KMPC ABPS

THE PHYSICAL SELF Beauty

Meaning and Nature of Physical Self ●​ Findings found that beauty is relative and
Physical Self non-universal. This implies that beauty means
●​ Refers to the natural, material aspect of the entire different things to different people.
person, in contrast to things not readily visible ●​ Also characterized as an attitude state – if a
such as mental, emotional spiritual, and other woman for instance carries herself as beautiful,
human dimensions then she is by definition, beautiful.
●​ Denotes what is perceivable, tangible, and ●​ Defined physical beauty is the stereotypical
concrete mediated socially constructed and accepted
●​ In adolescence, the secretion of various hormones standards of beauty in contemporary society
significantly affects the physical changes that ●​ Media’s portrayals of beauty influence women’s
occur during puberty evaluations, which can however be unrealistic at
●​ Hormones impact almost all aspects of an times
adolescent’s development ●​ Findings: The United States, New Zealand
(Western), China, and India (Eastern), found that
The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-Esteem physical appearance and professional
Culture achievement are high cross the four countries.
●​ As a set of learned behaviors and ideas that is This shows that such universality of the
comprised of beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals importance of personal appearance and
that are typical of a specific society or social group professional achievement could be due tot he
●​ Varies across groups of people who share globalization and exposure to global media
behaviors and ideas through the process of ●​ In the Philippines, advertisements abound across
communication and observation different forms of media on the attractiveness of
●​ Commonly shared and learned having white skin despite the predominantly brown
skin color among Filipinos.
Body Image ●​ Wulan (2017)
●​ Also called body satisfaction ○​ The emergence of the concept of white
●​ An important component of self-esteem may be a legacy of the colonial era.
●​ Studies revealed that body image or satisfaction in However, the present concert of
both sexes is highly dependent on body mass whiteness is undergoing a paradigm shift,
index, and weight in relation to height, especially from the western whiteness of the now
for the college-aged population preferred Asian whiteness.
●​ Findings affirm the general idea that weight
control behaviors are common among college Prospects for Change
students ●​ Russell Belk’s paper
○​ Extended self in a digital world highlighted
Self-Esteem that people exist not only as individuals
●​ Referred to as self-worth or self-image but also as collectivities
●​ The global evaluative dimension of the self ○​ Possessions and other external elements
●​ Self-concept (Santrock, 2010) have a central role in the definition of
○​ Refers to domain-specific evaluations of self-identity
the self, academic, athletic, and physical ○​ 4 key layers of extended self
appearance ■​ Individual
●​ Plotnik and Kouyoumdijan (2009) ■​ Family
○​ Self-esteem is determined by how much ■​ Community
we like ourselves and how much we value ■​ Group
our self-worth, importance, attractiveness, ●​ This can be a reflection of the Ph realities where
and social competence an individual is not seen as distinct from others
The two aspects (BI & SE) are very important factors in but as an extension of some other individuals.
the way adolescents cope with the different developmental One does not exist by himself or herself only,
challenges during the adolescent stage. According to there appears to be a sharing of identities
research, levels of self-esteem were positively influenced ●​ Physical appearance alone cannot fully capture
by levels of body image. This suggests that if a person the essence of self and identity. Self-esteem does
possesses high self-esteem, it also follows that he or she not seem to be solely dependent on body image,
would have high levels of body image. but on a multitude of other factors, particularly
during the adolescent stage when things can be
The Importance of Beauty quite overwhelming
●​ Interracial breeding has definitely changed the ●​ It was found that a positive relationship exists
physical appearance of races across continents between spirituality and self-esteem among
and the conception of beauty has also evolved college freshmen students. Spirituality served as a
through the years buffer between the self-esteem and stress.
KMPC ABPS
THE SEXUAL SELF The Stages of Love
Meaning and Nature of the Sexual Self (1) Lust
Primary Sexual Characteristics ●​ Libido or sex drive
●​ sexual organs ●​ Characterized by the desire for sexual gratification
●​ Starts to develop during the fetal development of which is inherent to every living organism
an organism ●​ For humans, this is associated with the sex
hormones, testosterone for males, estrogen for
Secondary Sexual Characteristics females
●​ Other changes that occur in relation to the (2) Attraction
development of an organism ●​ Passionate or obsessive love, infatuation
●​ Starts to develop only around the pubertal age ●​ Characterized by the intense attention given to a
●​ These characteristics set apart the boys from the desired partner
girls with respect to outward appearances ●​ An individual with a high degree of attraction
●​ Girls experience puberty a year or two earlier than towards another person craves for emotional
boys union with that person
●​ Female secondary sex characteristics ●​ Sometimes, when one is dominated by passion,
○​ Deposition of fat, predominantly in the one tends to do stupid acts.
