJ Tulman
(b) It should be able to resprout quickly after 92. Fan design and parallel row layouts, which are
pruning, coppicing or pollarding. experimental designs in agroforestry, are examples
(c) It should have a shallow tap root system. of [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(d) It should have a light, open crown that allows (a) Y-designs
sunlight to pass through. (b) Incomplete block designs
86. The Zabo farming system is practised by tribal (c) Systematic designs
farmers of which state in India? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 (d) Randomised complete block designs
General Forestry – I] 93. Which of the following species is NOT
(a) Arunachal Pradesh recommended to create shelterbelts? [APPSC (ACF)
(b) Nagaland 2022 General Forestry – I]
(c) Sikkim (a) Quercus leucotrichophora
(d) Orissa (b) Azadirachta indica
(c) Lannea coromendelica

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 APPPSC | 2024

(d) Prosopis juliflora (d) Eighth

94. Which of the following statements about social 98. When two components— woody or non-woody—
forestry is INCORRECT? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General stay together for some part of life in an agroforestry
Forestry – I] system, the temporal arrangement of components
(a) Social forestry is the practice of forestry on is called [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
lands outside the conventional forest area for (a) Intermittent
the benefit of the rural and urban (b) Interpolated
communities. (c) Coincident
(b) Social forestry includes in it farm forestry, (d) Concomitant
extension forestry, community woodlots, 99. As per the FAO classification of agroforestry
rehabilitation of degraded forests and systems, when all the three components, namely
recreation forestry. trees, animals and crops, are integrated into a
(c) It was first recognised as an important system, then it represents ______ system [APPSC
component of forestry for meeting rural needs (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
in the interim report of the National (a) Agrisilviculture
Commission on Agriculture in 1976. (b) Agrosylvopastoral
(d) The term ‘Social forestry’ was coined by Indian (c) Silvopastoral
National Congress in 1976. (d) Hortipastoral
95. Which of the following statements about selection 100. Hedge row inter-cropping and improved fallow are
of good agroforestry trees is INCORRECT? [APPSC examples of ______ [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General
(ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I] Forestry – I]
(a) The trees should have light open crown that (a) Hortipasture
allows enough light penetration. (b) Silvipasture
(b) The trees should have good re-sprouting ability (c) Agrisilviculture
after pruning or pollarding. (d) Agrihorticulture
(c) The trees should have thick shallow roots. 101. In northern states of India like Haryana, Punjab and
(d) The trees should have good productive capacity Uttar Pradesh, which tree crop combination does
for food, fibre, wood, etc. the most common agroforestry system have?
96. Which of the following statements about home [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
gardens is FALSE? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry (a) Poplar and rice
– I] (b) Teak and rice
(a) They consist of an assemblage of plants, which (c) Grewia and wheat
may include trees, shrubs, vines and (d) Poplar and wheat
herbaceous plants, growing in or adjacent to a 102. International Council for Research in Agroforestry
home compound. (ICRAF) or ‘World Agroforestry’ is located in ______
(b) They have low species diversity. [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(c) They exhibit diverse practices from growing (a) Gland, Switzerland
vegetables behind houses to complex (b) Nairobi, Kenya
multistoreyed systems. (c) Rome, Italy
(d) The entire crop-tree-animal unit is managed by (d) Vienna, Austria
family labour. 103. The arrangement of components in an agroforestry
97. In which Five-Year Plan period was National system is done on a functional basis. Which of the
Research Centre for Agroforestry (NRCAF) following is the ‘production function’ role of an
established in Jhansi? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General agroforestry system? [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General
Forestry – I] Forestry – I]
(a) Seventh (a) Food
(b) Sixth (b) Soil improvement
(c) Fifth (c) Moisture conservation

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 FORESTRY

(d) Shade 108. Match the following types of agroforestry systems

104. Taungya cultivation originated in ______ [APPSC with their respective time and temporal sequence
(RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] of crops [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(a) America
(b) India Type of
Crop's temporal and time
(c) Burma Agroforestry
sequence
system
(d) Africa
A) Concomitant 1) When different crops grow
105. Which of the following is NOT the basis of
on land together at one
classification of agroforestry systems as given by
time, like pastures and
Nair (1987)? [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
trees
(a) History of the system (land use in the past) 2) When different components
B) Interpolated
(b) The structure of the system (composition and stay together for some
arrangement of components) period, like Taungya
(c) Function of the system (role and output of C) Coincident 3) When annual crops are
components) grown under perennials,
(d) Ecological spread (ecological zone where like wheat under populus.
system exists) D) Intermittent 4) When different components
106. Alley cropping is also called _____ [APPSC (RFO) 2022 occupy the space in
General Forestry – I] different time, like home
(a) tree-grain cropping gardens.
(b) hedge-row intercropping
(a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(c) relay cropping
(b) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
(d) shifting cultivation
(c) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
107. Match the following basis of classification with their (d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
respective principles [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General
109. Match the following based on the functional
Forestry – I]
classification of agroforestry systems [APPSC (RFO)
Basis of
Principle 2022 General Forestry – I]
classification
A) Structure 1) Level of input management Agroforestry Examples
(high or low inputs), system
commercial goals and, A) Productive 1) Soil Conservation
intensity and scale of B) Protective 2) Hedge-row
management (Subsistence, cropping
commercial etc.) C) Multipurpose 3) Rearing of animals
B) 2)Land use pattern in the and fishes along
Physiognomic course of adoption of with trees
agroforestry
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3
C) Land use 3) Composition and (b) A-3, B-2, C-1
arrangement of components (c) A-1, B-3, C-2
(d) A-3, B-1, C-2
D) Socio- 4) Character of vegetation,
110. Which of the following is NOT a tropical/subtropical
economic e.g., Xeromorphic, etc.
multipurpose tree in India? [APPSC (RFO) 2022
General Forestry – I]
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(a) Grewia optiva
(b) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(b) Betula utilis
(c) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
(c) Bauhinia variegate
(d) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
(d) Leucaena leucocephala

