1.

What is the first step in divides the population into

identifying a research problem? subgroups and selects samples
Answer: b. Identifying a current gap proportionally to represent all
in societal practices groups fairly.
Explanation: Research begins by Example: Selecting students by
observing unmet needs or grade level (e.g., freshmen,
unresolved issues in society, which sophomores) for a study on
can guide the formulation of a academic stress.
meaningful research problem. 6. Why would a researcher use
Example: Observing that rural purposive sampling?
schools lack internet access for Answer: b. The researcher is
students to engage in online conducting an exploratory study
learning. with a specific focus group
2. What is a key advantage of Explanation: Purposive sampling
applied research? targets participants with specific
Answer: c. It emphasizes characteristics relevant to the
generalizability to real-life situations research objectives.
Explanation: Applied research Example: Interviewing experienced
solves practical problems by offering nurses for a study on hospital
results that can be implemented in management.
real-world contexts. 7. What is face validity in research?
Example: Studying renewable Answer: b. The extent to which the
energy efficiency to design affordable instrument appears to measure
solar panels for rural households. what it claims, based on expert
3. How can a researcher ensure that judgment
findings are utilized effectively? Explanation: Face validity ensures
Answer: b. Collaborate with the tool seems appropriate for its
stakeholders who will use the intended purpose, even if this is a
research findings subjective judgment.
Explanation: Involving key Example: An HR survey on
stakeholders ensures the research is employee satisfaction reviewed by
relevant and actionable, increasing HR professionals for relevance.
the likelihood of its application. 8. Which method evaluates the
Example: Partnering with health stability of an instrument over
workers to implement findings from time?
a study on disease prevention Answer: c. Test-retest reliability
strategies. Explanation: This method
4. Why are ethical considerations measures consistency by
essential in implementing administering the same test at
research findings? different times and comparing the
Answer: c. They ensure that the results.
implementation of findings does not Example: Giving the same math test
harm communities to students two weeks apart and
Explanation: Ethical considerations comparing the scores.
protect participants and 9. What is criterion-related validity?
communities from adverse effects, Answer: b. Comparing the
ensuring the research benefits instrument’s results to those of an
society. established instrument that
Example: Ensuring that a public measures the same construct
health intervention respects cultural Explanation: Criterion validity
norms and does not stigmatize checks if a new tool’s results align
participants. with those from a trusted
5. When is stratified random benchmark instrument.
sampling most appropriate? Example: Comparing results from a
Answer: b. When the researcher new depression scale to an
wants to ensure representation established clinical diagnostic test.
across key subgroups 10. How is Cronbach’s alpha used in
Explanation: This sampling method research?
 Answer: b. It evaluates the internal dependent variable in a study on
consistency of the instrument’s learning strategies.
items 15. Which type of instrument is most
Explanation: Cronbach’s alpha effective for collecting opinions
ensures that all items in a on a scale?
questionnaire reliably measure the Answer: c. Questionnaires with
same concept. Likert-scale questions
Example: Calculating Cronbach’s Explanation: Likert scales measure
alpha for a job satisfaction survey to the intensity of opinions, making
confirm reliability. them ideal for gathering attitudinal
11. What is a defining feature of data.
experimental research? Example: A survey asking
Answer: b. A deliberate and participants to rate satisfaction from
controlled manipulation of an 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very
independent variable to observe its satisfied).
effect 16. Why are hypothesis tests
Explanation: Experimental research conducted in research?
tests cause-and-effect relationships Answer: b. To determine whether
by manipulating one variable while the sample data supports a specific
keeping others constant. theory
Example: Studying the effect of Explanation: Hypothesis testing
fertilizer type on plant growth in helps researchers evaluate whether
controlled environments. observed data aligns with a
12. Why is a longitudinal study predicted outcome, validating or
useful? rejecting the hypothesis.
Answer: b. To track changes over Example: Testing if a new teaching
time and evaluate the effectiveness method significantly improves
of the intervention students' math scores compared to
Explanation: Longitudinal studies traditional methods.
observe the same subjects over an 17. Which adjustment reduces the
extended period, identifying trends risk of Type I errors?
and long-term effects. Answer: b. Decreasing the
Example: Monitoring the academic significance level (alpha)
performance of students receiving Explanation: A lower alpha level
tutoring for five years. reduces the likelihood of falsely
13. What situation threatens the rejecting a true null hypothesis,
reliability of data collection? minimizing errors in concluding
Answer: a. Using multiple data results.
collectors who receive different Example: Using an alpha level of
training instructions 0.01 instead of 0.05 in a clinical
Explanation: Inconsistent training trial to ensure accurate results.
among data collectors can result in 18. Which statistical test compares
varied interpretations and means among three or more
responses, reducing reliability. groups?
Example: Different interviewers Answer: b. ANOVA (Analysis of
asking survey questions in Variance)
inconsistent ways. Explanation: ANOVA tests whether
14. Which strategy is most effective there are significant differences
for selecting dependent variables between the means of three or more
in a study? independent groups.
Answer: c. Prioritizing variables that Example: Comparing the average
directly reflect the core constructs of exam scores of students from three
the study different schools.
Explanation: Selecting variables 19. What information should a
aligned with research objectives researcher include in the
ensures meaningful and methodology section about the
interpretable results. instruments?
Example: Using test scores as the Answer: b. Describing the research
 instruments in detail, including how stress levels accurately measures
they were developed and validated stress.
Explanation: A clear description of 24. What is a practical way to test
the instruments ensures the reliability of a questionnaire?
transparency and allows other Answer: c. Conducting a pilot test to
researchers to replicate the study. ensure that the questions are
Example: Explaining how a survey straightforward and understood
on workplace satisfaction was consistently
designed and tested for validity. Explanation: Pilot testing identifies
20. What is external validity? ambiguities and allows researchers
Answer: a. The ability to generalize to refine questions for clarity and
the findings from the sample to the reliability.
broader population Example: Testing a survey on
Explanation: External validity financial literacy with a small group
assesses whether the results of a before distributing it to a larger
study apply to groups outside the audience.
sample. 25. What is an important feature of
Example: Applying findings from a tables used to present data?
study on high school students’ Answer: c. Labeling rows and
study habits to students in general. columns clearly with descriptive
21. What ensures credibility in headings and units
participant selection? Explanation: Clear labels ensure
Answer: b. A detailed description of the data is easy to interpret and
how participants were selected and eliminates confusion.
the rationale behind it Example: Creating a table showing
Explanation: Explaining participant test scores with columns labeled
selection methods enhances “Student Name” and “Score (%)”.
credibility and clarifies how the 26. Which graphical representation
sample reflects the study's is most effective for showing data
objectives. distribution?
Example: Detailing how Answer: c. Box plot
participants were randomly selected Explanation: Box plots display the
for a survey on customer range, median, and outliers of a
satisfaction. dataset, providing a clear view of its
22. Which ethical consideration is distribution.
crucial in participant selection? Example: Using a box plot to
Answer: c. How participants' compare the heights of students
confidentiality and consent were across different grades.
ensured throughout the study 27. What is a limitation of bar
Explanation: Ethical research graphs?
protects participants’ privacy and Answer: b. Bar graphs are not
ensures their voluntary effective for showing trends over
participation. time
Example: Obtaining signed consent Explanation: Bar graphs compare
forms and anonymizing responses in categories, but line graphs are better
a mental health study. suited for illustrating changes over
23. How is construct validity time.
established? Example: Using a bar graph to
Answer: b. The instrument’s ability compare the number of participants
to measure the variables directly across different age groups, rather
related to the research questions than their activity levels over
Explanation: Construct validity months.
ensures that the tool measures the 28. Which statistical tool measures
intended theoretical concept the strength and direction of a
effectively. relationship between two
Example: Confirming that a variables?
questionnaire designed to assess Answer: b. Pearson’s correlation
coefficient
 Explanation: Pearson’s correlation performance of students in two
quantifies the degree to which two different teaching methods.
continuous variables are linearly 30. Which test evaluates the
related. relationship between two
Example: Measuring the correlation categorical variables?
between hours studied and exam Answer: c. Chi-square test of
scores. independence
29. What statistical test is used to Explanation: The chi-square test
compare means between two assesses whether there is a
independent groups? significant association between two
Answer: b. Independent-samples t- categorical variables.
test Example: Testing whether gender
Explanation: This test evaluates (male/female) is related to
whether the means of two unrelated preference for a specific type of
groups differ significantly. mobile app.
Example: Comparing the average