breasts and hips; breast development; ●​ This stage is driven by chemicals and hormones:
broadening of the pelvis; growth of axillary ○​ Adrenaline
and pubic hair ■​ “Fight” or “Flight” hormone
●​ Boys ■​ E.g. after surprisingly meeting
○​ Increased larynx size; deepening of the one’s object of affection, this
voice; increased muscular development; hormone will activate one;s stress
growth of facial, axillary, and pubis hair; response such as sweating and
increased growth of body hair drying of the mouth
○​ Dopamine
Human Sexuality ■​ Ignites n intense rush of pleasure
●​ A complex phenomenon that involves the when released
interaction of a person’s biological sex, core ■​ High level of neurotransmitters
gender identity, and gender role behavior like dopamine increase energy,
●​ Can be a combination of biological, physiological, less need for food and sleep, and
and psychological factors focused attention to one’s desired
●​ Expressed in various ways: partner
○​ Manner of dressing ○​ Serotonin
○​ Body movements ■​ “Falling in love”
●​ Our body has certain parts which are considered ■​ This hormone makes a person
as erogenous zones – these parts are primarily think of his or her desired partner
receptive and increase sexual arousal when at most times
touched in a sexual manner such as the lips, nape (3) Attachment
of the neck. ●​ Compassionate love
●​ Characterized by the desire of couples to stay
Understanding the Sexual Self together
Sexual Self ●​ A person who is already attached feels comfort
●​ Refers to the individual’s perception, feelings, and and security from his or her partner
understanding of their sexual identity, orientation, ●​ This phase also includes behaviors anchored on
preferences, and values long-term companionship
●​ A critical aspect of identity formation, influenced ●​ 2 major hormones
by biological, psychological, and social factors for ○​ Oxytocin
adolescents ■​ Cuddle hormone
●​ Adolescence ■​ Released durign orgasm
○​ A period of heightened exploration and ■​ Feeling of attachment becomes
self-discovery, which young people more intense after sex
become more aware of their physical ○​ Vasopressin
bodies, sexual desires, and the complex ■​ Anti-diuretic hormone
emotions associated with romantic and ■​ Released after intercourse
sexual relationships ■​ Scientists discovered the role of
●​ This development involves not only the vasopressin in attachment by
recognition of one’s sexual needs and boundaries study prairie vole, small creatures
but also the understanding the emotional and that form monogamous bonds
social responsibilities tied to sexual behavior ■​ When male prairie voles were
injected a drug that suppresses
The Chemistry of Lust, Attraction, and Attachment
KMPC ABPS
vasopressin, they began ○​ Emotional preparedness
neglecting their partners ○​ Resistance to peer pressure
●​ Comprehensive sexual education supports the
Guide through the stages of love: holistic development of the sexual self, leading to
1.​ Don’t mistake lust for love healthier relationships and positive outcomes.
2.​ Keep the dopamine flowing in a long-term
relationship THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
3.​ Keep the oxytocin flowing Material Self
4.​ If you’re jealous or controlling, start developing ●​ Willian James
your own activities and friendships that make you ○​ Harvard psychologist in the late 19th
feel important and cared about century
○​ Book: The Principles of Psychology –
Responsible Sexual Behaviors understanding the self can be examined
●​ Can be defined as actions and decisions that through its different components
reflect a thoughtful and mature understanding of ■​ Constituents – material self,
sexuality, prioritize safety and consent, and social self, spiritual self, and the
respect both personal and others’ boundaries pure ego
●​ Are essential for promoting healthy relationships ■​ The feelings and emotions they
and safeguarding against negative outcomes like arouse – self-feelings
sexually transmitted infections, unintended ■​ Actions to which they prompt –
pregnancie,s and emotional distress self-seeking and self-preservation
○​ Material Self: primarily about our bodies,
Key Components clothes, immediate family, and home.
1.​ Self-Awareness and Sexual Identity:
Understanding one's sexual orientation and Self
preferences fosters authenticity and reduces risky
behavior.
2.​ Informed Decision-Making: Knowledge about
sexual health, contraception, and consent enables
safe and protective choices.
3.​ Consent and Mutual Respect: Healthy
relationships are built on mutual agreement and
understanding of boundaries, protecting against
coercion and fostering respect.
4.​ Emotional Preparedness: Recognizing
emotional readiness helps navigate intimacy and
its consequences responsibly.
5.​ Resisting Peer Pressure: A strong sense of self Material Self Investment Diagram
allows adolescents to prioritize personal values Body
over external influences. ●​ The innermost layer of the material self
6.​ Access to Sexual Education: Comprehensive ●​ We invest in our body
education equips adolescents with accurate ●​ We have preferential attachment or intimate
information about sexual health and relationships, closeness to a certain body parts bcs of its value
addressing both physical and emotional to us
dimensions ●​ E.g. celebrities who had certain body parts
insured (vocal cords, legs, butt, etc.)
