Clinical Molecular Diagnostics
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vi Foreword
use this text as a primary source. Maintaining the highest standards of quality while providing
crucial contemporary information that is both concise and readable, this volume will be a suit-
able tool for medical professionals.
Chinese Academy of Engineering Hongbing Shen
Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing, China
Coordinators
Xuan Cao Huanyu Liang Li Wang Shuxian Yang
Ying Chen Jingping Liu Lin Wang Mengyao Yu
Hongmei Ding Liang Ma Ming Wang Litao Zhang
Ming Gu Shuxian Miao Yaman Wang Nannan Zhang
Wenjing Guo Wenwen Shang Rongrong Wang Wei Zhang
Bin Hu Meiyan Shu Xiaohong Xia Xiang Zhang
Jiahong Jiang Kankan Su Erfu Xie Yiting Zhang
Huanyu Ju Mengya Shan Mengxiao Xie Yuanda Zhang
Kara Pan Dan Wang Li Xue Zheng Zhang
Jie Li
vii
Preface
With the advancement of research in human genomics and proteomics, a large number of bio-
logical macromolecules related to diseases have been discovered and applied to the clinic.
Molecular diagnosis has been widely used in the field of diseases diagnosis, individualized
treatment, efficacy monitoring, and predicting prognosis, becoming an indispensable assistant
of doctors. With the rapid development of molecular diagnosis, the broad masses of medical
workers need to know a growing number of molecular diagnostic techniques; at the same time,
the growing molecular inspection team also needs to keep up with the development of technol-
ogy. This book of clinical molecular diagnostics is aimed at solving the presenting problems
during application of the emerging molecular medicine research results to the clinic.
The committee of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics is composed of more than 30 active
experts in molecular diagnosis, molecular medicine research, and clinical medicine. This book
includes four parts. The basic principles and techniques are mainly introduced in the first part.
It lays a good foundation of theoretical knowledge for medical workers and also provides guid-
ance for researchers engaged in molecular diagnosis transformation research. The second part
focuses on the research and application achievements of molecular diagnostic markers in
recent years and reevaluation of markers which have been used in clinic for many years. In
addition, prospect and value assessment of more new markers are introduced. We hope that it
can bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application of molecular markers. The
third part, Molecular Detection Technology, introduces a series of emerging technologies such
as next-generation sequencing, digital PCR, and liquid biopsy, opening the door for medical
workers to understand the rapid developing molecular diagnostic technology. The fourth part
mainly focuses on molecular diagnosis of common clinical diseases; this part systematically
expounds the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and routine basis of diagnosis and treat-
ment based on the clue of diagnosis and treatment path.
Laboratory diagnosis plays an important role in clinical precision medicine. There are mil-
lions of active biological molecules that are related to the occurrence and development of dis-
eases. However, less than one percent of the molecular markers have been identified and
applied in the clinic. With the rapid development of molecular detection and diagnostic tech-
nology, liquid biopsy technologies such as CTC and ctDNA detection have emerged. Although
these novel technologies have been gradually applied in clinical practice, they are still in the
initial stage, and the scope of technology application should be established to avoid overuse.
This book is a collection of the latest research results in clinical molecular diagnostics, which
can help strengthen the mutual understanding between laboratory research and clinical prac-
tice. It hopes to serve as a trigger and to lay a foundation for further research in the field of
clinical molecular diagnosis. Thanks for your efforts.
Nanjing, China Shiyang Pan
Jinhai Tang
ix
Acknowledgments
During the compilation of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, we aim to produce a handbook for
molecular diagnosis used by clinic. It is also of great value for scholars who are devoted to
clinical molecular diagnostics. To facilitate reading and using in everyday work, we have
included numerous illustrations as well as concise summary tables.
This book has received great support from many units and experts. We are grateful to the
National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Clinical Research Center of
Laboratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key
Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province of China, Nanjing Medical University,
and First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. We appreciate the help of Prof.
