Project Report on
DYNAMIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Submitted by:
Group No.: 1
Group Members:
1. Adarsh T U BT24ECI021
2. Tanush Cherukuri BT24ECI007
3. Bodanki Sai Charan Ganesh BT24ECI017
4. Shravani Hermant Sonavane BT24ECI030
A report submitted for the partial fulfilment of the
requirements of the course
ECL-108 IoT Workshop - 1
Task Number # 4
Submission Date: 11/04/2025
Under the guidance of:
Dr. SAGAR MOTDHARE
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Table of Contents:
Chapter No. Particular Page No.
1 Introduction 3-4
2 Objective 5
3 Components Required 6-8
4 Circuit Diagram & 9
Connections
5 Code 10-11
6 References 12
Chapter 1: Introduction
This project implements a smart lighting solution using an ESP32 microcontroller, ultrasonic
sensor, I2C-based 16x2 LCD, and a PWM-controlled LED. The system automatically adjusts
the brightness of an LED based on the distance of an object or person from the sensor.
As an object approaches the sensor, the LED becomes brighter. As it moves away, the brightness
gradually decreases. The distance and brightness percentage are displayed in real-time on the
LCD. This project mimics the functionality of energy-efficient lighting systems and provides a
hands-on application of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control in IoT systems.
Chapter 2: Objective
The objective of this project is to:
1. Measure the proximity of an object using an ultrasonic sensor.
2. Map the measured distance to a brightness level for an LED using PWM.
3. Display the distance and brightness information on a 16x2 I2C LCD.
4. Demonstrate smooth, real-time control of lighting based on object presence.
Applications include:
- Automatic room lighting
- Interactive displays
- Smart hallway lighting
Chapter 3: Components Required
1. ESP32 Development Board:
The ESP32 serves as the core processing unit. It reads the sensor data, controls the LED
brightness using PWM, and communicates with the LCD over I2C.
2. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):
This sensor is used to measure the distance between itself and an approaching object by
emitting ultrasonic waves and measuring the echo time.
3. I2C LCD (16x2):
The LCD is used to display the measured distance and LED brightness. Since it is I2C-based,
it requires only two data pins: SDA and SCL, simplifying wiring.
4. LED (with 220-ohm resistor):
An LED is used to visually represent the brightness level based on distance. PWM from the
ESP32 controls the LED intensity.
5. Breadboard and Jumper Wires:
Used for prototyping and connecting the components without soldering.
Chapter 4: Circuit Diagram & Connections
Connections:
Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04:
- VCC -> 5V (ESP32)
- GND -> GND
- TRIG -> GPIO 5 - ECHO -> GPIO 18
I2C LCD:
- VCC -> 5V
- GND -> GND
- SDA -> GPIO 21
- SCL -> GPIO 22
LED:
- Anode (+) -> 220 Ohm resistor -> GPIO 13
- Cathode (-) -> GND
Chapter 5: Code
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16,
2); const int trigPin = 5; const
int echoPin = 18; const int
ledPin = 13; const int
pwmChannel = 0;
const int freq = 5000;
const int resolution = 8;
void setup() { Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
ledcSetup(pwmChannel, freq,
resolution); ledcAttachPin(ledPin,
pwmChannel);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Initializing...
"); delay(1000);
void loop() { digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); long duration
= pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); float distance =
duration * 0.034 / 2; int brightness =
map(distance, 100, 0, 0, 255); brightness =
constrain(brightness, 0, 255);
ledcWrite(pwmChannel, brightness);
lcd.clear(); lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Dist: "); lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print(" cm"); lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Bright: "); lcd.print((brightness *
100) / 255); lcd.print("%"); delay(500);
Chapter 6: References
[1] https://randomnerdtutorials.com/esp32-pwm-arduino-ide/
[2] https://lastminuteengineers.com/hc-sr04-ultrasonic-arduino-tutorial/
[3] https://randomnerdtutorials.com/esp32-i2c-lcd-arduino-ide/
[4] https://www.espressif.com/
[5] https://www.robotique.tech
