AGRICULTURE OF INDIA
Prof. Gouri Chakraborty
Types of agriculture
Basis Types
Land and Population • Intensive Agriculture – Paddy cultivation
• Extensive Agriculture – Wheat Cultivation
Cropping process • Single Crop
• Double Crop
• Multi-Cropping/Crop Rotation
Method of • Primitive Shifting Agriculture (‘slash and burn’ agriculture)
production/Market
• Plantation Agriculture: Tea, coffee, rubber, tobacco, banana,
spice, coconut etc.
• Commercial crops or cash crops: tea, coffee, rubber, spice,
sugarcane, oil seed etc.
Name of shifting cultivation in different regions
Name Country/Location
Jhum Arunachal Pradesh (1st Shifting cultivation) & Assam
(Maximum shifting cultivation)
Podu, Penda Andhra Pradesh
Beera, Bewar, Dahiya M.P.
Ponam Kerala
Pama Dabi, Koman, Bringa, (Kaman, Vinga and Odisha
Dhavi)
Deepa Chhattisgarh
Kumari Western Ghats
Valre, Waltre, Walra Rajasthan
Khil Himalayan Belt
Jhumming North eastern regions
Seasonal variation of crops
Crops Sowing Time Harvesting Time Example States
Kharif (Rainy) June-July Sept-Oct Jute, Paddy, Cotton, Assam, West Bengal,
Maize, Sugarcane coastal regions of
Odisha, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana,
Tamil Nadu, Kerala and
Maharashtra
Rabi (Winter) Oct-Dec April-May Wheat, Mustard, Punjab, Haryana,
Oilseed, Potato Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttarakhand and Uttar
Pradesh
Zaid (Summer) Mar-April May-June Watermelon, Most of the northern
cucumber, vegetables and northwestern
states
Rice production Wheat production
Other types of cultivation and production
Name Example
Sericulture Silk
Olericulture Vegetables
Floriculture Flower
Pomiculture Fruits
Truck Farming Horticulture
Viticulture Grapes
Silviculture Afforestation
Monoculture Single crop production
Mixed culture Animal husbandry with crop cultivation
Apiculture Honey Bees
Pisciculture Fish
Transhumance Changing location of agriculture in different seasons
Different revolutions related to cultivation and production
Revolutions Related to
Green Revolution Food Grain Mainly Wheat
Operation Flood Milk Production
2nd Green Revolution Paddy
Red Revolution Tomato, Meat
Blue Revolution Fish
Golden Revolution Horticulture
Black Revolution Crude Oil, Coal (Conventional Energy)
White Revolution Milk
Silver Revolution Egg
Yellow Revolution Oil Seed, Mustard
Pink Revolution Shrimp, Prawn, Onion
Round Revolution Potato
Grey Revolution Woolen, Fertilizer
Golden Fiber Revolution Jute
Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton
Evergreen Revolution Twice Increase Of Production
Brown Revolution Spice, Soft Drink, Coffee, Food Processing
Rainbow Revolution Overall Development Of Agriculture
Sweet Revolution Honey
Agricultural Research Centers
Research Unit Location
ICAR Pusa, New Delhi
Jute Barrackpore (W.B.)
Wheat Pusa, New Delhi
Rice/Paddy Cuttack (Odisha), Chinsurah (W.B.)
Cotton Mumbai, Nagpur
Potato Shimla
Tea Tokali, Jorhat (Assam)
Sugarcane Lucknow, Kanpur
Silk Mysore (Karnataka)
Rubber Kottayam (Kerala)
Coffee Chikmagalur (Karnataka)
Spice Kozhikode (Kerala)
Tobacco Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh)
Ground Nut Junagarh (Gujarat)
Milk Karnal (Haryana)
Millets Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Major crops in India
Food Grains Commercial/Plantation Crops Horticulture
Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Others Vegetables Fruits
Rice Coarse Tur Groundnut Sugarcane Potato Banana
Cereals
Wheat Millets Gram Castor Cotton Sweet Potato Mango
Jowar Moong Niger Mesta Onion Apple
Bajra Urad Sesame Coconut Chilies Apricot
Ragi Lentil Rapeseed Tobacco Tomato Grape
Maize Mustard Rubber Cauliflower Walnuts
Barley Linseed Coffee Brinjal Pineapple
Safflower Tea
Sunflower Spices
Soybean
Highest Crop Producing States In India (2021-22)
Crops State
Rice, Tobacco West Bengal
Wheat, Sugarcane, Mango, Uttar Pradesh
Potato
Green Chili Andhra Pradesh
Spices Madhya Pradesh
Coconut, Sunflower, Ragi Karnataka
Mustard, Bajra Rajasthan
Apple Jammu And Kashmir
Banana Tamil Nadu
Groundnut Gujarat
Jowar, Orange, Grape Maharashtra
Food Grains U.P., M.P., Punjab
Major Crop Soil World Rank (%) State of India (%) Main Variety
Rice Loamy, Alluvial 1. China 3. West Bengal Jaya, Ratna, Pankaj,
(150-200 cm Jamuna, IR
2. India 4. Andhra
rainfall, 25-30°C (International Rice-
Pradesh
Temperature) IR 20 HYV variety),
5. Hectare Radhuni Pagol
wise Punjab (Organic Variety)
(1st )
Wheat Red, Alluvial (100 1. China 1. Uttar Pradesh Janaki, Hira,
Frost free days) Sonalika, Kalyan
2. India 2. Punjab Hectare
Sona (HYV seed)
wise (1st )
Tea Podzol/ mountain 1. China 3. Assam Green, Black, Brick,
Oolong, Etc.
2. India 4. West Bengal
5. Karnataka
hectare wise
(1st)
Coffee Laterite, Red soil 1. Brazil Karnataka hectare Robusta (2/3rd
wise 1st produce), Arabica,
4. India
Liberica, Java, Civet
Cotton Black, Regur, Lava 1. China 4. Gujarat Sujata
2. U.S.A. 5. Maharashtra
3. India 6. Hectare
wise Punjab
(1st)
Sugarcane Black, Regur, Lava 1.Brazil 1. U.P. (Sugar
Bowl of
2. India
India)
2. Tamil Nadu
3. Hectare
wise 1st
Tamil Nadu
Jute Marshy/Peaty Soil, 1. India 3. West Bengal Shyamali, Tossa
Alluvial (max. found in
2. Bangladesh 4. Odisha
India), Sobuj sona
(hectare
wise 1st)
WELL AND DEEP TUBE WELL
➢ Wells are mainly found in U.P., Bihar, Tamil Nadu etc
➢ Types: Shallow Wells, Deep Wells, Tube Wells, Artesian Well Etc.
➢ Tube wells are mostly used in U.P. , Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and Gujarat
➢ In Rajasthan and Maharashtra, Artesian wells are now supplying water to agricultural land
CANAL IRRIGATION
➢ The perennial canals get supply of water either from river directly or through the reservoirs of the
river projects
➢ Found in Punjab, U.P. and Tamil Nadu
In Punjab the Upper Bari Doab Canal (connecting the Ravi and the Beas) and Shirhind Canal (from the
Sutlej) is famous
➢ In Tamil Nadu most important are the Buckingham Canal (Parallel to Coromandel coast) and the
Periyar Canal (Kerala)
➢ Longest canal- Indira Gandhi Canal (Old name: Rajasthan canal)
TANK IRRIGATION
➢ Mostly found in the South Indian States
➢ This system is greatly adopted in the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
➢ In many places rain water harvesting systems ate installed and water is stored in large artificial
reservoirs to be used for agricultural purposes
