Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Semester: Spring 2017

Course: Linear Algebra and Differential Equations-I (MA-106)
Tutorial-4
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1. Find orthogonal trajectories for the given families of curves in the xy− plane.

(a) y(x) = 4x + c

c
(b) y(x) =
x

(c) y 2 (x) = 2x2 + c

(d) y(x) = ce−3x .

Solution:
dy dỹ 1
(a) = 4. Orthogonal trajectories will be obtained from = − . By in-
dx dx 4
x
tegrating we get ỹ(x) = − + c1 . Orthogonal trajectories for the family of
4
x
curves ỹ = 4x + c are ỹ(x) = − + c1 .
4
(b)

dy c
= − 2
dx x
xy
= − 2
x
y
= −
x
dỹ x
Orthogonal trajectories will be obtained from = . By integrating we
dx ỹ
get ỹ 2 − x2 = c1 .
(c)

y 2 (x) = 2x2 + c
dy(x)
2y(x) = 4x
dx
dy(x) 2x
=
dx y

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 Orthogonal trajectories will be obtained from

dỹ ỹ
= −
dx 2x
dỹ dx
= −
ỹ 2x
1
log |ỹ| = − log |x| + c
2
c1
ỹ = √
x

(d)

y(x) = ce−3x
dy(x)
= −3ce−3x = −3y(x)
dx
Orthogonal trajectories will be obtained from

dỹ 1
=
dx 3ỹ
3ỹdỹ = dx
3 2
ỹ = x + c
2 s
2
ỹ = x + c1
3

2. Consider the IVP

2y 00 (t) + 3y 0 (t) − 2y(t) = 0 y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −β

where β > 0.

(a) Solve the IVP.

(b) Find the smallest value of β for which solution has no minimum point.

Solution:

(a) Characteristic equation for the given differential equation is

2λ2 + 3λ − 2 = 0
(2λ − 1)(λ + 2) = 0
1
λ = − , 2.
2

2
 General solution of the differential solution is
t
y(t) = c1 e−2t + c2 e 2
y(0) = 1 , y 0 (0) = −β
c2
c1 + c2 = 1 , −2c1 + = −β
2
1 + 2β 4 − 2β
solving we get c1 = and c2 = .
5 5
Solution for the IVP is

 t
4 − 2β
  
1 + 2β −2t
y(t) = e + e2
5 5

(b)
 t
2−β
  
0
2(1 + 2β) −2t
y (t) = − e + e2 = 0 (1)
5 5

t
2(1 + 2β) −2t 2−β
e = e2
5 5
Since LHS> 0 (because β > 0) =⇒ 2 − β > 0 =⇒ β < 2. If β < 2 then

5t
2(1 + 2β)
e2 = (2)
2−β
 
2 2(1 + 2β)
t = log (3)
5 2−β
 
2 2(1 + 2β)
y(t) will have minimum at t1 = log for 0 < β < 2 provided
5 2−β
y 00 (t1 ) > 0.

t
00
4(1 + 2β) −2t 2 − β
y (t) = e + e2 > 0
5 10

y 00 (t) > 0 ∀ t ∈ R for 0 < β < 2.

 
2 2(1 + 2β)
For 0 < β < 2, solution has minimum value at t1 = log .
5 2−β
If β = 2 then y(t) = e−2t . Note that y(t) > 0 ∀ t ∈ R and y(t) → 0 as t ∈ ∞
therefore y(t) has no minimum point for β = 2. β = 2 is the smallest value
of β for whichsolution has no minimum point.
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3. Consider the equation ay 00 (t) + by 0 (t) + c = 0, where a, b, c are constants with
a > 0. Find conditions on a, b and c such that roots of the characteristic equation
are

(a) real, different and negative.

(b) real with opposite signs.
(c) real, different and positive.

Solution:

(a) b2 − 4ac > 0, b > 0, c > 0

(b) b2 − 4ac > 0, c > 0
(c) b2 − 4ac > 0, c > 0, b < 0

4. (Reduction of order)
By substituting y(t) = y1 (t)V (t) in the differential equation

y 00 (t) + p(t)y 0 + q(t)y(t) = 0

for which y1 (t) is a solution, show that v(t) will satisfy the following differential
equation  
y1 (t)V (t) + 2y1 (t) + p(t)y1 (t) V 0 (t) = 0
00 0

Solution:

5. Find the Wronskian of the given pair of functions

(a) e2t , e−3t

(b) cos t, sin t
(c) e−2t , te−2t .

