PABES REVIEWER

1. What agency initiated the drafting of thirty-five (35) agricultural engineering standards which
includes updating of existing Philippine National Standards?

Ans: Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) of the College of
Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT), University of the Philippines Los Baños
(UPLB)

2. In what year did AMTEC initiated the drafting of thirty-five (35) agricultural engineering standards
which includes updating of existing Philippine National Standards?

Ans: 2000

3. In accordance to what Philippine National Standard did AMTEC technically drafted the PAES?

Ans: PNS 01: Part 4:1998 – Rules for the Structure and the Drafting of Philippine National
Standards.

4. An act provides that the Board of Agricultural Engineering in collaboration and consultation with
the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers and concerned agencies, government and private
shall immediately prepare, develop and promulgate a Code of Technical Standards of Agricultural
Engineering which shall contain standard design and test procedure, material and process
specification.

Ans: Section 40 of R.A. 8559 or the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Act of 1998

5. In what date that these newly drafted Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) have
been presented?

Ans: during the 51st PSAE Annual Convention on April 23-27, 2001 at Cebu Plaza Hotel

6. The draft standards were presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC),
which was held?

Ans: August 27, 2001 at NAFC, Department of Agirculture, Diliman, Quezon City

7. What resolution did the PSAE unanimously passed which adopt these standards as technical
standards of the agricultural engineering profession?

Ans: Resolution No. 25 s. 2001

8. When and where was the Resolution NO. 25 s. 2001 was passed leading to the adoption of the
PAES and endorsement to the Board of Agricultural Engineering of the Professional Regulation
Commission (BOAE-PRC)?
 Ans: During the 51st – 4th PSAE Regular Board Meeting on August 31, 2001
9. What administrative order did the Department of Agriculture issued which also adopted these
standards as National Standards for Agricultural Engineering and the adoption of Agricultural
Engineering Standards, Volume 1, Series of 2000?

Ans: Administrative Order No. 10, s. 2002

10. What administrative order tasked AMTEC, in partnership with Philippine Society of Agricultural
Engineers (PSAE) and concerned DA agencies, with the formulation and development of the
official agriculture and fisheries machinery standards and such standards to be known as the
“Philippine Standards for Agriculture and Fisheries Machinery”?

Ans: DA-Administrative Order No. 11, Series of 2001 dated 30 May 2001

11. Resolution that adopts the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards, Volume 1, Series of
2000 and prescribing it as a code of technical standards for the practice of agricultural
engineering.

Ans: Resolution No. 05, series of 2002

12. An act that mandates the Department of Agriculture to give priority to the development and
promotion of appropriate agricultural machinery and other agricultural mechanization
technologies to enhance agricultural machinery in the countryside?

Ans: Section 59 of Republic Act No. 8435, otherwise known as the Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act of 1997 (AFMA)

13. What PAES standard provides guidelines pertaining to the prevention of accidents arising from
the use of tractors and machinery for agriculture?

Ans: PAES 101: 2000 – Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – General (Old)

14. What guard type or protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts of
the machine, they prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides covered?

Ans: Shield

15. What guard type or protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the
machine, it prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides?

Ans: Casing

16. What guard type or protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures
the safety, distance necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached inadvertently?
 Ans: Enclosure
17. Guards should withstand a perpendicular static load of?

Ans: 1,200 N

18. What is the safety distance for upward reach?

Ans: 2,500 mm

19. What is the safety distance for sideward or downward reach over barriers?

Ans: 1,000 mm and up

20. The “STOP” control shall be in what color?

Ans: Red

21. Where should the drawbar shall be situated?

Ans: in the longitudinal mid-plane of the tractor

22. What should be the diameter of the hole in the drawbar?

Ans: 33 mm

23. The thickness of the drawbar shall be not more than what?

Ans: 32 mm

24. What standard gives guidance for the content and presentation of operator’s manual for tractors
and machinery for agriculture.

Ans: PAES 102:2000 – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

25. Words that are used in operator’s manuals that signify safety related information where personal
injury may be involved.

Ans: WARNING and CAUTION

26. A word that is in operator’s manuals used to signify instructions when machine damage is
involved and must be followed precisely to avoid damaging the product, process, or its
surroundings.

Ans: IMPORTANT

27. A word used to signal supplementary information.

Ans: NOTE
28. What standard prescribes the procedures for sampling agricultural machinery and its
components, unless specified in the respective product specification. This applies to the finished
products in the production line.