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 APPPSC | 2024

111. Ailanthus excelsa is a fast-growing fodder tree that B) Increasing or stabilising physical components of
could be propagated in association with forage and soil
food crops widely grown in the Indian Peninsula. C) Improve chemical components in the soil in
What is its common name? [APPSC (RFO) 2022 favour of plants
General Forestry – I]
Options
(a) Kadamb, Cadamba
(b) Whistling tree, Junglisaru (a) Only A
(c) Kapok tree, Silk-cotton tree (b) Only B and C
(d) Tree of Heaven, Ardu (c) Only B
112. Which of the following trees are NOT temperate (d) Only A and C
agroforestry trees in India? [APPSC (RFO) 2022 116. Which of the following benefit soil health in
General Forestry – I] agroforestry practices? [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General
A) Abies pindrow Forestry – I]
B) Juglans regia A) Improved soil nutrient availability and soil fertility
C) Robinia pseudocassia due to the presence of trees in the system
D) Picea smithiana B) Suppressed soil microbial dynamics
Options C) Incorporation of trees in agroforestry to enhance
(a) B and C soil organic carbon
(b) A and B Options
(c) B and D
(a) A and C
(d) D and A
(b) A, B and C
113. In an agroforestry system, soil productivity is
(c) B and C
enhanced due to [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry
(d) A and B
– I]
117. Match the following ecozones with agroforestry
A) Decreased soil organic matter
systems that are primarily used to improve the
B) Addition of Nitrogen in the soil if leguminous
habitat [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
plants are grown
C) Maintain soil organic matter A) Tropical Soil 1) Agrisilvi, silvihorti
D) Promote more open nutrient cycling. productivity and silvipasture
B) Arid lands soil 2) Multistorey cropping
Options
productivity agrisilvisulture
(a) A and B C) Hill region soil 3) Shelter belts
(b) A and C productivity
(c) B and D D) Wetlands 4) Alley cropping
(d) B and C
114. Which of the following trees does NOT enhance (a) A-2, B-4, C-3 D-1
nitrogen in soil, and thus soil productivity being a (b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
non-nitrogen fixing species? [APPSC (RFO) 2022 (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
General Forestry – I]
(d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(a) Caragana
118. Social Forestry programme was launched in [APPSC
(b) Luecaena
(RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(c) Populus
(a) Seventh five year plan
(d) Faidherbia
(b) Sixth five year plan
115. In an agroforestry system, soil health is maintained (c) Fifth five year plan
by which of the following? [APPSC (RFO) 2022 (d) Eighth five year plan
General Forestry – I]
A) Decreasing biological components of soil

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 FORESTRY

119. Which of the following agroforestry trees is NOT (b) Acacia nilotica
known to cause allelopathy or toxicity in the soil? (c) Salix spp.
[APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] (d) Populus alba
126. Which type of farming is used to restore soil fertility
(a) Eucalyptus
in India's dry lands? [APPSC (Forest Section Officers)
(b) Leucaena
2019]
(c) Gmelina
(a) Co-operative farming
(d) Populus
(b) Irrigation farming
120. Among the crops grown in the homestead …………. is
(c) Ley farming
the most dominant and important tree known as
(d) Plantation farming
'Tree of Hundred uses' [APPSC (Forest Section
127. The homegardens are cited as an excellent example
Officers) 2019]
to show diversity and complexity of the structure
(a) Palmyra
and function of tropical homegardens. [APPSC
(b) Coconut
(Forest Section Officers) 2019]
(c) Arecanut
(a) Kandyan
(d) Tapioca
(b) Javanese
121. Home Gardens is the most prevalent agro-forestry
(c) Kerala
system being adopted in …………. [APPSC (Forest
(d) Fuyo
Section Officers) 2019]
128. How many agro - climatic zones are there in India?
(a) High land
[APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
(b) Semi arid region
(a) 10
(c) Humid tropical region
(b) 13
(d) Arid region
(c) 15
122. The sustainable land use systems involving trees
(d) 20
combined with crops and I or animals on the same
129. How many biogeographic zones are there in India?
unit of land is termed as…………….. [APPSC (Forest
[APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
Section Officers) 2019]
(a) 10
(a) Sustainable forest management
(b) 11
(b) Social Forestry
(c) 9
(c) Agroforestry
(d) 12
(d) Farm Forestry
130. Agrosilvopastoral systems consist of which of these
123. ……….. cultivation is also known as 'slash and burn'
elements [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper -
or Swidden cultivation'. [APPSC (Forest Section
I]
Officers) 2019]
(a) Animals, tress and crops
(a) Shifting
(b) Only trees and crops
(b) Taungya
(c) Only animals and crops
(c) Silvipasture
(d) Only animals and trees
(d) Hortipasture
131. The first taungya plantations were raised in North
124. Of succulent feeds, …………is the most convenient
Bengal in the year [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General
and economic method for maintaining larger
Forestry Paper - I]
livestock [APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019]
(a) 1896
(a) pasture
(b) 1897
(b) Cultivated fodder tree
(c) 1899
(c) Cultivated fodder crops
(d) 1898
(d) Silage
132. The term social forestry was first used in 1976 in
125. ………………. species is an important fodder tree for
India by [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
dry region of the country. [APPSC (Forest Section
(a) The National Commission on Agriculture
Officers) 2019]
(b) The National Commission on Horticulture
(a) Agropyrum caninum