Hong Shang, the Chairman of Chinese Medical Doctor Association Laboratory Physicians
Branch, and Prof. Chengbin Wang, the Chairman of the Chinese Society of Laboratory
Medicine. The book contains illustrations provided by many scholars who have offered good
advice and valuable points of view. We thank them for their contributions.
xi
Contents
Part I Principles of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics
1 Molecules of Disease and Their Detection Methods ����������������������������������������������� 3
Lutao Du and Chuanxin Wang
2 Assay Performance Evaluation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Lixin Wang and Zhiyun Shi
3 Establishment of Biological Reference Interval������������������������������������������������������� 27
Lixin Wang and Zhiyun Shi
4 Ethics: Informed Consent, Patient Privacy ������������������������������������������������������������� 39
Qinghe Meng and Xu Qian
5 Bioinformatics������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45
Chenglu He and Yong Duan
6 Report and Consultation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61
Yongqing Tong
7 Factors Associated with Variation����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91
Xue Qin
8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance������������������������������������������������������������������� 97
Gaowei Fan and Qingtao Wang
9 Precision Medicine ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
Yingping Cao and Xianjin Zhu
Part II Molecular Biomarkers and Signals from Diseased Functional Organ
10 Molecules in Body Systems ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 123
Shiyang Pan and Xincen Duan
11 Molecules in Signal Pathways ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139
Shiyang Pan and Wei Zhang
12 Endocrine and Metabolism ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 155
Shichang Zhang and Xiaoting Chen
13 Immune System����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
Xiuru Guan
14 Lipoproteins����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179
Changmin Wang and Zhiwei Li
15 Transport and Carrier Proteins��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 195
Changmin Wang and Zhiwei Li
xiii
xiv Contents
16 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Hong Wang and Yun Ling
17 Cardiovascular System����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
Haitao Ding and Juan He
18 Pregnancy ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 229
Xianzhang Huang and Enyu Liang
19 Urine����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 241
Bingfeng Zhang and Qing Li
20 Bone����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 253
Lieying Fan
21 Cancer ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 261
Wenling Zhang, Yumei Huang, and Jian Xu
22 Translation Research of Novel Biomarker��������������������������������������������������������������� 285
Shiyang Pan and Yuexinzi Jin
Part III Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
23 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)������������������������������������������������������������������������� 305
Min Wang
24 Digital PCR����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 329
Min Wang and Xianping Li
25 Biosensor��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 345
Lei Zheng and Ye Zhang
26 Microfluidic Chip������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 357
Xueen Fang
27 Liquid Biopsy ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 377
Jianyu Rao, Weibo Yu, Teresa Kim, and Thomas Lee
28 Molecular-Targeted Imaging������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 395
Fang Wang, Jian Xu, and Wenying Xia
29 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 405
Min Hu and Weimin Wu
30 Circulating DNA Quantification������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 413
Min Hu and Zeyou Wang
31 DNA Methylation Detection Techniques������������������������������������������������������������������� 427
Shiyang Pan and Jiexin Zhang
Part IV Disease Presentation and Clinical Laboratory Procedures
32 Immunological Disorders������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 439
Hong Mu, Chunlei Zhou, Ling Fang, Feng Xie, Yan Zhang,
and Huanhuan Chen
33 Liver Diseases ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 463
Qishui Ou, Hong Mu, Chunlei Zhou, Zhaojing Zheng, and Juan Geng
34 Pancreatic Diseases����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 493
Lu Yang, Huanyu Ju, Yuan Mu, and Chunrong Gu
Contents xv
35 Digestive Tract Disease����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 511
Genyan Liu, Yuqiao Xu, Shiyang Pan, Weijuan Song, Jia Wang,
Fei Jin, Zhenzhen Cai, Yi Zhang, and Xiang Qian
36 Kidney Diseases����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 553
Zhaojing Zheng, Juan Geng, Ye Jiang, Meijuan Zhang, Ruixia Yang,
Gaoxia Ge, Huaguo Xu, and Xiaojie Zhang
37 Cardiovascular Disease���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 583
Zhou Zhou and Yahui Lin
38 Lung Disease��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 595
Liang Ming, Ting Sun, Haitao Ding, Juan He, Wenjuan Wu, Min Zhang,
Simin Yang, Huaguo Xu, Fang Ni, Shiyang Pan, Qun Zhang, and Yongping Lin
39 Blood Disorders����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 641
Zhuang Zuo, Cheng Cameron Yin, Lixia Zhang, Lin Wang, and Zhen Ren
40 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 665
Hong Yuan, Jingyuan Zhao, Erfu Xie, Lujiang Yi, Zhaojing Zheng,
and Juan Geng
41 Neurological Disease��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 717
Jie Wu, Yutong Zou, Yingchun Xu, Mengxiao Xie, Zhaojing Zheng,
and Juan Geng
42 Reproductive Organ Cancer ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 751
Jinhai Tang, Xiangjun Cheng, Jieshi Xie, Zheng Cao, Yanhong Zhai,
and Boyan Song
43 Prenatal Diagnosis and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis����������������������������������� 769
Chengcheng Liu, Xiaoting Lou, Jianxin Lyu, Jian Wang, and Yufei Xu
44 Transplant Matching ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 801
Binwu Ying and Lijuan Wu
45 Paternity Testing��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 813
Binwu Ying and Juan Zhou
Appendixes��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 821
About the Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Shiyang Pan Prof. Shiyang Pan has studied lung cancer over
20 years, during which time he has found novel biomarkers for
NSCLC and authored more than 100 peer-reviewed reports. Dr.