Ans: PAES 103: 2000 – Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

29. A test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot?

Ans: Acceptance Test

30. Any consignment, all components or equipment under study.

Ans: Lot

31. A test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications which
are likely to vary during production.

Ans: Routine Test

32. A test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification.

Ans: Type Test

33. What PAES standard applies to the following agricultural machines: agricultural tractors, self-
propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and combination thereof primarily
used for agricultural operations.

Ans: PAES 104: 2000 – Agricultural Machinery – Location and Method of Operation of
Operator’s Controls – Control for Agricultural Tractors and Machinery

34. A self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily designed to pull,
push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines used for
agricultural, forestry and other related works.

Ans: Agricultural Tractor

35. A machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a pedestrian, designed to
carry out agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat on an attachment
or trailer.

Ans: Pedestrian-operated Machine

36. Designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s station.

Ans: right-hand and left-hand

37. A machine having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the machine,
designed to carry out agricultural operations while on the move.
 Ans: self-propelled machine

38. What PAES standard specifies symbols which are commonly used for controls and other displays
on agricultural machinery and equipment. It includes designation and illustration of commonly
used symbols.

Ans: PAES 105: 2000 – Agricultural Machinery – Symbols for Operator’s Controls and Other
Displays – Common Symbols

39. Consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements,

and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations.

Ans: Agricultural Machines

40. Are visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language.

Ans: Symbol

41. Symbols when used on illuminated displays, what color indicates a failure or serious malfunction
and requires immediate attention?

Ans: Red

42. Symbols when used on illuminated displays, what color indicates a machine or part of the
machine is in its outside normal operating limits?

Ans: Yellow

43. Symbols when used on illuminated displays, what color indicates a machine or part of the
machine is in its normal operating condition?

Ans: Green

44. Certain colors are used for specific functions, blue signifies?

Ans: headlight main-/high- beam display

45. What PAES standard includes the definitions used in the general classification, design,
construction, operation and performance of tillage equipment and soil-tool relationships?

Ans: PAES 106: 2000 – Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology

BASIC TILLAGE GOALS

46. Is the action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation.
 Ans. tillage action

47. Desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations.

Ans: tillage objective

48. Are the soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on
utilitarian and/or economic considerations.

Ans: tillage requirement

GENERAL TILLAGE TERMS AND KIND OF TILLAGE

49. A kind of tillage where an entire area is till as contrast to a partial tillage as in bands or strips.

Ans: broadcast tillage

50. A primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm. It may be
accomplished with a very heavy-duty moldboard or disc plow which inverts the soil, or with a
chisel plow or subsoiler which shatters the soil.

Ans: deep tillage

51. tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil

Ans: earthmoving

52. tillage operation which moves soil to create desired soil configurations

Ans: land forming

*Forming may be done on a large scale such as contouring or terracing, or on a small scale such
as ridging or pitting.

53. tillage operation which moves soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope, for example,
leveling, contouring, cutting, and filling.

Ans: land grading

54. tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface
condition

Ans: land planning

55. tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun,
prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines

Ans: oriented tillage

56. tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil

Ans: rotary tillage

57. A shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil
condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control.

Ans: soil cultivation

58. A mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose. In agriculture, the term is usually
restricted to the changing of soil conditions for the enhancement of crop production.

Ans: tillage

59. A tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to reduce
soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.

Ans: Primary Tillage

60. A tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create
specific soil surface configurations before seeding.

Ans: secondary tillage

61. Also known as tool depth. A vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of
penetration of the tool.

Ans: tillage depth

TILLAGE SYSTEMS

62. A system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or
maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during the
critical erosion period.

Ans: conservation tillage

63. A system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given
geographical area.

Ans: conventional tillage

64. A system wherein least soil manipulation is performed.

Ans: minimum tillage

65. A system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue is
specifically left on or near the soil surface.

Ans: mulch tillage

66. An idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given
conditions.

Ans: optimum tillage

67. It is the subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage.

Ans: precision tillage

68. A system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special planting
procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations.

Ans: reduced tillage

69. A system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or
sprinkler applied water.

Ans: reservoir tillage

70. A system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from
year to year in the same location.

Ans: ridge tillage

71. Where is seeding done when farmers utilized ridge tillage?

Ans: Ridge top

72. A tillage system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled.

Ans: strip tillage

SPECIFIC TILLAGE OPERATION

73. A tillage operation that partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant
residues or artificial mulches.