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 APPPSC | 2024

(c) The National Commission on Forestry (a) 1992

(d) The National Commission on Silviculture (b) 1990
133. Diversity of plant material in polycultural systems (c) 1986
often leads to [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry (d) 1996
Paper - I] 140. National Forest Policy of 1988 (NFP) represented a
(a) Higher pest intensities major paradigm shift from earlier policies and this
(b) No pest intensities shift began to take some shape through the
(c) Lower pest intensities introduction of [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry –
(d) Very high pest intensities II]
134. The scope of social forestry does not include which (a) ban on any non-forest activity or the de-
type of forestry [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry reservation of forest land
Paper - I] (b) Use of biological diversity subject to the
(a) Farm forestry approval of National Biodiversity Authority
(b) Community woodlots (c) Joint Forest Management (JFM) in India in 1990
(c) Community reserve (d) Demarcation of over 500 National Parks and
(d) Extension forestry Sanctuaries termed as ‘protected areas’ (Pas)
135. In which year was the national agroforestry policy 141. Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMC) and
launched in india? [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Eco-Development Committees (EDC) were formed
Forestry Paper - I] in JFM [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(a) 2013
(A) Because rural communities are equal partners
(b) 2014
in the protection and management of forests
(c) 2017
(B) Because forest departments were not able to
(d) 2018
handle JFM objectives adequately
136. Where is the headquarters of the international
(C) Because both members and non-members
centre for research in agroforestry (icraf) located?
control the management of forest and
[APPSC (FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I]
community lands
(a) Kathmandu
(D) To decrease the influence of all people in the
(b) New Delhi
objectives of management of their local forests
(c) Dhaka
(E) To develop local leadership for bigger role in
(d) Nairobi
future
137. The term ‘social forestry’ was coined by [APPSC
(FRO) 2018 General Forestry Paper - I] Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) Gifford Pinchot
(a) Only statements A, B and D are correct
(b) Dietrich Brandis
(b) Only statements B, D and E are correct
(c) JCWestoby
(c) Only statements C, D and E are correct
(d) John Evelyn
(d) Only statements A, C and E are correct
JOINT FOREST MANAGEMMENT .
142. JFM guidelines 2002 proposed capacity building for
138. The policies and guidelines of the joint forest recognising the importance of NTFP management
management are enunciated in [APPSC (FRO) 2018 in good forest areas through [APPSC (RFO) 2022
General Forestry Paper - I] General Forestry – I]
(a) The National Forest Policy of 1952
(a) Their non-destructive harvesting in accordance
(b) The National Forest Policy of 1988
with working plans.
(c) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1972
(b) Unequal sharing of economic benefits as per
(d) The Biodiversity Act, 2002
the agreement done by the Forest department
139. Joint Forest Management in Andhra Pradesh was and people community at the beginning of
initiated in the year [APPSC (ACF) 2022 General project.
Forestry – I]
(c) Institutional reforms

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 FORESTRY

(d) Strengthening the set-up of NTFP management applicable JFM rules/guidelines of the state outside
the protected areas and their buffer zones, is called
Select the correct option based on the following.
[APPSC (RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I]
(a) A, B and C
(a) Executive Committee
(b) A, C and D (b) Eco-Development Committee
(c) B, C and D (c) Joint Forest Management Committee
(d) Forest Development Committee
(d) A, B, C, and D 145. Various committees are constituted in any JFM
143. Guidelines by MOEFCC for strengthening the Joint programme so that [APPSC (RFO) 2022 General
Forest Management Programmes included [APPSC Forestry – I]
(RFO) 2022 General Forestry – I] A) Rural communities are equal partners in the
protection and management of forests
(A) Methods of legal backup to the JFM
B) Both members and non-members have control
committees
on the management of forest lands and
(B) Proposed conditions to promote participation
community lands.
of women, certain threshold criteria were
C) They develop forest resources for sustainable
proposed for JFMCs
use, but don’t claim direct benefits from it.
(C) Proposed Micro Plan preparation methods for
D) Local leadership for bigger role in future is
both new working plan and existing working
developed.
plan
areas. Select the correct option based on the following
(D) Suggested to reinvest 35% of the share of (a) A, B and C
village community and of the forest (b) B, C and D
department in (c) A, B and D
forest for regeneration of resources. (d) B and A
(E) Proposed concurrent monitoring at Division 146. The first JFM guidelines was issued by MoEF in the
and State level. Evaluation at interval of 5 years year ……………. [APPSC (Forest Section Officers) 2019]
at division level and 6 years at state level. (a) 1992
Select the correct option based on the following (b) 2000
(c) 1990
(a) A, D, and E
(d) 1996
(b) A, B, C and D
147. Joint forest management originated in 1980s in
(c) A, B, D and E which Indian state? [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General
(d) A, B and C Forestry Paper - I]
(a) Bihar
144. A democratic, decentralised and transparent local (b) Assam
institution of forest and forest fringe dwelling
(c) Madhya Pradesh
communities, that is part of the Gram Sabha fully or
(d) West Bengal
partially, and set up as per the provisions of

