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Lecture 3 Examples

The document provides examples related to frequency, period, and bandwidth of signals, including calculations for sine waves and their phase. It also discusses the measurement of attenuation using decibels and provides examples of power loss and gain in signals. Additionally, it covers the calculation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and its decibel equivalent.

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13 views12 pages

Lecture 3 Examples

The document provides examples related to frequency, period, and bandwidth of signals, including calculations for sine waves and their phase. It also discusses the measurement of attenuation using decibels and provides examples of power loss and gain in signals. Additionally, it covers the calculation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and its decibel equivalent.

Uploaded by

khawla2076
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3 Examples

Table 3.1 Units of period and frequency

3.2
Example

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz.


The period of this sine wave can be determined as
follows:

3.3
Example

A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0.


What is its phase in degrees and radians?

Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is

3.4
Example

If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves


with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz,
what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming
all components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then

The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500,


700, and 900 Hz.
3.5
The bandwidth

3.6
Example

A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The


highest frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest
frequency? Draw the spectrum if the signal contains
all frequencies of the same amplitude.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then

The spectrum contains all integer frequencies. We


show this by a series of spikes.
3.7
The bandwidth for Example

3.8
Measurement of Attenuation

• To show the loss or gain of energy the unit


“decibel” is used.

dB = 10log10P2/P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal

8:34 AM
Example

Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its power is reduced to one-
half. This means that P2 is (1/2)P1. In this case, the attenuation (loss of power) can be
calculated as

A loss of 3 dB (–3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half the power.

Ref. Data Communications, Networking, 5th Edition, Behrouz, Forouzan, McGraw-Hill


2012
Example

A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is increased 10 times. This
means that P2 = 10P1 . In this case, the amplification (gain of power) can be
calculated as

Ref. Data Communications, Networking, 5th Edition, Behrouz, Forouzan, McGraw-Hill


2012
Example

Signal Noise ratio


The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 μW; what are the values of
SNR and SNRdB ?

Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as follows:

Ref. Data Communications, Networking, 5th Edition, Behrouz, Forouzan, McGraw-Hill


2012

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