The Role of the Sexual Self in Promoting
Responsibility Clothes
●​ Developing the sexual self is crucial for ●​ Is an essential part of the MS
responsible sexual behavior in adolescents. ●​ Hermann Lotze (German Philosopher)
●​ Self-awareness of sexual identity, values, and ○​ In his book Microcosmus: any time we
boundaries helps align decisions with personal bring an object to the surface of our body,
beliefs and well-being. we invest that object into the
●​ A strong sexual self enhances self-esteem and consciousness of our personal existence
self-efficacy, empowering adolescents to taking its contours to be our own and
communicate needs and boundaries effectively. making it a part of the self
●​ Promotes open communication and emotional ●​ Form of self-expression
intelligence, fostering respectful relationships. Immediate Family
●​ Emphasizes key aspects of responsibility, ●​ Parents and siblings are another important part of
including: the self
●​ Informed decision-making ●​ Their success is also ours, as well as their faults
○​ Respect for consent ●​ Blood is thicker than water
KMPC ABPS
●​ We see them as the nearest replica of ourselves Needs versus Wants
●​ The most important factor of determining whether
Home these items and services fall under “wants” or
●​ Extension of the self; it is where the heart is “needs”
●​ The nonliving witness to many experiences ●​ Needs
●​ Earliest nest of our childhood ○​ Those important for survival
○​ Food, clothing, shelter are basic needs so
Russell Belk people purchase them out of necessity
●​ American professor ●​ Wants
●​ “We regard our possessions as part of ourselves. ○​ Synonymous with luxuries
We are what have and what we possess.” ○​ People buy them for reasons that do not
warrant the necessity
These investments we made to these constituents make ○​ Buying cellphones and other gadgets can
us attach to them. The more we invest, the more likely we be perceived as a necessity but
identify. These collections became a part of the self. The purchasing units on the high-end line can
possessions that we dearly have tell something about who be a way of projecting a particular social
we are, our self-concept, our past, and even our future. status or taste
●​ People sometimes purchase items to build how
The Consumer Culture on One’s Sense of Self and they want to be perceived by others
Identity ●​ Regardless of whether the things that people have
Credit Cards are needs or wants, material possessions tell
●​ Brought convenience, security, and comfort in the something of the personality and social values of
way people engage in the consumption of goods those who own them
and services in society ●​ Possessions are extended versions of oneself
●​ Changed consumer culture ●​ Different Buying Behavior
●​ Modified how transactions and payments are ○​ Impulse Buyers
made and done ■​ Buying anything without giving
●​ This may lessen one’s opportunity to save money much thought to what they buy
because one’s income will be allotted for paying and the consequences that may
credit card debt come later on
○​ Some may also reason that they are
Advertisements working hard in order to buy things
●​ Influential in shaping how and why people ○​ People work in order to ensure that they
consume goods and services have everything they need while others
●​ Further emphasizes his or her identity as a work in order to have both needs and
consumer with the ability to avail of goods and wants
services based on his or her financial capacity, ○​ Others do not easily differentiate their
preference, and practical interests needs from their wants because they do
not inculcate self-control in their buying
Materialism behaviors
●​ A trait that can affect both rich and poor, and ○​ Some people spend more money on
which the researchers define as a “value system luxurious things for the latest trends and
that is preoccupied with possessions and the end up with no savings
social image they project is both socially ●​ There is a need to balance needs from wants
destructive and self-destructive” ●​ Conscious consumption
●​ Smashes the happiness and peace of mind of ○​ Practicing responsible buying habits
those who succumb to it ●​ In the process of acquiring material goods, people
●​ There is a correlation between materialism, a lack generally consider 2 things
of empathy and engagement with others, and ○​ Utility
unhappiness ■​ Concerned with how things serve
●​ In the journal “Motivation and Emotion”: as people a practical purpose
become more materialistic, their well-being (good ○​ Significance
relationships, autonomy, sense of purpose, etc) ■​ Meaning assigned to the object
diminishes ■​ Concerned with how objects
●​ Forces us into comparison with the possessions of become powerful symbols or
others, a race both cruelly illustrated and crudely icons of habit and ritual which can
propelled by that toxic website be quite separate from their
●​ We are what we have and what we possess. A primary function
man’s self becomes the sum total of all that he ■​ Has more to do w expression and
has, these possessions become part of an meaning–these meanings are
extension of the self. culturally determined
KMPC ABPS
■​ Roland Barthes: studied the (4) Respect for Elders
concept of semiology (study of ●​ Greet their elders while saying “mano po!” and
signs). Objects are not just things constantly using “po” and “opo” in conversations
but are reflections of the wider ●​ Forgetting to address older people properly will
lives of communities and regard them as rude
individuals; the things people (5) Close Family Ties
possess are also in sync with ●​ They maintain a tight relationship w their fam
what is valued by their regardless if the children are old enough and
community. This idea suggests already have families of their own
that objects, aside from ●​ The pattern of interdependence among them
contributing to how an individual serves as a buffer to economic, social, and
identifies himself or herself, also spiritual inadequacies experienced during trying
signify relationships of people times
with others based on what they (6) Cheerful Personality
possess. ●​ Habit of smiling and laughing a lot
●​ The possession of material things also indicates ●​ Smiling when they r happy, sad, or angry
one’s status in the society. It can be perceived as ●​ Has been a coping strategy for many fil esp during
a personal choices that define people to a certain trying times and calamities
extent (7) Self-Sacrifice
●​ Extension of filipino hospitality
THE POLITICAL SELF ●​ Go out their way to extend help to their friends,
Who is a Filipino? families, and loved ones
●​ 1987 Constitution ●​ Wish comfort and better lives for their loved ones