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 APPPSC | 2024

Answer Key

1. b 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. a 12. c

13. b 14. b 15. a 16. b 17. d 18. d 19. c 20. a 21. c 22. d 23. a 24. b
25. b 26. d 27. a 28. b 29. a 30. a 31. a 32. b 33. d 34. c 35. c 36. a
37. d 38. c 39. d 40. a 41. a 42. d 43. a 44. b 45. b 46. a 47. a 48. c
49. b 50. c 51. d 52. d 53. d 54. d 55. c 56. a 57. d 58. b 59. d 60. c
61. c 62. c 63. d 64. c 65. a 66. a 67. c 68. b 69. d 70. a 71. c 72. b
73. a 74. c 75. b 76. d 77. c 78. a 79. b 80. c 81. d 82. b 83. a 84. d
85. c 86. b 87. c 88. c 89. c 90. a 91. b 92. c 93. a 94. d 95. c 96. b
97. a 98. d 99. a 100. c 101. d 102. b 103. a 104. c 105. a 106. b 107. d 108. a
109. d 110. b 111. d 112. d 113. d 114. c 115. b 116. a 117. b 118. c 119. d 120. b
121. c 122. c 123. a 124. a 125. b 126. c 127. b 128. c 129. a 130. a 131. a 132. a
133. c 134. c 135. b 136. d 137. c 138. b 139. a 140. c 141. d 142. b 143. d 144. c
145. c 146. c 147. d

16 © Hornbill Classes 07223970423 Hornbillclasses.com

 CHAPTER FOREST SOIL
1 [INTRODUCTION]

1.1 WHAT IS SOIL ?

Soil is the unconsolidated mineral material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a
natural medium for the growth of land plants.
Forest soil is a portion of the earth's surface that serves as a medium for the growth and sustenance of
forest vegetation.

PEDON ?
Term Soil is derived from
A pedon is a 3-dimensional smallest unit or volume of soil that contains the Latin term – Solum,
2
all the soil horizons of a particular soil type with 1 m at the surface and which means Floor***

extends to the bottom bedrocks of the soil.

Figure 1.1 : Pedon is a natural body of soil that is large enough to allow classification of the soil.

PEDOLOGY : Pedology = Pedon + Logos = Greek word

↓ ↓
Soil/Earth Study

Pedology is the study of soil genesis, classification, and mapping/description of soil for land use
planning. Therefore, it is helpful in forestry, forest road construction, and land capability classification.

• Soil genesis : the mode of origin of soil with particular reference to the processes and soil-forming
factors responsible for the development of solum or true soil.
• Soil survey : consists of morphological examination, description, classification, and mapping of soils
in their natural environment.
• Soil classification : is the process of logical grouping based on the properties and characteristics of
representative units (pedon).
 CHAPTER ROCKS & THEIR
2
FORMATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION

Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a mixture of gas and dust around the sun. The dust
particles were drawn together by drag, forming clumps of rock called planetesimals. These
planetesimals collided with each other, growing into Mars-sized protoplanets. Earth's final size was
achieved through a major collision with another Mars-sized object, known as the moon-forming
impact.

EARTH STRUCTURE

The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the Outer Core
(Liquid), and the Inner Core (Solid). Each layer has a unique chemical composition and physical state .

COMPOSITION OF Earth Crust***

46.6%
Non- Oxygen (O2-) ≈ ¾ of
(Highest)
Metal total
Silicon (Si4+) 27.7 %
Aluminium (Al) 8.1 %
Iron (Fe) 5%
≈ ¼ of
Metal Calcium (Ca) 3.6 %
total
Magnesium (Mg) 2%
Others 1.4 %

 O–Si–Al, Fe–Ca–Mg

2.2 WHAT ARE ROCKS

Rocks are a hard mass of mineral matter comprising one or more rock-forming minerals. Rocks
are the materials that form the essential part of the Earth's solid crust.

BASED ON THE MODE OF FORMATION

► IGNEOUS ROCKS : Cooling and consolidation of molten magma within or on the surface of the
Earth.

Characteristics  Rocks are formed from the molten material

known as Magma.
• Crystal formation = ✓
 Petrology = The study of rocks (in Greek,
• Layers = ✗ Petra means rock, Logos means science).

• Porous = ✗  Petrogenesis = Study of the origin of rocks.

 CHAPTER SOIL
4
FORMATION
4.1 SOIL FORMATION ?

Soil formation is the evolution of true soil from regolith taken place by the combined action of ① soil-
forming factors and ② Processes.

SOIL FORMING FACTORS

 Climate : Impact of rainfall, heat, cold, wind, etc., over rocks.

 Vegetation or Organism : Many organisms play an active role in breaking down rocks and minerals
and transforming them into fertile soil, i.e., Wild animals, Fossorials, Plants, Fungi, Man, etc.
 Parent material : Soil is the result of the weathering and pedogenic process of Rocks. So, types of
rocks and their composition indirectly (Passively) influenced the soil properly like Soil texture,
Structure, pH, water holding capacity, the dominance of specific minerals, etc.