In Practical Research, the conclusions and recommendations of a study play a pivotal role in
summarizing findings and proposing actionable steps. A strong conclusion must directly
address the research objectives and questions, linking the results to the study’s goals (item
31). It is also vital to interpret the results in the context of the study's limitations and
assumptions, ensuring that the findings are not overstated or taken out of context (item 32).
Overstating statistically significant results without considering their effect size can mislead
interpretations, reducing the validity and applicability of the research (item 33).

Recommendations should align with the findings and objectives, ensuring they are practical
and feasible (item 34). Suggestions that are unrelated to the study or based on limited or
unrepresentative data lack credibility and should be avoided (items 35 and 36). For instance,
recommending sweeping policy changes based on findings from a small sample size could lead
to unreliable conclusions (item 37).

Proper citation practices are essential for academic integrity. A bibliography includes all
consulted works, whereas a reference list contains only sources directly cited in the text (item
38). Accurate citations allow readers to verify sources and help prevent plagiarism (item 39).
For online articles with DOI identifiers, omitting retrieval dates adheres to citation standards
(item 40).

In disseminating research, results must be communicated clearly and effectively. Summarizing

key findings while considering the audience's interests ensures that the message is relevant
and easily understood (item 41). Research presentations should simplify complex data for lay
audiences, emphasizing essential findings and their implications (item 42). Clear and concise
summaries of conclusions tailored to the audience's concerns enhance engagement and
comprehension (item 43).

Acknowledging limitations in a study demonstrates transparency and helps readers

understand the scope of the findings (item 44). Responding to questions from stakeholders or
readers requires evidence-based, detailed explanations while staying within the study’s focus
(item 45). However, providing excessive background information can detract from the key
findings and overwhelm the audience (item 46).

Publishing research in a journal requires selecting one that aligns with the study’s focus and
target audience, ensuring that the research reaches the appropriate readership (item 47).
Conclusions in published studies must be directly related to the objectives and findings,
providing well-supported interpretations (item 48). Finally, recommendations should be
actionable, realistic, and based on the study’s results to ensure practical application in real-
world contexts (item 49 and item 50).