○​ Filipino citizens “...those whose fathers or to the extent of working abroad hundred of miles
mothers are citizens of the Philippines, away to earn more money and save up
those born before January 973, of Filipino (8) Bayanihan
mothers who elect Philippine citizenship ●​ A certain task is effectively and easily completed if
upon reaching the age of majority and everybody shares his time, effort, and money to
those who are naturalized in accordance expedite the completion of a task
with law” ●​ Spirit of communal unity and cooperation of
●​ However, citizenship is not the only marker of filipinos
being a Filipino. Culture and history have greatly ●​ Also about given without expecting something in
influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live, and return
behave to date (9) “Bahala Na” Attitude
●​ Values – standards of behavior that subscribe to ●​ “Come what may” or “que sera sera” attitude that
the conceptions of what is “good, true, beautiful, rests on the line of least resistance
and desirable.” ●​ Kinds of fatalism in which a person leaves
everything to fate
Filipino Values and Traits ●​ Letting fate control his destiny and decide his
(1) SIR [Smoothe Interpersonal Relationship] success
●​ Getting along with others with minimum conflict ●​ Filipino version of “Hakuna Matata” means no
●​ Indirect or tactful answers, silence or mere worries
approvals are the individual’s effort of avoiding to ●​ Originated from “Bathala na” means leaving
hurt the feelings of others. everything into god’s hands
(2) Reciprocity ●​ Can be viewed as something similar to the
●​ Another version of SIP cheerful attitude of Filipinos and allowing
●​ Form of behavior which serves as an exchange situations to take care of themselves instead of
for a favor granted and is attached with the sense worrying about them
of obligation to repay (10) Colonial Mentality
●​ Dept of gratitude, an honor, or an appreciation; ●​ Regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude
Utang na Loob where Filipinos favor foreign products more than
●​ It never ends as long as rs exist their own
●​ Failure to acknowledge the favor would cause the ●​ Does not only concern goods but also the desire
person to display hiya to look for foreign than local and keep up with
(3) The Filipino Hospitality foreign beauty trends
●​ Value done by people who welcome visitors with (11) Manana Habit
warmth and enthusiasm and that it promote ●​ Term for procrastination of the tomorrow-attitude
goodwill and cooperation ●​ Derived from a longer Filipino phrase called
●​ Treating their guests like their own brothers and “mamaya na” meaning dawdling things which
sisters could have been done at an earlier time
●​ Make their guests feel at home/offering them ●​ Poor habit of laziness that results in heavier
something to eat, or even place to stay workloads
KMPC ABPS
(12) Ningas Kugon ●​ Strong political self includes the awareness of
●​ Ningas – catch fire; Kugon – a fast burning kind of societal issues and the desire to contribute to
grass public welfare
●​ Refers to enthusiasm that is intense only at the ●​ Leaders w this trait think beyond personal gain
start but gradually dies down and focus on long-term social and political impact,
●​ The attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly guided by principles of justice, equity, and
losing eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty collective advancement
●​ Laziness is a common problem among fil which is 2. Emotional Intelligence
why fil are regarded as “Tuam Tamad” or Lazy ●​ Leaders must be emotionally intelligent, display
Juan empathy, self-regulation and interpersonal skills
●​ E.g. In an affair/occasion for instance, there is so ●​ Should be able to understand and manage their
much publicity at the start – but at the end of the own emotions while being attuned to the emotions
affair, all the chairs, tables, used plates are left of others
and nobody volunteers to put these things on their ●​ Strengthens a leader/s political identity by
proper place. enabling them to connect w various stakeholders,
(13) Pride listen to different viewpoints, and build trust
●​ They hold on to their pride as if they are more ●​ Helps them to navigate political environments
precious than keeping a good rs w family and effectively, balancing personal beliefs w public
loved ones expectations
●​ When two parties are not in good terms, they find 3. Ethical Decision-Making
it so hard to apologize and wait until the other ●​ Effective leaders embody integrity and ethics in
party asks for an apology first decision-making.
(14) Crab Mentality ●​ They exhibit transparency, fairness, and
●​ Toxic trait among fil where one resents the accountability in their actions.
achievement of another instead of feeling happy ●​ The Political Self includes a moral compass that
for that person influences political behavior.
●​ They pull each other down and ruin each other’s ●​ Leaders with strong ethics prioritize responsible
reputation rather than bringing them up resulting governance and uphold the rule of law.
to no progress ●​ Ethical decision-making reflects a dedication to
●​ To counter this negative attitude is to develop a justice and societal well-being.
sense of helping to those who lack, while also 4. Adaptability and Resilience
looking back to those who helped him during his ●​ Effective leaders are adaptable, responding to
bad times changing circumstances and challenges.
(15) Filipino time ●​ They demonstrate resilience and inspire
●​ Common attitude of arriving late at commitments, perseverance during adversity.
dinners, or parties esp if they are meeting ●​ The political landscape is dynamic, marked by
someone close to them shifts in public opinion, policies, and power
●​ Tend to not observe punctuality altogether structures.
●​ Politically self-aware leaders adjust strategies and
Qualities of an Effective Leader viewpoints to meet evolving public needs.
Leadership ●​ They remain rooted in core values while adapting
●​ A multifaceted concept that requires a to change.
combination of personal attributes, skills, and an 5. Collaborative Spirit
understanding of one’s role within a larger social ●​ Leadership requires collaboration with diverse
and political framework groups, including peers, subordinates, and
●​ Extends beyond the individual’s capacity to lead in stakeholders.
isolation and reflects how they navigate and ●​ Leaders foster cooperation and build coalitions to
interact within political systems influence others, achieve shared goals.
and uphold civic responsibilities ●​ The Political Self develops through interactions
Political Self with social and political groups.