Pan is the editor-in-chief of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, which
was published in the end of 2013 by People’s Medical Publishing
House (PMPH), and has served on the editorial board of the
Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine. Dr. Pan is the director of
the Laboratory Medicine Department of Nanjing Medical
University and the National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory
Medicine. He is the chairman of the Jiangsu Society of Laboratory
Medicine, vice chairman of the Chinese Society of Laboratory
Medicine and IFCC committee member of Molecular Diagnostics,
and he has served on review committees for the NSFC and Health
Administration of China.
Jinhai Tang Prof. Tang is Full Professor of General Surgery, the
director of Jiangsu Province Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital
with Nanjing Medical University), and the vice principal of Nanjing
Medical University. Prof. Tang is vice president of China Hospital
Association (CHA) and vice chairman of the Breast Disease
Training Committee, Chinese Medical Doctor Association (CMDA).
Prof. Tang is proficient in the diagnosis and treatment of breast can-
cer especially in breast conserving surgery. He is one of the active
advocates and promoters of the standardized comprehensive diag-
nosis and treatment of breast cancer in China. He has achieved a
series of innovative achievements in breast cancer diagnosis, surgi-
cal treatment, and molecular marker screening and mechanism
research related to breast cancer prognosis. In recent years, Prof.
Tang has focused on the research on drug resistance mechanism of
breast cancer. In the past five years, he is the author of over 100
articles. Several articles have been published in top journals, such as
Chemical Society Review, Journal of Controlled Release, and Blood
Reviews. Moreover, Prof. Tang has been engaged in hospital man-
agement for many years and is the initiator of hospital manage-
ment—airport two-way service platform theory.
xvii
xviii About the Editors and Contributors
Hongbing Shen Prof. Shen is an academician of the Chinese
Academy of Engineering. He is the principal of Nanjing Medical
University, director of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of
Biomarkers and Prevention of Malignant Tumors, director of the
Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Medicine in
Tumors, and director of the International Joint Research Center of
“Environment and Human Health.” He is mainly committed to the
molecular and epidemiological studies of the environment and
tumors, and has made outstanding achievements in the early diagno-
sis of tumors, genetic susceptibility and recurrence, and molecular
markers of prognosis. He has received the National Outstanding
Youth Science Foundation, the National “863” Project, the National
“973” Project, the National Natural Science Foundation’s Key
Projects, and the Innovation Research Group of the Fund Committee.
Currently, he has published more than 400 SCI papers. He has
received a series of awards including Outstanding Youth Fund,
Changjiang Scholars Special Professor of the Ministry of Education,
Special Government Allowance Specialist of the State Council,
National Leading Talent of 10 Million Projects, and Ho Leung Ho
Lee Foundation Science and Technology Progress Award.
