ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

ME 413
 Course Overview
➢ Energy is considered to be a key player in the generation of wealth and also a significant component of
development. Types of Energy, Energy Sources, Future of Energy, Global and Home Energy Use and
Supply, Energy , Ecology and Environment. – CO1
➢ Fossil Fuels There are significant societal and environmental costs to our use of fossil fuels. Oil Reservoirs,
Drilling Methods, Size and Discoverability of Oil & Coal Fields, The Future of Fossil Fuels. – CO2
➢ Wealth, Resources, and Power: The Changing Parameters of Global Security, Oil, Geography, and War:
The Competitive Pursuit of Petroleum Plenty, Oil Conflict and Environmental Impact. – CO3
➢ Alternatives to fossil fuels include nuclear and renewable energy, but these have environmental costs as
well! – CO3, – CO2
➢ Energy conversion and storage technologies: Fuel cells!! H2 Energy!! Batteries !!! – CO4
➢ This Course will attempt to provide students with an understanding of the energy system, its challenges,
especially with respect to the environment, and possible paths to a sustainable energy future.
➢ The course will deal with topics such as the direction of future energy use, energy economics, the societal
and environmental well-being, and how to improve our current energy system moving forward.
 Corresponding
No. Course Outcomes
PO
Distinguish the interrelationship of energy, ecology and
CO1 1
environment and their impacts.

Analyze data regarding energy generation, efficiency, and

CO2 2
environmental impacts.

Evaluate the connections between technological aspects of socio-

CO3 political and economic components in terms of various energy 7
sources.
Illustrate the applications of modern energy conversion and
CO4 storage technologies with consideration for environmental 3
concerns.
 ENERGY
1. There is a minimum amount of energy needed to sustain human life.
2. Energy is a conserved quantitative property
3. Energy is the ability to do work.
4. Everything that happens in the world uses energy!
5. Most of the time we can’t see energy, but it is everywhere
around us!
6. The law of conservation of energy states that Energy can be
converted in form, but not created or destroyed
7. Can only be stored or transferred
8. In today’s world, energy enters all aspects of human life,
economics, and politics. Actually, the use of energy defines
the lives of contemporary humans. The impact of energy
supply and the energy trade is of paramount importance to all
nations.

You need energy to do any work, which is why the

ability to do any work is energy
 ENERGY Classifications
Energy

Transitional Energy
 A motion energy, which can
move across system boundaries. Transitional Stored
 Chemical energy
Energy Energy

Stored Energy
 A existed energy, that in Mass, Position in a force field.
 Energy storage, stored energy in any form, including chemical, gravitational and
electrical energy
 Potential energy, energy stored in a system of forcefully interacting physical entities
 Sources of ENERGY
1. The potential energy (p. e.) of materials at higher elevations
2. The kinetic energy (k. e.) of materials in motion; these include the
wind and sea currents
3. The Mechanical energy, which is combination of p. e & k. e.
4. The Chemical energy of substances, such as coal, biomass, and
hydrocarbons
5. The elastic energy of a solid material under stress or torsion
6. The Electrical energy of electric charges
7. The magnetic energy of magnets
8. The Electromagnetic energy of solar radiation (insolation),
microwaves, and all-other electromagnetic waves
9. The energy of ocean waves and tides
10. The Nuclear energy of radionuclides
11. The Thermal energy as geothermal
12. The surface energy of liquids
Comparison between Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy:

Characteristics Potential Energy Kinetic Energy

Potential energy is due
Kinetic energy is
do position,
Definition energy due to
composition or
motion.
arrangement.
mass of the object x 1/2 x mass of the
acceleration of Gravity object x speed of
Formula
x Height of the object, the object², KE = ½
PE = m x g x h x M x V².
S.I. Unit Joule Joule
A person who is
Wound up spring of a
walking, a pen
Example toy, a stone on top of a
falling from a
hill, etc.
table, etc.
Gravitational, Elastic Rotational and
Types and Chemical Translational
Potential Energy. Kinetic Energy.
 Units and Unit Conversions
• The joule is defined as the work done when a constant force of 1 newton (1 N) moves its point of
application by 1 meter (1 m).

• In electricity applications, 1 J is performed when a charge of 1 coulomb (1 C) moves through an

electric potential difference of 1 volt (1 V). In the realm of energy studies, 1 coulomb volt is
equivalent to 1 newton meter.