●​ Refers to one’s identity as is relates to political ●​ Effective leaders value partnerships and
beliefs, values, and behaviors which are shaped inclusivity, prioritizing collective success over
by socialization, culture, and experiences in the individual achievements.
public sphere ●​ Collaborative leaders enhance democratic
processes by promoting participation and
1. Visionary Thinking empowerment.
●​ An effective leader is able to envision a future that 6. Commitment to Civic Responsibility
benefits not only themselves but the collective ●​ Effective leaders are dedicated to civic duties and
●​ Must articulate clear goals, inspire others to follow, promote civic engagement.
and guide their community or organization toward ●​ They take responsibility for societal outcomes and
progress inspire active citizenship.
KMPC ABPS
●​ The Political Self involves engagement in civic life, ●​ Exercising the right to vote showcases the
such as voting, advocacy, and community Political Self, reflecting engagement with the
development. political system.
●​ Leaders with a strong political identity value active ●​ Voting asserts individuals' identity as active
citizenship and encourage participation in participants in shaping society.
democracy. ●​ It reinforces freedom, empowerment, and political
7. Communication Skills agency through participation in decision-making.
●​ Effective leaders are skilled, articulate, and 2. Empowerment through Representation
persuasive communicators. ●​ Voting ensures individual representation within the
●​ They simplify complex ideas, foster constructive political system.
dialogue, and inspire others through their words. ●​ By selecting representatives aligned with their
●​ Leaders with a well-formed Political Self use values, citizens ensure their voices are heard in
communication to express vision and embrace governance.
diverse perspectives. ●​ The Political Self reflects an understanding of
●​ Political dialogue is vital for leadership, enabling one’s role in the political community.
unity, conflict resolution, and openness. ●​ Voting links personal beliefs to broader social and
●​ Strong communicators promote transparency and political movements.
inclusivity in governance. ●​ It reinforces the individual's connection to the
8. Courage and Integrity collective system, affirming their contribution to
●​ Effective leaders possess the courage to make societal progress.
tough decisions and uphold what is right, even 3. Protection of Rights and Freedom
when unpopular. ●​ Voting safeguards individual rights and freedoms,
●​ Integrity is essential for honesty and principled enabling citizens to hold elected officials
leadership. accountable.
●​ Political leadership involves addressing complex ●​ It allows individuals to influence policies that affect
moral challenges. their lives and promotes social justice and equity.
●​ Leaders with a strong Political Self advocate for ●​ The Political Self is rooted in rights awareness,
justice, uphold ethics and resist pressure or emphasizing the importance of voting for personal
corruption. and societal freedoms.
●​ Courageous and ethical leadership builds public ●​ By participating in elections, individuals protect
trust and aligns decisions with societal values. their rights and those of marginalized groups,
fostering a more inclusive democracy.
Voting as a Right and Responsibility
Voting Voting as a Responsibility
●​ Voting is a fundamental right and responsibility in 1. Duty to Participate in Democratic Process
a democratic society, allowing citizens to express ●​ Voting is not only a right but also a civic duty
their political voice and influence governance. essential for the effective functioning of
●​ It reflects an individual's Political Self, political democracies.
identity, values, and commitment to civic duty. ●​ Abstaining from voting allows others to make
●​ In the Philippines, suffrage is both a constitutional critical decisions, potentially weakening the
guarantee and a civic obligation, recognized in the democratic process.
1987 Constitution. ●​ The Political Self encompasses an understanding
●​ Article V, Section 1: "Suffrage may be exercised of one’s responsibilities within society.
by all citizens of the Philippines, not otherwise ●​ Viewing voting as a responsibility acknowledges
disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen each person's vital role in shaping governance.
years of age, and who shall have resided in the ●​ Active participation in democracy reinforces
Philippines for at least one year and in the place accountability and fosters a responsible Political
wherein they propose to vote for at least six Self.
months immediately preceding the election. No 2. Informed Decision-Making
literacy, property, or other substantive requirement ●​ Responsible voting involves making informed
shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage." decisions through research on candidates and
●​ This provision highlights inclusivity and understanding policies.
accessibility, emphasizing the democratic principle ●​ The Political Self is developed through critical
of equal participation. thinking and informed political participation.
●​ Voting without adequate knowledge undermines
Voting as a Right the democratic process.
1. Expression of Political Freedom ●​ Educating themselves empowers citizens and
●​ Voting is a legal right in democratic societies, strengthens their Political Self.
enabling individuals to select leaders and ●​ Informed voting aligns personal values with
influence government policies. political choices, ensuring votes reflect
●​ It represents the principle of popular sovereignty, consideration of the common good.
where political power resides with the people. 3. Contributing to the Collective Good
KMPC ABPS
●​ Voting transcends personal interests, focusing on ●​ Belief in a higher force shapes actions and
the welfare of broader society. choices, particularly in relation to the inevitability
●​ A responsible voter considers the impact of their of death and what follows.
choices on social groups and the country’s future. ●​ The search for sacredness is driven by the desire
●​ The Political Self is shaped by balancing individual for peace and fulfillment, fostering acceptance and
needs with collective responsibilities. contentment despite life’s challenges.