SN Soil Group Predominant vegetation

1. Lateritic soil Xylia xylocarp (Irul wood)
Teak - prefer to grow in lime-rich soil and generally avoid
2. Basaltic rocks (pH 6.5 to 7.5)
growing below and above this pH

3. Acid rocks contain Iron Ores Shorea robusta

Chir-pine and Pterocarpus santalinus (Red sanders) grow very
4. Quartzite rock well. However, Dendrocalamus strictus (Male bamboo) avoid to
growth on this rocky soil.

5. Mica schist rock Blue pine

➢ Dipterocarpus prefer to grow on conglomerate and hard metamorphic sandstone.

 Time
 Relief or Topography : topography refers to the differences in the elevation of the land surface. As
per FAO guidelines –
 CHAPTER SOIL
5
CLASSIFICATION

Before the onset of modern scientific exploration and classification of soil, we relied on a traditional method
that was not only easy for the common person to understand but also provided some insight into their physical
features, such as red soil (red in colour), Usar (unfertile soil), black (kali) soil, alluvial (jalod) soil, and others.

ISSUE WITH THIS SYSTEM

• It is based on the physical features of soil, or we can say its external appearance. However, as our
knowledge about soil broadens with globalization, it creates challenges: how can we differentiate one
type of soil from another?
• The same types of soil may have different names in various regions, which has led to the need for
standardization of soil names.
• The traditional system did not explain the presence of a particular type of soil in a particular type of
environment, its origin, and its development.

► DOKUCHAIV : the 1st-time genetical system of soil classification based on zonation given by Dokuchaiv.
Later, Boldwin further extends and improves this concept. According to this system of classification, soils
are –

➢ [Class A] ZONAL SOIl : types of soil that are distributed in particular types of climate and have well-
developed soil profiles, i.e., Laterite soil, Tundra soil, Chernozem soil, etc.

➢ [Class B] INTERZONAL SOIL : the types of soil that are present in an area b/w of two zones and more
influenced by local condition rather than climatic zone, i.e., Saline soil (Halomorphic soil), Bog soil
(Hydromorphic soil), and Rendzina soil (Calcimorphic soil), etc.

➢ [Class C] AZONAL SOIL : Young soil that neither shows any effect of climatic zone nor has a well-
developed soil profile, i.e., Alluvial soil, Aeolian soil.

SOIL TAXONOMY : A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM

A more comprehensive and morpho-genetic system of soil

classification in which the morphology of soil, which is the
outcome of soil genesis, serves as a guide. The system is
based on the properties of soil as they exist today.

Taxonomic categories

Order (Highest category) → Sub-order → Great-group →

Sub-group → Family → Series → Phase
 CHAPTER SOIL PHYSICAL
6
PROPERTIES
6.1 SOIL TEXTURE

The relative percentage of sand, silt, and clay in the soil***. Where sand and silt work as a skeleton of
soil in which clay particles fill as flesh. The size of particles in mineral soil is not subject to change (i.e., by
cultural practices). Therefore, this composition is considered a permanent feature and a basic property of
soil. Mechanical analysis of soil separates, i.e., the percentage of sand, silt, and clay done by the
hydrometric method.

SIZE OF PARTICLES Coarse

sand

International Sand
Society of Soil Clay Silt Gravel
Science Fine Coarse

0.002 mm 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 mm 2.0 mm

0.25 0.5 1.0
United States Very Fine Med. Very
fine Coarse
Department of Clay Silt Gravel
Agriculture (USDA) Sand

Fine sand 0.5 mm

 Clay particle size : < 0.002 mm***

 Soil texture refers to the relative amounts of sand, silt, and clay, and it directly affects a soil's cohesion,
adhesion, and plasticity. Clay soils have a characteristically fine/heavy texture.
 Loam soil – (a) best suitable soil for agriculture purposes, (b) it contains sand, silt and clay minerals in
an equal property*** proportional and not in equal percentage.
 Soil texture determination methods : (a) Feel methods – Ball formation, Ribbon formation. (b) Laboratory
method – Mechanical analysis.

–––––––––––– EXERCISE ––––––––––––

1. The size of clay particles is (a) 0.02 mm 4. Soil separates are the size
[APPSC (ACF) 2022 General (b) 0.002–0.02 mm groups of mineral particles that
Forestry – I] (c) 0.002 mm are [APPSC (FRO) 2018 General
(a) <0.002 millimetres (d) 0.002–0.02 cm Forestry Paper - I]
(b) 0.002 to 0.003 millimetres 3. …………. is the size of clay (a) Between 3 mm and 4 mm
(c) >0.002 millimetres particles as per USDA in diameter
(d) 0.002 to 0.004 millimetres classification of soil texture (b) Between 4 mm and 5 mm
2. According to the International [APPSC (Forest Section Officers) in diameter
Society of Soil Science 2019] (c) Between 5 mm and 6 mm
classification, the size of silt (a) <0.02mm in diameter
particles is [APPSC (ACF) 2022 (b) <2mm (d) Less than 2 mm in
General Forestry – I; OPSC Civil (c) <0.2mm diameter
(pre) 2006] (d) <0.002mm
1. (a), 2. (b), 3. (d), 4. (d)
 CHAPTER AFFORESTATION OF
8
DIFFICULT SITES
CONTENT
1. Hot desert and shifting sand dunes
2. Acidic soil
3. Saline alkaline area
4. Ravine land
5. Cold desert
6. Coastal land
7. Wetland
8. Mined area

8.1 HOT DESERT AND SHIFTING SAND DUNES

► DISTRIBUTION : The total area of hot desert in India is 31.7

million hectares, 61 % of which Iies in Rajasthan.