Solution:
y1 y2
W (y1 , y2 )(t) =
y10 y20
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = y1 (t)y20 (t) − y2 (t)y10 (t)

(a)
W (e2t , e−3t ) = e2t (−3e−3t ) − 2e−3t e2t = −5e−t .
(b)
W (cos t, sin t) = cos t cos t − sin t(− sin t) = 1
(c)

W (e−2t , te−2t ) = e−2t e−2t −2te−2t −te−2t −2e−2t = e−4t −2te−4t +2te−4t = e−4t

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6. If the Wronskian W of f (t) and g(t) is 2e6t and if f (t) = e3t , find g(t).
Solution:

W (f (t), g(t)) = 2e6t , f (t) = e3t

f (t)g 0 (t) − f 0 (t)g(t) = 2e6t
e3t g 0 (t) − 3e3t g(t) = 2e6t
g 0 (t) − 3g(t) = 2e3t
e−3t g 0 (t) − 3e−3t g(t) = 2
d
g(t)e−3t


= 2
dt
g(t)e−3t = 2t + c
g(t) = 2te3t + ce3t

7. Find the Wronskian of two solutions of the given differential equation without
solving the equation

(a) t2 y 00 (t) − t(t + 2)y 0 (t) + (t + 2)y(t) = 0

(b) cos t y 00 (t) + sin t y 0 (t) − ty(t) = 0

(c) t2 y 00 (t) + ty 0 (t) + t2 − ν 2 y(t) = 0 (Bessel’s equation)

(d) 1 − t2 y 00 (t) − 2ty 0 (t) + α α + 1 y(t) = 0 (Legendre’s equation)

Solution: Wronskian of two solutions of the differential equation

y 00 (t) + p(t)y 0 (t) + q(t)y(t) = 0

(where p(t), q(t) are continuous functions on some open interval I) is given by
Abel’s formula R
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = ce− p(t)dt

(t + 2)
(a) Here p(t) = − .
t

R 2
(1+ )dt
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = ce t
= cet+2 log t
= cet e2 log t
= ct2 et

(b) Here p(t) = tan t.

R
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = ce− tan tdt
= celog cos t
= c cos t
5
 1
(c) Here p(t) = .
t

R 1
− dt
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = ce t
= ce− log(t)
c
=
t

2t
(d) Here p(t) = − .
1 − t2
2t R
dt
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = ce 1 − t2
2)
= ce− log(1−t
c
=
1 − t2

8. We say that y1 (t) and y2 (t) are a fundamental set of solutions if they are linearly
independent or their Wronskian is non-zero at some point. If y1 (t) and y2 (t) are a
fundamental set of solutions of ty 00 (t) + 2y 0 (t) + tet y(t) = 0 and W (y1 , y2 )(1) = 3,
find the value of W (y1 , y2 )(5).
Solution:

ty 00 (t) + 2y 0 (t) + tet y(t) = 0

2
y 00 (t) + y 0 (t)et y(t) = 0
t
2 2
Z Z
p(t) = , − p(t)dt = − dt = −2 log t
t t
c
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = ce−2 log t =
t2
givenW (y1 , y2 )(1) = 3 =⇒ c=3
3
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = =
t2
3
W (y1 , y2 )(5) = =
25

9. If the Wronskian of any two solutions of y 00 (t) + p(t)y(t) + q(t)y(t) = 0 is constant,

what does this imply about the coefficients p and q?.
Solution: p(t) = 0∀ t.
Note: In question number 10 and 11 assume that p and q are continuous and
that the functions y1 (t) and y2 (t) are solutions of the differential equation

y 00 (t) + p(t)y(t) + q(t)y(t) = 0 on an open interval I (4)

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10. Prove that if y1 (t) and y2 (t) are zero at the same point in I, then they can’t be
a fundamental set of solutions on that interval.

11. Prove that if y1 (t) and y2 (t) have maxima or minima at the same point on I, then
they can’t be fundamental set of solutions on that interval.
Solution: We can answer Q10 and Q11 by applying the Theorem 2 on the page
number 74 in Kreyszig(Section 2.6).

Theorem 1 Let the ODE y 00 (t) + p(t)y 0 (t) + q(t)y(t) − 0 have continuous coef-
ficients p(t) and q(t) on an open interval I. Then two solutions y1 and y2 are
linearly dependent on I if and only if their Wronskian

W (y1 , y2 ) = y1 y20 − y2 y10

is zero at some point in I. Furthermore, if W = 0 at t = t0 in I, then W = 0 on

I; hence, if there is an t1 in I at which W is not 0, then y1 and y2 are linearly
independent on I.

12. Without substituting y = tm , solve the differential equation

t2 y 00 (t) − 7ty 0 (t) + 12y(t) = 0.

Solution: We divide given equation by t2 and rewrite

  
00
7 0 12 d a1 dy a2 y
y (t) − y (t) + 2 y(t) = − −
t t dt t dt t
d2 y a2 dy a2 a1 dy a1 a2 y(t)
= 2
− + 2 y(t) − +
dt t dt t t dt t2
(a1 + a2 ) 0 a2 (1 + a1 )y(t)
= y 00 (t) − y (t) +
t t2
a1 + a2 = 7 , (a1 + 1)a2 = 12

By solving we get a1 = 1 and a2 = 6.

  
00
7 0 12 d 1 dy 6y
y (t) − y (t) + 2 y(t) = − −
t t dt t dt t
du u dy 6y
− = 0 where u = −
dt t dt t
Solving we get y(t) = c1 t2 + c2 t6 .