●​ Voting acknowledges that individual actions affect ●​ Religion and spirituality are not understood in the
not only one's own life but also the lives of others. same way, though they often overlap
●​ Embracing democracy as a shared enterprise, the ●​ Seeking a meaningful connection with something
Political Self views voting as a tool for fostering bigger than yourself can result in increased
inclusive growth, equality, and social justice. positive emotions. Transcendent moments are
4. Fostering Accountability and Transparency filled with peace, awe, and
●​ Voting enables citizens to hold elected leaders contentment—emotional and spiritual wellbeing
accountable for their actions and performance. overlap, like most aspects of wellbeing.
●​ Regular elections ensure transparency in
governance by allowing leaders to be judged by Religion
their constituents. ●​ Rebecca Stein (2011): defines religion “as a set of
●​ The Political Self includes the role of the citizen as cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes
a watchdog in the political system. some or all of basic characteristics.
●​ Responsible voters participate actively and remain ○​ a belief in anthropomorphic supernatural
vigilant about government performance. being, such as spirit and gods;
●​ This accountability strengthens democratic ○​ a focus of the sacred supernatural, where
institutions and promotes transparent governance. sacred refers to a feeling or reverence
5. Preservation of Democracy and awe;
●​ Democracy is preserved when citizens actively ○​ the presence of a supernatural, where
exercise their right to vote; failure to participate sacred refers to a feeling or reverence
can weaken democratic structures. and awe;
●​ The Political Self embodies a commitment to ○​ the performance of ritual activities that
upholding democratic values. involves the manipulation of sacred object
●​ Responsible voters recognize that democracy is to communicate to supernatural beings
not self-sustaining and requires active and/or to influence or control events;
participation. ○​ the articulation of worldview and moral
●​ By voting, individuals reaffirm their role as codes through narratives and other
stewards of democracy. means; and;
●​ This engagement ensures that democracy ○​ provide the creation and maintenance of
remains robust, inclusive, and representative for social bonds and mechanism of social
future generations. control within a community; provides
explanation for the unknown and a sense
THE SPIRITUAL SELF of control for individuals.
Spirituality and Religiosity ○​
●​ Spiritual Self: Spirituality and Religion ●​ An individual's choice of religious belief is
Spirituality influenced by their spiritual self and shaped by
●​ Defined broadly as a sense of connection to societal and cultural contexts.
something higher than ourselves ●​ Practicing religion contributes to one's spirituality
●​ Sense of transcendence experience in spirituality and often involves rituals, which are ceremonial
is a universal experience acts prescribed by tradition or sacred law (Penner,
●​ Some find it in monotheistic religion, while others 2017).
find it in meditation ●​ Rituals serve as a specific and observable mode
●​ Spirituality encompasses an individual’s of behavior across all known societies, helping
connection to transcendent aspects of life, define the human experience.
focusing on meaning and purpose beyond ●​ According to Penner (2017), rituals have three
physical realities. fundamental characteristics:
●​ Puchalski (2004) defines spirituality as the ○​ They evoke feelings of respect, awe,
process of seeking and expressing meaning and fascination, or dread regarding the
understanding one's connections to self, others, sacred.
and the environment. ○​ They rely on a belief system typically
●​ It emphasizes relational aspects, fostering expressed through mythological
connections not only with people but also with language.
nature and the divine. ○​ They are symbolic in nature, relating to
●​ Spirituality reflects core values through how their references.
individuals relate to family, peers, and the natural
world. World Religions
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1. Buddhism ●​ Frankl believed that despair arises not from
●​ Life is inherently unsatisfactory, leading individuals suffering itself, but from feeling that one has
to crave pleasant experiences and avoid nothing to give or no one to love.
disappointing ones. ●​ Research shows that having a sense of meaning
●​ This craving and aversion create a reactive cycle and purpose can extend life.
that binds individuals to their habits. ●​ Logotherapy is unique as the only meaning-based
●​ Buddha taught that breaking this cycle involves and values-based approach in existential
practicing ethics, meditation, and cultivating psychology.
wisdom.
●​ Wisdom is characterized by a deep understanding Components of Franklian Philoshy
and acceptance of reality as it is. ●​ There are three main components that are at the
2. Christianity heart of the Franklian philosophy:
●​ Christians believe that God became fully present ○​ Each person has a healthy core.
in the world through Jesus Christ of Nazareth. ○​ The primary focus is to enlighten a person
●​ The crucifixion of Jesus is viewed as a sacrifice to their own internal resources and
that reconciles humanity with their Creator. provide them with the tools to use their
●​ There are various Christian denominations inner core.
worldwide, each with unique beliefs and practices. ○​ Life offers you purpose and meaning; it
3. Hinduism does not owe you a sense of fulfillment or
●​ The term "Hinduism" was coined in the 19th happiness.
century to encompass a wide range of ancient
beliefs, texts, and religious groups. Logotherapy Assumptions
●​ Hinduism is viewed as a complete way of life, 1. The human being is an entity consisting of body,
focusing on sanctification and discipline to achieve mind, and spirit
a higher level of consciousness. ●​ Humans consist of body (soma), mind (psyche),
●​ Hindus revere sacred scriptures known as the and spirit (noos). Frankl emphasizes that while the
Vedas, which are central to their religious body and mind are what we have, the spirit is
traditions. what we are.
