Question 1: What is the definition of an electrical/electronic system, and how does it differ from
other types of systems?
An electrical/electronic systems is a group of components connected topgerther to perform a desired
function
Question 2: What is an electrical conductor? Name some materials that are considered as
conductor?
A conductor is a material having a low resistance
Example: copper, aluminium, brass, platinum, sliver, gold and carbon
Question 3: What is an electrical insulator? Name some materials that are considered as insulator?
An insulator is a material having a high resistance
Example: Plastic, rubber, glass, porcelain, air, paper, cork, mica ceramics and certain oils
Question 4: What does an atom consist of, and when does an atom carry an electric charge?
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, electrons
An atoms can gain of lose electrons
Question 5: State the definition of current, resistance, and E.M.F?
EMF provided by a source of energy such as a battery or a generator is measured in volts
Current is the rate of movement of charge
Resistance is the property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current.
It is measured in Ohm
Question 6: What is an ammeter, voltmeter, ohmmeter, multimeter, and oscilloscope used for?
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure current
An voltmeter is an instrument used to measure p.d
An ohmmeter is an instrument for measuring resistance
An multimeter (Universal instrument) may be used to measure voltage, current and resistance
The oscilloscope may be used to observe waveforms and to measure voltages and currents
Question 7: What is electric charge, and what is its relationship to electric current?
The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity which flows past a given point in a electric
circuit
Q=I.t
Question 8: What is potential difference, and how is it measured electric circuits?
A charge in electric potential between two points in a electric circuit is called a potential difference
Use voltmeter
Question 9: What are multiples and sub-multiples in electric circuits, and how are they used to
represent quantities such as current, voltage, and resistance efficiently?
Repersent large or small valus of electrical quantities are often represented using prefixes
Multiples for larger units: kV, Mohm
Sub-multiples for smaller units: mohm, uA
Question 10: List all functions of an oscilloscope?
Displays electrical waveforms
Measures voltage singnals over time
Question 11: Where can a ground resistance meter be used?
Places where ground resistance masurement are need:
- Power plants an substation
- Industrial facilities
- Construction sites
- Telecommunication towers
- Building
- Underground in stallations
Question 12: In electrical circuit, what is equivalent resistance, open-circuit voltage, and short-
circuit current?
Open-circuit voltage is the voltage measured across two terminals when no current flows
Short-circuit is the current that flows when the terminals of a circuit are directly connected with zero
resistance
Equivalent resistance is the total resistance of a circuit or a comnination of resistors while
maintaining the same effect
Question 13: State the current law of Kirchhoff’s laws?
Question 14: State the voltage law of Kirchhoff’s laws?
… in closed loop…algebraic sum of the voltage … equal to the resultant e.m.f…
Question 15: List some basic electrical SI units and their corresponding quantities?
current (Ampere, A); voltage (Volt, V)…
Question 16: What is a variable resistor?
resistor.. resistance…adjusted
Question 17: What is the power and electrical energy, and how are they measured?
… rate of energy transfer …use watemeter…
…total amount of energy... use energy meter
Question 18: To find a current flow through a resistor in a circuit, which method can we used?
Ohm’s Law…Kirchhoff’s Laws…Thevenin’s or Norton’s Theorem
Question 19: State the Norton’s theorem and 4 steps to find the current using Norton’s theorem?
…current...equal to the current .. flow in a short-circuit across the branch, and the internal resistance
…
step 1: …remove…R… short-circuit
step 2: …determine the short-circuit current…
step 3: …remove emf…determine looking-in resistance…
step 4: …determine…current…
Question 20: State the Thevenin’s theorem and 4 steps to find the current using Thevenin’s
theorem?
…current… equal to the p.d… across a break made in the branch…the internal resistances….
step 1: …remove…R…
step 2: …determine the open-circuit voltage…
step 3: …remove emf…determine looking-in resistance…
step 4: …determine…current…
Question 1: What is the definition of an electrical/electronic system, and how does it differ
from other types of systems?
An electrical/electronic system is a group of components connected together to perform a desired
function
Energy Type
Control & Functionality
Components Used
Question 2: What is an electrical conductor? Name some materials that are considered
conductors.
A conductor is a material having low resistance.
Examples: Copper, aluminium, brass, platinum, silver, gold, and carbon.
