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Language Reference
Arduino programming language can be divided in three main parts
functions, values (variables and constants), and structure.

FUNCTIONS
For controlling the Arduino board and performing computations.
LANGUAGE

FUNCTIONS
Digital I/O Advanced I/O Math
VARIABLES
digitalRead() noTone() abs()
STRUCTURE digitalWrite() pulseIn() constrain()
pinMode() pulseInLong() map()
LIBRARIES
shiftIn() max()
GLOSSARY
shiftOut() min()
Analog I/O
tone() pow()
The Arduino Reference text is
analogRead()
licensed under a Creative sq()
Commons Attribution-Share Alike analogReference()
3.0 License. sqrt()
analogWrite() Time
Find anything that can be
improved? Suggest corrections delay()
and new documentation via delayMicroseconds() Trigonometry
GitHub. Zero, Due & MKR Family
micros() cos()
Doubts on how to use Github? analogReadResolution()
Learn everything you need to millis() sin()
know in this tutorial. analogWriteResolution()
tan()

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Characters Random Numbers External Interrupts
isAlpha() random() attachInterrupt()
isAlphaNumeric() randomSeed() detachInterrupt()
isAscii()
isControl()
Bits and Bytes Interrupts
isDigit()
bit() interrupts()
isGraph()
bitClear() noInterrupts()
isHexadecimalDigit()
bitRead()
isLowerCase()
bitSet()
isPrintable() Communication
bitWrite()
isPunct() Serial
highByte()
isSpace() Stream
lowByte()
isUpperCase()
isWhitespace()
USB
Keyboard
Mouse

VARIABLES
Arduino data types and constants.

Constants Conversion
Floating Point Constants (unsigned int)
Integer Constants (unsigned long)
HIGH | LOW byte()
INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP
char()
LED_BUILTIN float()
true | false int()
long()
word()

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Data Types Variable Scope & Qualifiers
String() const
array scope
bool static
boolean volatile
byte
char
Utilities
double
PROGMEM
float
sizeof()
int
long
short
size_t
string
unsigned char
unsigned int
unsigned long
void
word

STRUCTURE
The elements of Arduino (C++) code.

Sketch Control Structure Further Syntax

loop() break #define (define)
setup() continue #include (include)
do...while /* */ (block comm
else // (single line com
for ; (semicolon)
goto {} (curly braces)
if
return
switch...case
while

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Arithmetic Operators Boolean Operators Compound Operato
% (remainder) ! (logical not) %= (compound rem
* (multiplication) && (logical and) &= (compound bit
+ (addition) || (logical or) *= (compound mu
- (subtraction) ++ (increment)
/ (division) += (compound add
Pointer Access Operators
= (assignment operator) -- (decrement)
& (reference operator)
-= (compound sub
* (dereference operator)
/= (compound divi
Comparison Operators
^= (compound bit
!= (not equal to)
Bitwise Operators |= (compound bitw
< (less than)
& (bitwise and)
<= (less than or equal to)
<< (bitshift left)
== (equal to)
>> (bitshift right)
> (greater than)
^ (bitwise xor)
>= (greater than or equal to)
| (bitwise or)
~ (bitwise not)

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