Ans: Anchoring

74. Also known as ridging or listing. A tillage operation which forms a ridge and furrow soil
configuration.
 Ans: bedding

75. A tillage operation which involves the pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade.

Ans: bulldozing

76. A tillage operation in which a narrow-curved shank is used.

Ans: chisel plowing

77. Chisel plowing at depths greater than 350 mm is called?

Ans: subsoiling

78. A tillage operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting. It is
commonly used before seeding.

Ans: harrowing

79. Also known as mixing. A tillage operation which mixes or disperse foreign materials, such as
pesticides, fertilizers or plant residues into the soil.

Ans: incorporating

80. Also known as hilling-up. A tillage operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a
furrow midway between two previous rows of plants.

Ans: middle breaking

81. This is the reverse of middle breaking or hilling-up. An operation that cuts and throws the soil
away from the base of plants.

Ans: off barring

82. A tillage operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion.

Ans: moldboard plowing

83. A tillage operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation.

Ans: residue processing

84. A deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water
movement.

Ans: subsoiling
85. A tillage operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit
immediately behind a tillage tool shank.
Ans: vertical mulching

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

86. A tillage implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and
pulverizing the soil.

Ans: general-purpose tillage implement

87. An implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow. It
has a frame, wheel arrangement and depth adjustment of the disc plow but the disc are
assembled on a single shaft and turn as a unit similar to a gang of disc harrow.

Ans: plow-harrow

88. An implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as
row crop cultivator. It consists of power-driven shaft, transverse to the direction of travel,
equipped with curved knives that slice through the soil, chop surface residue and mix all
materials in the disturbed layer.

Ans: rotary tiller

89. Also known as rotary plow. A tillage implement which consists of two horizontal power driven
spiral flanged shafts which rotate vertically. The two shafts are placed end-to-end and oriented to
throw the soil outward.

Ans: Spiral plow

90. A tillage implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength
and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer.

Ans: primary tillage implement

91. A tillage implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials

Ans: chisel plow

92. An implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely
invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil

Ans: disc plow

93. An implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials,
and pulverizes the soil. It consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and curved surface.
 Ans: moldboard plow

94. turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow

Ans: right-hand plow

95. turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow

Ans: left-hand plow

96. It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plows, with one type being used at a time. It
eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation.

Ans: two-way plow

97. An implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers.
It is equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped frame.

Ans: subsoiler

98. A tillage implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil,
close air pockets, and eradicate weeds.

Ans: secondary tillage implement

99. An implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and leveling. It consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.

Ans: comb-tooth harrow

100. A tillage implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed
germination and growth. It consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.

Ans: disc harrow

101. A tillage implement that consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which
throw the soil in opposite directions.

Ans: single-action disc harrow

102. Also known as tandem disc harrow. It consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs
follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs
throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in
the opposite directions.

Ans: double-action disc harrow

103. It consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the
harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor.
Ans: offset disc harrow

104. An implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to
some form of primary tillage. It is equipped with spring steel shanks or teeth (generally spaced
150-230 mm in a staggered pattern) which has an integral forged point or mounting holes for
replaceable shovel or sweep tools.

Ans: field cultivator

105. An implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil. It consists of one or two in-line
gangs of rollers such as lugged wheels or any one of various shaped ridged wheels.

Ans: packer

106. An implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the
soil surface. It consists of an in-line gang of ridged rollers, followed by one or more rows of
staggered spring cultivator teeth, followed by a second in-line gang of ridged rollers.

Ans: roller-harrow

107. An implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for
fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge.

Ans: rotary hoe

108. An implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through
standing crop rows without crop damage.

Ans: row crop cultivator

109. An implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil.

Ans: spike-tooth harrow

110. An implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel.

Ans: spring-tooth harrow

111. An implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or
by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation.

Ans: cultivating tillage implement

112. An implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral
adjustments of the tools for different row spacing
 Ans: continuous-tool bar cultivator
113. An implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants.

Ans: separated gang cultivator

NOMENCLATURE FOR TILLAGE TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS

114. A soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes.

Ans: bed shaper

115. A soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil.

Ans: blade