Since the advent of the industrial revolution, several other units have been defined and used in
engineering applications.
• In the centimeter–gram–second (cgs) system of units, which is primarily used in some areas of
physics and chemistry, the erg is the energy unit. One erg is equal to 10−7 J.
• The British system of units was developed during the industrial revolution for the use with large
heat engines. The British thermal unit, which is abbreviated as Btu (and less often as BTU) is the
principal energy unit. One British thermal unit is defined as the amount of energy needed to
increase the temperature of 1 lb of water from 59.5°F to 60.5°F. One Btu is equal to 1,055 J, and is
often approximated as 1 kJ.
• A larger energy unit in the British system is the therm (1 thm), and it is equal to 100,000 Btu. One
therm is equal to 1.055 × 108 J.
• The calorie (cal) is an older unit that is still used in thermal and food applications and is equal to
4.184 J. One cal is the amount of energy (heat) required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water
from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.
 Units and Unit Conversions cont….

• When it refers to food and nutrition applications,

what is commonly called calorie, “1 cal,” is actually A series of energy units often used in the fossil fuel industry
1 kcal, equal to 4.184 kJ. is related to the chemical energy content of fossil fuels,
• An extremely large amount of energy is the quad (1 such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas.
Q). This unit is commonly used to measure the [Link] ton of coal equivalent (1 tce) is equal to 2.931
amount of energy consumed by regions or nations × 1010 J.
or by the entire population of the earth. One quad is 2. One barrel of oil (1 bbl) is equal to 6.119 × 109 J.
equal to 1015 Btu or, approximately, 1018 J. The 3. One ton of oil equivalent (1 toe) is equal to 1010
total energy consumed in the United States in 2017 cal or 4.187 × 1010 J.
was approximately 100 Q, and that in the entire 4. One cubic foot of natural gas (1 standard cubic
world was approximately 540 Q. foot [scf]), measured at standard pressure and
• Very low energies are associated with atomic and temperature (1 atm and 25°C), is equal to 1.072 ×
subatomic applications, e.g., the energy of one 106 J. One standard cubic foot is often approximated
electron or one neutron. For nuclear applications, as 106 J.
the electron volt (1 eV) has been defined as the
potential energy gained by an electron when it
moves through an electric potential difference of 1
V. One electron volt is equal to 1.6 × 10−19 J. The
megaelectron volt (MeV), which is often used in
nuclear physics, is 1.6 × 10−13 J.
 Energy in Bangladesh

➢ The country aims to reach a capacity of 4 GW of renewables by 2030, around half of which
from solar.
➢ Gas is the main energy source (57%), ahead of biomass (17%), coal (13%), and oil (12%)
(2020)
➢ Private companies own half of the electricity capacity. Chevron is the main gas producer.
➢ The large gas resources are not well developed and are insufficient to meet the growing
demand.
➢ Energy prices are controlled and subsidized by the Government.
➢ Energy consumption per capita is 0.28 toe, including around 489 kWh of electricity (2020)
➢ The country's overall energy consumption is increasing quickly (4.5%/year since 2010),
driven by rapid economic growth (6.9%/year).
➢ Natural gas supplies almost 60% of the consumption.
➢ The country targets a tripling of power capacity by 2040.
➢ In 2010, the Government cancelled 10 coal-fired power plants totaling around 9 GW
Coal-fired Payra Thermal Power Plant in Patuakhali, Bangladesh
Energy in Bangladesh

3.57% 6.92%
10.96%
Coal 1768 MW
4.54%
Gas 11330 MW
5.25% HFO 6238 MW

44.35% HSD 1341 MW

24.42% Imported 1160 MW

2021-22
 Energy in Bangladesh

0.3 %

25.3 %

74.3 %

Bangladesh's Different Renewable Sources' Shares in Electricity Generation in 2021-22

Energy in Bangladesh

Consumption
 Future of ENERGY

Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas supply 80 percent of the world’s energy to warm
homes, charge devices and power transportation. They are also the primary human
source of greenhouse gas emissions. Stanford scientists broadly agree that curtailing our
use of fossil fuels would have significant benefits – like improving health and reducing
the number and severity of natural disasters – but it’s not yet clear what can replace
them.

Wind and solar are increasingly popular sources of energy, but the sun does not always
shine, and the wind doesn’t always blow. Batteries to store their intermittent energy are
not yet cheap and powerful enough to fill the gaps. Nuclear energy produces no
greenhouse gases directly, but the current generation of reactors has other problems.
Solutions like storing carbon dioxide underground or turning it into clean fuel are
promising, but they also need much development. None of the possible solutions is
without challenges.
[Link]
Primary Energy Supply Forecasting- HCU Version