Types 2008 - 09 2015 – 16 (% to TGA)

Ravines Sand 3165 km2 3121 km2 (0.09)
Coastal Sands 709 km2 671 km2 (0.02)
Desertic sand 8323 km2 8191 km2 (0.25)

(Source : Westland Atlas of India 2019)

► LOCALITY FACTORS : Mean annual rainfall = 100 mm to 450 mm. The rainfall in these regions is irregular,
and droughts are frequent.
• Temperature : 48 °C in may-June to 15°C during winter, even sometimes it goes below freezing point
at several places.
• Wind : 100 to 150 km per hour are experienced during summer.
• Soil : Sandy in character with a well-developed hardpan of calcium carbonate at varying depths.
Desert soils are purely mineral soils obtained by the mechanical disintegration of rocks.
Characteristics : (i) Very low organic matter, (ii) High percentage of soluble salts, (iii) Low nutrient
status, particularly nitrogen, (iv) High pH and calcium carbonate, (v) Structureless and coarse-
textured, (vi) Very poor water holding capacity and (vii) Absolute deficiency of soil moisture.
• Sand dunes are the dominant form that covers around 60 % area of the Thar desert.

► ISSUES : (1) Poor nutrients & organic matter, (2) Unstable soil structure and often shifting of it (shifting
sand-dunes) (3) poor water holding capacity, (4) High salinity and pH, (5) poor rainfall, (6) Formation of
calcareous hardpan, etc.
 CHAPTER WATERSHED
1
MANAGEMENT
1.1 WHAT IS WATERSHED ?
A watershed is a geohydrological unit of land that feeds all the water running under it and drains at a
common point.
Or

A watershed is a geohydrological unit of land that feeds all the water running under it and drains at a
common point.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at the
sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs,
and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the Plants, Animals, and human
communities within a watershed boundary.

OBJECTIVES OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT?

• Soil and water conservation by controlling damaging run-off.

• Improve the ability of the land to hold water
• Rainwater harvesting and recharging
• Employment generation
• Maintain ecological balance by Growing greeneries - trees, crops, and grasses
• Increase farmers' income (doubling income by 2022)
• Moderate floods in the downstream areas.
• Developing fuel, fodder, and timber resources for the local population.
 FORESTRY

• Mountainous Watershed : Because of higher altitudes, such watersheds receive considerable

snowfall. Due to steep gradients and relatively less porous soil, infiltration is less, and surface
run-off is dominantly high for a given rainfall event. The areas downstream of the mountains
are vulnerable to flooding.
• Forest Watershed : watersheds where natural forest cover dominates other land uses. In
these watersheds, interception is significant, and evapotranspiration is a dominant
component of the hydrologic cycle. The ground is usually littered with leaves, stems,
branches, wood, etc. Consequently, when it rains, the water is held by the trees, and the
ground cover provides a greater opportunity to infiltrate. The subsurface flow becomes
dominant. Because forests resist overland water flow, the peak discharge is reduced.
Complete deforestation could increase annual water yield by 20 to 40 %.
• Desert Watershed : There is little to virtually no vegetation in desert watersheds. The soil is
mostly sandy, and little annual rainfall occurs. Stream development is minimal.
• Coastal Watershed : Usually, these watersheds receive high rainfall, mostly of cyclonic type,
do not have channel control inflow and are vulnerable to severe local flooding. In these
watersheds, the water table is high, and saltwater intrusion threatens the health of coastal
aquifers, which usually are a source of the freshwater supply.
• Wetland Watershed

► BASED ON SIZE

Variability in watershed characteristics increases with size. Therefore, large watersheds are most
heterogeneous, with more water storage.

watershed Size

Macro-watershed (Mega) 50k to 2 Lakh hectares MPPSC (ACF) 2014

Sub-watershed 10k to 50k hectares

Mili*** Watersheds 1000 to 10,000 hectares APPSC (FRO) 2018

Micro*** watershed 100 to 1000 hectares

Mini*** watershed 10 to 100 hectares

WATERSHED ATLAS OF INDIA

A systematic delineation of different river basins of the country was made by the central water power
commission under the chairmanship of Dr. A. N. Khosla in 1949 and the country was delineated into 6
river resources regions, 35 basins, 112 Catchments, 550 Sub-catchments and 3257 watersheds.

Watershed Codification

A watershed can be symbolized as 1A2B3a (Alphanumeric system) where “1” stands for River Resource
Region, “A” designates the Basin in that water (river) resource region, “2” indicates the Catchment within
the basin, “B” indicates Sub catchment and “3” stands for the watershed number, “a” stands for
Subwatersheds designated by small English alphabets as a, b, c.

