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Environmental Policy Notes

Environmental policy encompasses laws and regulations aimed at balancing economic growth with ecological conservation, addressing issues like pollution and climate change. Key legislation in the USA and India includes acts for air and water quality, species protection, and waste management. Challenges in enforcement include institutional inefficiencies, economic conflicts, and low public engagement.

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45 views2 pages

Environmental Policy Notes

Environmental policy encompasses laws and regulations aimed at balancing economic growth with ecological conservation, addressing issues like pollution and climate change. Key legislation in the USA and India includes acts for air and water quality, species protection, and waste management. Challenges in enforcement include institutional inefficiencies, economic conflicts, and low public engagement.

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Abhishek Raj
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Short Notes on Environmental Policy and Legislation

1. Introduction to Environmental Policy


- A structured set of laws, regulations, and incentives to address environmental issues.
- Aims to balance economic growth with ecological conservation.
- Covers pollution control, waste management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change.

2. Environmental Legislation
- Laws designed to protect ecosystems and human health.
- Includes emission regulations, waste management, and resource conservation.
- Policy Formulation Process: Identify issues -> Analyze causes -> Develop solutions -> Gain support ->
Enact laws -> Implement & review.

3. Major Environmental Laws (USA)


- NEPA (1969): Requires Environmental Impact Statements (EIS).
- Clean Air Act (1970): Regulates air pollution from industries and vehicles.
- Clean Water Act (1972): Controls water pollution.
- Endangered Species Act (1973): Protects threatened species.
- Superfund Act (1980): Funds cleanup of hazardous waste sites.

4. Environmental Laws in India


- Constitutional Provisions:
- - Article 48A: State duty to protect the environment.
- - Article 51A(g): Citizens' duty to protect nature.
- - Article 21: Right to a clean and healthy environment.

Key Environmental Acts


- Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974: Regulates water pollution.
- Air (Prevention & Control) Act, 1981: Controls industrial & vehicular emissions.
- Environment Protection Act, 1986: Broad framework for environmental conservation.
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Protects species and habitats.
- Forest Conservation Act, 1980: Prevents deforestation.
- Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Implements CBD, protects genetic resources.

Waste Management Laws


- Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016: Mandates segregation & recycling.
- E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016: Establishes producer responsibility.
- Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016: Regulates single-use plastics.

Climate & Energy Laws


- Energy Conservation Act, 2001: Promotes efficiency.
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), 2008: Introduces missions for sustainability.

5. Approaches to Environmental Policy


- Tax Breaks & Subsidies: Encourage eco-friendly practices.
- Green Taxes: Penalize polluters.
- Cap-and-Trade: Limits emissions through permits.
- Command-and-Control: Strict regulations and penalties.

6. Challenges in Policy Enforcement


- Lack of coordination between agencies.
- Institutional inefficiencies.
- Economic interests conflicting with sustainability.
- Corruption and bureaucratic delays.
- Low public awareness and engagement.

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