Question 3: What is an electrical insulator? Name some materials that are considered
insulators.
An insulator is a material having high resistance.
Examples: Plastic, rubber, glass, air, paper, mica, ceramics, and certain oils.
Question 4: What does an atom consist of, and when does an atom carry an electric charge?
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
An atom can gain or lose electrons, which results in it carrying an electric charge.
Question 5: State the definition of current, resistance, and E.M.F.
E.M.F. is provided by a source of energy such as a battery or a generator and is measured in
volts.
Current is the rate of movement of charge.
Resistance is the property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current. It is
measured in ohms (Ω).
Question 6: What are an ammeter, voltmeter, ohmmeter, multimeter, and oscilloscope used
for?
Ammeter: Measures current.
Voltmeter: Measures potential difference (p.d.).
Ohmmeter: Measures resistance.
Multimeter (Universal instrument): Measures voltage, current, and resistance.
Oscilloscope: Observes waveforms and measures voltages and currents.
Question 7: What is electric charge, and what is its relationship to electric current?
The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity that flows past a given point in an electric
circuit.
Formula: Q = I × t
Question 8: What is potential difference, and how is it measured in electric circuits?
A change in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit is called potential
difference.
It is measured using a voltmeter.
Question 9: What are multiples and sub-multiples in electric circuits, and how are they used
to represent quantities such as current, voltage, and resistance efficiently?
Large or small values of electrical quantities are often represented using prefixes.
Multiples for larger units: kV, MΩ.
Sub-multiples for smaller units: mΩ, µA.
Question 10: List all functions of an oscilloscope.
Displays electrical waveforms.
Measures voltage signals over time.
Question 11: Where can a ground resistance meter be used?
A ground resistance meter is used in places where ground resistance measurement is needed, such
as:
Power plants and substations.
Industrial facilities.
Construction sites.
Telecommunication towers.
Buildings.
Underground installations.
Question 12: In an electrical circuit, what is equivalent resistance, open-circuit voltage, and
short-circuit current?
Open-circuit voltage: The voltage measured across two terminals when no current flows.
Short-circuit current: The current that flows when the terminals of a circuit are directly
connected with zero resistance.
Equivalent resistance: The total resistance of a circuit or a combination of resistors while
maintaining the same effect.
Question 13: State Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
At a junction in an electric circuit, the total current flowing towards that junction is equal to the total
current flowing away from the junction.
Question 14: State Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).
In a closed loop in a network, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around the loop is equal to the
total EMF applied in that loop..
Question 15: List some basic electrical SI units and their corresponding quantities.
Current – Ampere (A)
Voltage – Volt (V)
Resistance – Ohm (Ω)
Power – Watt (W)
Energy – Joule (J)
Charge – Coulomb (C)
Question 16: What is a variable resistor?
A variable resistor is a resistor whose resistance can be adjusted to control the current in a circuit.
Question 17: What are power and electrical energy, and how are they measured?
Power is the rate of energy transfer in an electrical circuit. It is measured in watts using a wattmeter.
Electrical energy is the total amount of energy consumed over time. It is measured in joules or
kilowatt-hours using an energy meter.
Question 18: To find the current flow through a resistor in a circuit, which methods can be
used?
Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Thevenin’s Theorem, or Norton’s Theorem.
Question 19: State Norton’s theorem and 4 steps to find the current using Norton’s theorem.
Norton’s Theorem: Any linear electrical network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a single current source in parallel with a single resistor.
Steps to find the current using Norton’s Theorem:
1. Short-circuit branch AB and determine the short-circuit current.
2. Determine the short-circuit current across the break.
3. Remove the EMF sources and find the equivalent resistance.
4. Determine the load current.
Question 20: State Thevenin’s theorem and 4 steps to find the current using Thevenin’s
theorem.
Thevenin’s Theorem: The current in any branch of a network is that which would result if an EMF
equal to the potential difference across a break made in the branch were introduced into the branch,
with all other EMFs removed and replaced by the internal resistances of the sources.
Steps to find the current using Thevenin’s Theorem:
1. Remove the resistance RRR from the branch.
2. Determine the open-circuit voltage EEE across the break.
3. Remove the EMF sources and find the equivalent resistance.
4. Determine the load current.