© Hornbill Classes 07223970423 [email protected] 49

 CHAPTER 2 COMMUNITY FOREST
Chapter outline

2.1 Historical Background

MANAGEMENT
Success stories
2.2 Objectives of JFM adoption
2.3 Salient features of JFM
Joint Forest Management (JFM) is an approach and program initiated
2.4 JFM structure
by the National Forest Policy of 1988. Under this, the state forest
JFMC
departments support local forest-dwelling and forest fringe
Eco-dev. Committee
communities to protect and manage forests by sharing the costs and
Powers of FPCs
benefits of the forests with them. Communities organise themselves
2.5 Formation of a JFMC into a JFM Committee to preserve and manage nearby forests, guided
Introduction by locally prepared guidelines and micro-plans.
Approval
➢ JFM is a participation of the local community in the
Formation of JFMCs and
management of forest
Executive committees
2.6 Legal back-ups to the JFM 2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
2.7 Causes of Poor performance of In 1931, Van Panchayats in Uttarakhand started participating in forest
JFMCs [Constraints] management, as the remote Himalayan region where creating
2.8 Role of JFM hardness to the forest department because of the poor Cost-benefit
2.9 Exercise ratio.

Later, the Forest Department of West Bengal successfully started a

pilot project in the Arbari*** village (hilly area) during 1971–72, and it
was a major success.

Followed by Haryana and Odisha, but all these (WB, HR, Odisha, etc.)
were pilot projects or individual efforts of some dedicated forest
officers and had no forest policy or legal back-ups.

Other similar efforts, i.e., Forest Cooperatives in the Madras

Presidency (the 1900s) and cooperative Forest Societies in Kangra
(1940s, earlier Punjab, now Himachal Pradesh). Woodlots on
panchayat lands under Social Forestry (the 1980s - with Revenue
sharing agreements).

The actual initiative by MoEFCC on JFM started with the National

Forest policy – 1988*** on its past experiences, followed by the
Guideline of 1990*** to utilize forest wealth to improve local
livelihoods. This guideline explains how the forest committee was
formed, its powers & functioning, NWFP sharing %, etc. This guideline
forms the basic foundation of JFM in India. That's why most Academicians
consider this as the year of initiation of JFM in India.
 CHAPTER
AGROFORESTRY
3 [INTRODUCTION]

Agroforestry is a collective name for sustainable land-use systems involving trees combined with crops and/or
animals on the same unit of land. It combines the -

• The production system of food crops with protection covers of trees especially in fragile ecosystems.
• Emphasis on the use of indigenous trees has multi-purpose uses (MPFTs) and High yield short rotation
(HYSR) tree varieties.
• It is structurally and functionally more complex than monoculture.
• It also provides alternative investment opportunities with insurance cover that if our main agriculture
crops fail, we still have the trees cover to sell them and sustain their house economy.
• This concept is based on our ancient tradition and Socio-cultural values, to grow trees on the boundaries
of the farm, protect them and harvest them at a necessary point in time to reduce village dependency on
the Forest.

► DEFINITION : Agroforestry is a sustainable land-use system that

Remember “Crop + Tree ±
maintains or increases total yields by combining food crops (annuals)
Domestic animals”. 1st two are
with tree crops (perennials) and/or livestock on the same unit of land, the essential requirement, 3rd
either alternately or at the same time while using management component is optional it may
be present or absent.
practices that suit the local social-cultural characteristics of society and
Economic and ecological conditions of the area.

Nair (1979) defines agroforestry as a land use system that integrates trees, crops and animals in a way
that is scientifically sound, ecologically desirable, practically feasible and socially acceptable to the
farmers

Land use system that integrates trees, crops and animals in a way that is scientifically sound, ecologically
desirable, practically feasible and socially acceptable to the farmers [Bene, et.al.]

► ATTRIBUTES OF AGROFORESTRY

Productivity : maintain or increase the production of preferred crops & productivity of the soil.
Sustainability : By conserving the production potential of the resource base, mainly through the beneficial
effects of woody perennials on soils; Cornerstone of agroforestry]
Adaptability : The word “adopt” here means “accept” (not “modify” or “change). The implication here is
that improved or new agroforestry technologies that are introduced into new areas should also conform
to local farming practices.

► SCOPE/NECESSITY : Agroforestry has an excellent scope in the context of Indian Agriculture due to its
intrinsic relation with traditional agricultural practices. Agroforestry practices are beneficial in –
 CHAPTER
MULTI-PURPOSE TREES
7 IN AGROFORESTRY

The term 'multipurpose tree' (MPT) refers to all woody perennials that are purposefully grown to get more than
one production and/or service function (i.e., shelter, shade, land sustainability).

Trees are Multipurpose in two ways -

▪ A single tree can yield more than one crop : For example, farmers in Maharashtra grow Gliricidia sepium
as living fences that provide fuelwood, fodder, and green manure for food crops all at the same time.
▪ Trees of the same species, when managed differently, can yield different crops : In the tropics, for
example, Leucaena leucocephala is managed so that some trees will principally yield wood while others
predominantly produce leaf fodder.

7.1 BENEFITS/OBJECTIVES OF MPTS

• Reducing risk of total crop failure : If farmers grow Leucaena leucocephala for animal fodder and the
tree's leaves are destroyed by pests, they will still have wood that can be used for fuel, Pulp, or light-
weight construction material.

• Income generation and distribution : Increases net revenue comes from harvesting different tree crops
in different seasons.
o Provides a viable and alternate investment option to the farmers.

