5 Integration

Antiderivatives

2
Antiderivatives
Suppose you were asked to find a function F whose
derivative is f (x) = 3x2. From your knowledge of derivatives,
you would probably say that

F(x) = x3 because

The function F is an antiderivative of f.

3
Antiderivatives

Using Theorem 5.1, you can represent the entire family of

antiderivatives of a function by adding a constant to a
known antiderivative.

4
Example 1 – Solving a Differential Equation

Find the general solution of the differential equation y ʹ′ = 2.

Solution:
To begin, you need to find a function whose derivative is 2.
One such function is

y = 2x. 2x is an antiderivative of 2.

Now, you can use Theorem 5.1 to conclude that the

general solution of the differential equation is

y = 2x + C. General solution

5
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

The graphs of several functions of the form y = 2x + C are

shown in Figure 5.1.

Functions of the form y = 2x + C

Figure 5.1

6
Notation for Antiderivatives
When solving a differential equation of the form

it is convenient to write it in the equivalent differential form

dy = f (x) dx.

7
Notation for Antiderivatives
The expression ∫ f (x) dx is read as the antiderivative of f
with respect to x.

So, the differential dx serves to identify x as the variable of

integration. The term indefinite integral is a synonym for
antiderivative.

8
Basic Integration Rules

9
Basic Integration Rules
The inverse nature of integration and differentiation can be
verified by substituting F ʹ′(x) for f (x) in the definition of
indefinite integration to obtain

Integration is the “inverse” of

differentiation.

Moreover, if ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) + C, then

Differentiation is the “inverse” of

integration.

10
Basic Integration Rules
These two equations allow you to obtain integration
formulas directly from differentiation formulas, as shown in
the following summary.

11
5.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Example 1 – A Partition with Subintervals of Unequal Widths

Consider the region bounded by the graph of f (x) = and

the x-axis for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as shown in Figure 5.17.

Evaluate the limit

where ci is the right endpoint of the

partition given by ci = i 2/n2 and Δxi
is the width of the i th interval.
The subintervals do not have
equal widths.
Figure 5.17

13
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

The width of the i th interval is given by

So, the limit is

14
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

15
Riemann Sums
The region shown in Figure 5.18 has an area of
Because the square bounded by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
has an area of 1, you can conclude that the area of the
region shown in Figure 5.17 has an area of

The area of the region bounded by the graph

The subintervals do not have equal widths.
of x = y2 and the y-axis for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 is
Figure 5.17 Figure 5.18
16
Riemann Sums
In the following definition of a Riemann sum, note that the
function f has no restrictions other than being defined on
the interval [a, b]. (The function f was assumed to be
continuous and nonnegative because we were dealing with
the area under a curve.)

17
Riemann Sums
The width of the largest subinterval of a partition Δ is the
norm of the partition and is denoted by || Δ ||. If every
subinterval is of equal width, the partition is regular and the
norm is denoted by

Regular partition

For a general partition, the norm is related to the number of

subintervals of [a, b] in the following way.

General partition

18
Riemann Sums
So, the number of subintervals in a partition approaches
infinity as the norm of the partition approaches 0. That is,
|| Δ || → 0 implies that n →

The converse of this statement is not true. For example, let

Δn be the partition of the interval [0, 1] given by

19
Riemann Sums
As shown in Figure 5.19, for any positive value of n, the
norm of the partition Δn is

So, letting n approach infinity does not force || Δ || to

approach 0. In a regular partition, however, the statements
|| Δ || → 0 and n → are equivalent.

n→ does not imply that || Δ || → 0.

Figure 5.19
20
Definite Integrals

21
Definite Integrals
To define the definite integral, consider the following limit.

To say that this limit exists means there exists a real

number L such that for each ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 so
that for every partition with || Δ || < δ it follows that

regardless of the choice of ci in the i th subinterval of each

partition Δ.
22
Definite Integrals

23
Definite Integrals
It is not a coincidence that the notation used for definite
integrals is similar to that used for indefinite integrals.

It is important to see that definite integrals and indefinite

integrals are different concepts. A definite integral is a
number, whereas an indefinite integral is a family of
functions.

24
Definite Integrals
Though Riemann sums were defined for functions with very
few restrictions, a sufficient condition for a function f to be
integrable on [a, b] is that it is continuous on [a, b].

25
Definite Integrals
For a definite integral to be interpreted as an area the
function f must be continuous and nonnegative on [a, b],
as stated in the following theorem.

You can use a definite

integral to find the area
of the region bounded
by the graph of f, the
x-axis, x = a, and x = b.
Figure 5.21

26
Definite Integrals
As an example of Theorem 5.5,
consider the region bounded by
the graph of

f (x) = 4x – x2

and the x-axis, as shown in

Figure 5.22.
Figure 5.22

27
Definite Integrals
Because f is continuous and nonnegative on the closed
interval [0, 4], the area of the region is

However, you can evaluate a definite integral in two ways—

you can use the limit definition or you can check to see
whether the definite integral represents the area of a
common geometric region such as a rectangle, triangle, or
semicircle.

28
Properties of Definite Integrals

29
Properties of Definite Integrals
The definition of the definite integral of f on the interval
[a, b] specifies that a < b. Now, however, it is convenient to
extend the definition to cover cases in which a = b or a > b.

Geometrically, the following two definitions seem

reasonable. For instance, it makes sense to define the area
of a region of zero width and finite height to be 0.

30
Properties of Definite Integrals
In Figure 5.24, the shaded region can be divided at x = c
into two subregions whose intersection is a line segment.

Because the line segment has zero

area, it follows that the area of the
entire shaded region is equal to the
sum of the areas of the two
subregions.

Figure 5.24

31
Properties of Definite Integrals

Because the definite integral is defined as the limit of a

sum, it inherits the properties of summation.

32
Example 6 – Evaluation of a Definite Integral

Evaluate dx using each of the following

values.

Solution:

33
Example 6 – Solution cont’d

34
Properties of Definite Integrals
If f and g are continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and
0 ≤ f (x) ≤ g(x)
for a ≤ x ≤ b, the following properties are true. First, the
area of the region bounded by the graph of f and the x-axis
(between a and b) must be nonnegative.

Second, this area must be less

than or equal to the area of the
region bounded by the graph of g
and the x-axis (between a and b),
as shown in Figure 5.25.
Figure 5.25
35
Properties of Definite Integrals
These two properties are generalized in Theorem 5.8.

36