AMA211 Introduction to Calculus and Linear Algebra
Lecture 1: Introduction
Dr. Kaibin Huang
Dept. of AMA
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Course Information
Instructor: Dr. Kaibin Huang
Email: [email protected] Phone: 2766 7865
Office: HJ 621
Online course site: Learn@PolyU
Consultation hours: Monday 10:30AM - 12:30PM
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Course Information
Textbooks are available at the bookstore
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Course Schedule
Week Topic (Calculus) Assign. Week Topic (Linear Algebra) Assign.
Systems of Linear Equations and
1 Introduction 8 Matrices
Systems of Linear Equations and
2 Limits and Their Properties 9 Matrices
3 Differentiation 10 Determinants
4 Differentiation 11 Vector Spaces
Applications of
5 Differentiation
AS 1 12 Vector Spaces
AS 2
6 Integration 13 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
7 Integration + Mid Term 14 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Final Exam
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Grading Policy
Item Percentage in final-grade calculation
2 Assignments 10%
Mid Term 30%
Final Exam 60%
To pass this subject, students are required to obtain Grade D or
above in Assignments, Mid Term and Final Exam
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Preparation for Calculus
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The Slope of a Line
The slope of a nonvertical line is a measure of the number
of units the line rises (or falls) vertically for each unit of
horizontal change from left to right. Consider the two points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on the line in Figure 1.12.
Δy = y2 – y1 = change in y
Δx = x2 – x1 = change in x
Figure 1.12
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The Slope of a Line
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Equations of Lines
Any two points on a nonvertical line can be used to
calculate its slope. This can be verified from the similar
triangles shown in Figure 1.14. (Recall that the ratios of
corresponding sides of similar triangles are equal.)
Any two points on a nonvertical line can be
used to determine its slope.
Figure 1.14
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Equations of Lines
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Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
The slope of a line is a convenient tool for determining
whether two lines are parallel or perpendicular, as shown in
Figure 1.19. Specifically, nonvertical lines with the same
slope are parallel and nonvertical lines whose slopes are
negative reciprocals are perpendicular.
Parallel lines Perpendicular lines
Figure 1.19
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Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
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Functions and Function Notation
A real-valued function f of a real variable x
Figure 1.22
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Functions and Function Notation
Functions can be specified in a variety of ways. However,
we will concentrate primarily on functions that are given by
equations involving the dependent and independent
variables.
For instance, the equation
x2 + 2y = 1 Equation in implicit form
defines y, the dependent variable, as a function of x, the
independent variable.
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Functions and Function Notation
To evaluate this function (that is, to find the y-value that
corresponds to a given x-value), it is convenient to isolate y
on the left side of the equation.
Equation in explicit form
Using f as the name of the function, you can write this
equation as
Function notation
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Inverse Functions
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Inverse Functions
Note that the domain of f is equal to the range of f –1, and
vice versa, as shown in Figure 1.35.
Domain of f = range of f –1
Domain of f –1 = range of f
Figure 1.35
The functions f and f –1 have the effect of “undoing” each
other.
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Inverse Functions
That is, when you form the composition of f with f –1 or the
composition of f –1 with f, you obtain the identity function.
f (f –1(x)) = x and f –1(f (x)) = x
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Existence of an Inverse Function
The following formally states why the Horizontal Line Test is
valid.
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
For instance, the sine function is one-to-one on the interval
[–π /2, π /2] (see Figure 1.42).
(a) (b)
Figure 1.42
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Under suitable restrictions, each of the six trigonometric
functions is one-to-one and so has an inverse function, as
indicated in the following definition. (The term “iff” is used to
represent the phrase “if and only if.”)
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The graphs of the six inverse trigonometric functions are
shown in Figure 1.43.
Figure 1.43 23
1.6 Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions
Exponential Functions
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Exponential Functions
The shapes of the graphs in Figure 1.46 are typical of the
exponential functions y = ax and y = a–x where a > 1, as
shown in Figure 1.47.
Figure 1.47
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Exponential Functions
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The Number e
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The Number e
In calculus, the natural (or convenient) choice for a base of
an exponential number is the irrational number e, whose
decimal approximation is
e ≈ 2.71828182846.
This choice may seem anything but natural. However, the
convenience of this particular base will become apparent as
you continue in this course.
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The Number e
Later, when you study limits, you will learn that this result
can be written as
which is read as “the limit of (1 + x)1/x as x approaches
0 is e.”
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The Natural Logarithmic Function
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The Natural Logarithmic Function
Because the natural exponential function f (x) = ex is
one-to-one, it must have an inverse function. Its inverse is
called the natural logarithmic function. The domain of the
natural logarithmic function is the set of positive real
numbers.
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The Natural Logarithmic Function
Because the function g (x) = ln x is defined to be the inverse
of f (x) = ex, it follows that the graph of the natural
logarithmic function is a reflection of the graph of the natural
exponential function in the line y = x as shown in Figure
1.50.
Figure 1.50
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The Natural Logarithmic Function
Because f (x) = ex and g (x) = ln x are inverses of each
other, you can conclude that
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Properties of Logarithms
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Properties of Logarithms
This property and the properties dealing with the natural log
of a quotient and the natural log of a power are listed here.
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