4. Islam 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the
●​ Islam is an Arabic word meaning "willing most miserable.
submission to God," with roots connected to the ●​ Life holds meaning in all circumstances, even in
concept of peace. the most difficult situations. This "ultimate
●​ Muslims believe that Islam represents the way of meaning" reflects an order that transcends human
peace as outlined in the Quran (or Koran). laws.
●​ The Arabic word "Allah" refers to one God in 3. People have a will to meaning
Islam. ●​ The primary motivation for living is the will to find
5. Judaism meaning. Recognizing meaning enables
●​ The Jewish people believe they are descended individuals to endure suffering, distinct from the
from a Semitic tribe that originated in the land of pursuit of power or pleasure.
Canaan in the Middle East. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to
●​ Jews anticipate the coming of the Messiah, the activate the will to find meaning
Savior. ●​ Individuals have the freedom to activate their will
●​ The study and interpretation of the Torah are to find meaning, regardless of circumstances. This
integral to Jewish life. involves changing attitudes towards unavoidable
●​ Jewish food laws are complex and prohibit certain fate.
animals and shellfish. 5. Life has a demand quality to which people must
respond if decisions are to be meaningful
Logotherapy ●​ Life demands responses from individuals for
●​ Logotherapy was developed by Dr. Viktor Frankl decisions to be meaningful. This practical
(1905–1997), author of Man's Search for meaning can be fulfilled by adhering to societal
Meaning. values or personal conscience.
●​ Frankl, a psychiatrist and neurologist from Vienna, 6. The Individual is Unique
treated suicidal patients before and after World ●​ Each person is unique and irreplaceable, which
War II. enhances their sense of meaning.
●​ The term "logotherapy" is derived from "logos,"
meaning "meaning," and therapy, which refers to Finding Meaning With Logotherapy
the treatment of conditions or maladjustments. 1. Purposeful Work
●​ As a Jewish prisoner in four concentration camps ●​ Meaning in life begins with setting and pursuing
during the Holocaust, Frankl confronted despair future goals.
among fellow inmates who considered suicide. He ●​ Each individual has unique aspirations or tasks
encouraged them to focus on what life expects that define their life's meaning.
from them instead of what they expect from life.
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●​ Therefore, the meaning of life is personal and ●​ Information and activities shared on social media
varies for each individual. reflect how individuals want to be perceived in the
2. Courage in the Face of Difficulty virtual space.
●​ A meaningful life acknowledges that suffering is ●​ The concept of the "extended self" was introduced
an inevitable part of existence. by Belk (1998), referring to online representations
●​ To find meaning, one must recognize and confront of identity.
suffering, pain, and death. ●​ Advances in technology have expanded
●​ Frankl emphasized that individuals possess the opportunities for self-extension in the digital realm.
ultimate freedom to choose how to respond to ●​ Individuals can curate their online identities,
challenging circumstances. shaping perceptions that may differ from their
●​ Finding meaning often involves identifying unique real-life personas.
roles or contributions that only one can fulfill. ●​ This phenomenon raises questions about
●​ Example: Frankl helped a grieving man realize authenticity and the impact of digital identities on
that his suffering spared his wife from mourning personal relationships and self-concept.
him, which provided perspective and alleviated his
depression. Social Media
3. Love ●​ Definition of Social Media: Social media refers
●​ Love is a profound source of meaning, to electronic communication platforms, such as
transcending physical presence. social networking sites and microblogging, where
●​ Frankl's experiences in the Nazi concentration users create online communities to share
camp illustrated the power of love in sustaining information, ideas, personal messages, and
hope and resilience. content like videos (Merriam-Webster.com).
●​ He felt a strong connection with his beloved even ●​ Self-Expression: Social media enables
during extreme hardship, emphasizing that love individuals to express themselves through virtual
can provide strength and a sense of purpose. communities and networks.
●​ Different Behavior: Users may behave differently
Viktor Frankl's harrowing experiences during the on social media compared to face-to-face
Holocaust, where he lost his wife, parents, and other interactions, as there is no physical presence
relatives to gas chambers, significantly influenced his required.
understanding of love and its vital role in life. He believed ●​ Online Disembodiment: This phenomenon leads
that love is essential for truly grasping another person's to individuals being less likely to show their "real
essence, enabling individuals to recognize their essential selves," particularly when interacting with
traits and potential. Frankl argued that through love, strangers online.
people can help one another actualize their potential,
underscoring its transformative power. He famously stated What is Online Identity?
that love transcends the physical presence of the beloved, ●​ Social identity that an internet user establishes in
connecting deeply with the spirit. onlline communities and websites.