Editorial Board
Yongtong Cao Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing,
People’s Republic of China
Liang Chen Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Ming Chen Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military
Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
Wei Chen Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
Yu Chen Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of
Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Wei Cui Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical
Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and
Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Erhei Dai Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Medical University, The Fifth
Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
Shengmiao Fu Central Laboratory, Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital, Haikou, Hainan,
People’s Republic of China
Weiling Fu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital,The First Affiliated
Hospital of the Third MilitaryUniversity, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
Chunfang Gao Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery
Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Yuhua Gong Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People′s Hospitel of Zhengjiang,
Zhengjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
About the Editors and Contributors xix
Ming Guan Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical
College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Wei Guo Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Xiaolin Guo Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China
Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoke Hao Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military
Medical University, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
Yingyong Hou Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan
University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Zhibin Hu Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health,
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Shan Huang Guizhou Nursing Vocational College, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
Yong Ji Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Mei Jia Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing,
People’s Republic of China
Xuemei Jia Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,
Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of
China
Li Jiang Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital,
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s
Republic of China
Hui Kang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China
Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
Xiaopeng Lan Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou,
Fujian, People’s Republic of China
Jinming Li National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People’s
Republic of China
Li Li Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong
University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Shijun Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical
University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
Yan Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan,
Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Yongzhe Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital,
Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s
Republic of China
Pu Liao Chongqing Center for Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
Alex J. Liu Mayo Clinic([Link]), Rochester, USA
Shuye Liu Clinical Laboratory Department of Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin,
People’s Republic of China
xx About the Editors and Contributors
Wenen Liu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South
University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
Yong Liu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical
University, Shengyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
Zhijuan Liu Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tibet Autonomous Region People’s
Hospital, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
Hui Lu Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xinxin Lu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical
University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Wanshan Ma Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan
Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoling Ma Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical
University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Hua Niu Department of Clinical Laboratories, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan
Province, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Baishen Pan Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Lin Peng Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Central
Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
Jianping Ren Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
A. Xiangren Department of Laboratory Medicine, People′s Hospitel of Qinghai Province,
Xining, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China
Baoen Shan Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang,
Hebei, People’s Republic of China
Han Shen Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing
University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Lisong Shen Departments of Clinical Laboratory and Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai
Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Zuojun Shen Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine,
The First Affliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Hongbin Shen Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Haixiang Su Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital,
Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
Guirong Sun Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao
University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Jianrong Su Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical
University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Ziyong Sun Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
About the Editors and Contributors xxi
Aiguo Tang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central
South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
Zhihua Tao Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang
University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Yaping Tian Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic
Heart-Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
Chengbin Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Center,
Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Laboratory Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,
Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
Hualiang Wang Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Centre for Clinical Laboratory,
Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Hui Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing,
People’s Republic of China
Jianzhong Wang Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s
Republic of China
Lanlan Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Lin Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Peichang Wang Clinical Laboratory of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University,
Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University,
Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Qingtao Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital
Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Xiaozhong Wang Department of Clinical Laborotory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
Yuming Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming
Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Guoqiu Wu Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University,
Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Yong Wu Department of Medicine Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
Xinyou Xie Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiasha Campus, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,
Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Bin Xu Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu,
People’s Republic of China
Guobin Xu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and
Institute, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Wei Xu Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University
Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
xxii About the Editors and Contributors
Wenrong Xu Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School
of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xiaohong Xu Department of Clinical Lab, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang,
People’s Republic of China
Yuanhong Xu Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui
Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
Zekuan Xu Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Di Yang Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Jun Yu Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville,
FL, USA
Bingchang Zhang Department of Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory, Provincial Hospital
Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Guoxin Zhang Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Hua Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial
People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
Man Zhang Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical
University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Xin Zhang Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,
Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
Yunli Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning
Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
Zhan Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
Zhihong Zhang Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xin Zhao Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of
China
Qin Zhou The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, School of
Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
Yiwen Zhou Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Contributors
Zhenzhen Cai Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Yingping Cao Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital,
Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
Zheng Cao Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,
Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
About the Editors and Contributors xxiii
Huanhuan Chen Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoting Chen Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xiangjun Cheng Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of
Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Haitao Ding Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous
Region, People’s Republic of China
Lutao Du The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic
of China
Xincen Duan Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University,
Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Yong Duan Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming
Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Gaowei Fan Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical
University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Lieying Fan Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Ling Fang Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
Xueen Fang Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan
University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Gaoxia Ge Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Juan Geng Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Chunrong Gu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing
Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xiuru Guan The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang,
People’s Republic of China
Chenglu He Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming
Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Juan He Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,
People’s Republic of China
Min Hu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South
University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
Xianzhang Huang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of
Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of
China
Yumei Huang Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated
Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China