• Production services : Food (i.e., Fruits, nuts, leaves), fodder,

Fodder
fertilizers (i.e., N-fixation, nutrient recycling) Medicine
Fruit
o Source of Energy - firewood for direct combustion,
Fertilizer
charcoal, Oil, gas, methanol, ethanol, etc. Fibre

o Raw materials for the processing industry - fibres for Shelter

Fuel
weaving and cottage industry. Fruits & nuts for food-
Shade
processing industries. Wood

• Ecosystem services

o Soil and water conservation - regulation of streamflow to reduce flood hazard, increase water
supply by reducing run-off, and improve interception and storage.
o Microclimate amelioration.

o Shelter - Windbreaks and shelterbelts for protection of settlements, building materials for house
construction, shade trees for humans, livestock and shade-loving crops, and Living fences.

7.2 SELECTION CRITERIA (CHARACTERS) FOR MPTs

 CHAPTER
AGROFORESTRY POLICY
10 2014

NEED FOR AGROFORESTRY POLICY ?

• Our previous agroforestry and social forestry programs have failed to achieve the goal due to the
absence of a dedicated and focused national policy and a suitable institutional mechanism.
• An integrated farming system is also lacking in these programs and often focuses only on growing exotic
species rather than native ones.
• Restrictive regulatory regimes on forest policy, Supreme Court guidelines, and various decisions of the
National Green Tribunal over the felling of trees are creating significant obstacles in the implementation
and marketing of trees growing outside of forest land.
• Insufficient research, extension, and capacity building in this field.
• Institutional finance and insurance coverage.
• Weak market access for agroforestry produce.
• Industry operations at a sub-optimal level.
• Integration of our forest policy targets and goals through agroforestry practices.

Major policy goals

• Setting up a National Agroforestry Mission and an Agroforestry Board to implement the National Policy by
bringing coordination, convergence, and synergy among various elements of agroforestry scattered in
various existing missions, programs, schemes, and agencies about agriculture, environment, forestry,
and rural development sectors of the Government.
• Improving the Productivity, Employment, Income, And Which is not the major goal of the National
Agroforestry Policy, 2014? [MPPSC Forest
Livelihood Opportunities of rural households, especially of
Service (Main) Exam 2022; Exam Held on 10
the smallholder farmers through agroforestry. December 2023]
• Meeting The Ever-Increasing Demand for timber, food, fuel,
(a) Setting up a Agroforestry Mission.
fodder, fertilizer, fibre, and other agroforestry products. (b) Improving productivity and livelihood
• Conserving natural resources and forests, protecting the opportunities of the smallholder

environment, providing environmental security, and farmers through agroforestry

(c) Reduce the area under cultivation.
increasing forest/tree cover.
(d) Meeting the ever-increasing demand of
timber, food, fodder, fibre and other
Basic objectives
agroforestry products
• Encourage and expand tree plantation in a complementarity
and integrated manner with crops and livestock to improve productivity, employment, income, and
livelihoods of rural households, especially the smallholder farmers.
 CHAPTER

11 SOCIAL FORESTRY

► DEFINITION : Social forestry is the practice of forestry on land outside the conventional forest area for the
benefit of rural and urban communities.

► PRINCIPLE : Voluntary (sometimes compulsory) people participate in a project from its inception up to its
completion, which is planned and managed by government agencies.

► AIM / OBJECTIVES / BENEFITS

Jack Westoby*** during his inaugural
• Supplying basic rural needs like fuelwood, timber, and address at the 9th Commonwealth
other forest products [Energy security]. Forestry Conference held in Delhi in
• To meet the requirements of leaf fodder for ruminants. 1968 coined the term social forestry to

• To meet the raw material requirements for household, include forestry activities that aim at
“producing flow of protection and
cottage, and forest-based industries [Reduce pressure on
recreation benefits for the
the forest].
community”. The term remained
• To increase rural income, employment, and equality.
unused and unnoticed till the National
• Eco-restoration, rehabilitation, and reforestation of Commission on Agriculture (NCA)
degraded forest areas and wasteland [Habitat resurrected it in its interim report on
conservation] “production forestry and man-made
• Supplement the National Forest Policy (1951, 1988), the forestry” (1973).

objective of having 33 per cent of land area under the tree

over [+ INDC].
• Protection of agricultural land against harsh weather, i.e., Frost, Hot/cold wind, crop-lodging, etc.,
and revive the productivity of farms.
• Regulate water cycle and control runoff = Erosion control + flood control.
• To meet the recreational needs of both urban and rural populace.
• To reduce noise pollution in urban areas and increase the aesthetic value of the urban landscapes.

► SCOPE

• Creation of woodlots in the village common lands, government wastelands and panchayat lands
(Estimated at least 12 million ha).
• Planting of trees on the sides of roads, canals, and railways. This, along with planting on wastelands
under 'extension' forestry.
• Afforestation of degraded government forests close to villages, which have experienced the
unauthorized harvesting of biomass (Estimated at over 10 million ha).
 37 40 41
35 38

Aman Patidar Devesh Trivedi Arvind Singh Sachin Bhondele Jaikishan Sharma
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42 43 44 46 47

Gaurav Trivedi Durgesh Jee Sourabhn Kumar

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Bhadoriya

67 68 72 73 74

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Neeraj Amb
Suryawanshi

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Dharmendra
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Sachin Dodwe
90
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