●​ Can be considered as an actively constructed
In a world grappling with profound suffering, Frankl presentation of oneself
emphasized that spirituality and love are crucial for ●​ Selective Self-Presentation: In the digital age,
navigating the psychological pain and tragedies faced by individuals often engage in selective
humanity. He urged individuals to cultivate a deeper self-presentation to manage how they are
understanding of life's meaning and the importance of perceived by others.
love, suggesting that this awareness is more critical now ●​ Self-Presentation
than ever. By embracing appreciation, self-compassion, ○​ sociologist, Erving Goffman, E. (1959)
gratitude, and kindness, people can enhance their and psychologist, Mark R. Leary (1995):
well-being and create a supportive environment. “process of controlling how one is
Ultimately, Frankl asserted that the foundation of a person perceived by other people
lies in their spirit rather than material aspects, encouraging ○​ Includes behaviors used for creating,
responsibility in thoughts, emotions, and interactions with modifying, and maintaining other people’s
others. impressions about oneself
○​ Process of creating a digital artifact which
THE DIGITAL SELF is a carefully chosen representation or
●​ Increasing Internet use for various purposes: expression of one’s real-world self
research, entertainment, business, and ○​ Explains why our behavior can change if
communication. we notice we are being watched/observe
●​ The Internet serves as a valuable tool but allows ○​ A part of a broader set of behaviors called
people to assume different identities online. impression management
●​ Online behavior often contrasts with offline ●​ Impression management
behavior; anonymity leads to the idea that "in the ○​ Controlled presentation of information
internet, no one knows who you actually are." about all sorts of things, including
information about other people or events
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○​ Is it a conscious or subconscious process
in which people attempt to influence the Boundaries of the Self Online
perceptions of other people about a ●​ Sharing personal experiences is a longstanding
person, object, or event human practice, but digital devices enable broader
dissemination of information than ever before, with
Ways to Combat Social Media Depression social media platforms like Facebook allowing
●​ Watch Your Thoughts: friends to be more updated on one’s activities than
○​ Be mindful of negative thoughts that arise family members.
while comparing yourself to others, ●​ Social media has become integral to
especially when scrolling through social self-presentation for a significant portion of the
media. global population, leading to concerns about
○​ Recognize feelings of inadequacy and try managing identity and reputation and the risks
to address them. associated with “oversharing.”
●​ Speak to Others: ●​ As people share both positive and negative
○​ Open up to friends and family about your experiences online, it's important to have a
feelings regarding comparisons and filtering system to discern what information is
negative thoughts. appropriate to share and what content is credible,
○​ Discussing your emotions can help put including reactions to others' posts.
things in perspective and may lead to
support or reminders of positive Setting Boundaries to Your Online Self: Smart Sharing
experiences you've had. Before posting or sharing anything online, we should
●​ Focus on What You Have: consider the following questions:
○​ Start a gratitude practice to appreciate the ●​ ✓ Is this post/story necessary?
positive aspects of your life. ●​ ✓ Is there a real benefit to this post–is it funny,
○​ Recognize even small things to be warm-hearted, teachable–or am I just making
grateful for, like the simple act of noise online without purpose?
breathing. ●​ ✓ Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved
this issue? An issue that is still being worked out
Internet at home, or one that is either vulnerable or highly
●​ Purpose: Social Interaction, information emotional, should not be made public.
acquisition and generation, and entertainment. ●​ ✓ Is it appropriate? Does it say within the
●​ Your daily life is almost always dependent on the boundaries of our family values?
functions of technology, espcially the internet ●​ ✓ Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years?
which provides people w a venue of presenting Or is this post better suited for sharing with a
their identities through social media platforms small group of family members? Or maybe not at
all?
Digital Citizenship
●​ refers to the norms of appropriate and responsible Guidelines for Proper Sharing
behavior towards technology use. Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of
●​ Anchored on three general principles: information and ethical use of the internet (New 2014).
○​ Respecting ●​ ✓ Stick to safer sites.
○​ Educating ●​ ✓ Guard your passwords.
○​ Protecting Oneself and Others ●​ ✓ Limit what you share.
●​ Serves the purpose of regulating human behavior ●​ ✓ Remember that anything you put online or post
in a highly technological and digital world on a site is there forever, even if you try to delete
it.
Online Disinhibition ●​ ✓ Do not be mean or embarrass other people
●​ Defined as the lack of restraint one feels when online.
communicating online in comparison to ●​ ✓ Always tell if you see strange or bad online
communicating in person behavior.
●​ Some individuals lose their inhibition in social ●​ ✓ Be choosy about your online friends.
interactions because there is an aspect of being ●​ ✓ Be patient.
present only in the virtual, sort of an anonymity
What Not to Post Online
Anonymity 1.​ Sexy or revealing pictures
●​ May serve as n option for indivduals who ar 2.​ Pictures or videos showing private moments with
enaturally shy and introverted to express their loved ones
thoughts without threat to their self-esteem 3.​ Pictures or videos showing bad habits
●​ However, there are also cases when online 4.​ Negative comments on another person’s attitudes
disinhibition can be harmful and negative, as seen 5.​ Post of announcing conflicts with other people
in cases of cyberbullying.
●​ Anonymity can shield the identity of the cyberbully.
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6.​ Posts of the results of a particular competition with
the names of defeated participants
7.​ Comments showing strong opposition to certain
issues
8.​ Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent, and
offensive words
9.​ Pictures or videos revealing one’s financial status
10.​ Pictures or videos showing family trips
11.​ Pictures or videos displaying one doing good
deeds
12.​ Pictures or videos in the hospital
13.​ Posts of every single thing you do