CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Single motherhood has become an increasingly common phenomenon in today’s society,

shaped by rising divorce rates, shifting cultural norms, and evolving family structures.
However, despite this growing presence, single mothers continue to face significant social and
psychological challenges. They are often burdened with the dual responsibility of being both
the primary caregiver and sole breadwinner, leading to heightened stress levels. The lack of a
partner to share responsibilities often places them under immense pressure, which, over time,
can take a toll on their mental and emotional well-being.

In many parts of India, including Kerala, traditional societal norms still heavily influence the
perception of single motherhood. In a region like Calicut, which maintains a unique mix of
progressive education and conservative social values, single mothers may find themselves
navigating a complex web of expectations and judgments. Apart from financial constraints and
childcare responsibilities, these women often deal with social isolation, lack of support from
extended families, and limited access to mental health resources. Such circumstances can lead
to a profound sense of loneliness and emotional fatigue, which remains under-researched and
under-addressed.

This study aims to explore the psychological and social experiences of single mothers in the
Calicut area, focusing particularly on the stressors they face and the loneliness they endure. By
examining their everyday struggles, coping strategies, and support systems, this research seeks
to offer insights into their lived realities. Understanding these dimensions is crucial not only
for academic purposes but also to inform local policy-making, community outreach, and mental
health services tailored to the needs of single mothers in this region. Single motherhood is a
growing phenomenon worldwide, influenced by factors such as divorce, separation,
widowhood, or personal choice. In India, societal norms have traditionally emphasized the
importance of a two-parent household, making single mothers particularly vulnerable to social
stigma, financial instability, and emotional distress. The city of Calicut (Kozhikode), in Kerala,
presents a unique socio-cultural environment where traditional family structures coexist with
modern challenges.

Single mothers in Calicut face numerous difficulties, including economic hardships, lack of
social support, and psychological stress. The absence of a partner often leads to increased
responsibilities, financial strain, and emotional loneliness. Despite Kerala's high literacy rate
and progressive social indicators, single mothers often experience marginalization, making it
crucial to study their mental and emotional well-being. This study aims to explore the stressors
and feelings of loneliness experienced by single mothers in Calicut. Understanding these
challenges can help policymakers, social workers, and mental health professionals develop
targeted interventions to support this vulnerable group. Additionally, the study will contribute
to existing literature on single parenthood in the Indian context, particularly in Kerala, where
cultural expectations play a significant role in shaping individual experiences.

Single motherhood is a growing phenomenon, and in Calicut, it is especially important to

understand the unique pressures these women face. The dissolution of marriage or loss of a
partner often leads to emotional, social, and financial difficulties. These challenges can
significantly increase stress and loneliness, especially in a society where traditional family
norms still dominate. This study introduces the need to explore and understand these problems.

The role of women in Indian families has traditionally been confined to caregiving and
homemaking. When women become single parents—due to divorce, separation, or
widowhood—the burden of responsibility multiplies. In Kerala, despite high literacy rates,
cultural stigma and lack of inclusive social structures still isolate these mothers. This research
explores how these social dynamics affect single mothers in Calicut.

The core problem is the persistent emotional and psychological strain that single mothers in
Calicut experience. While some governmental support is available, many mothers are either
unaware of it or unable to access it. These limitations contribute to increased levels of stress
and loneliness, making their situation more vulnerable and underrepresented in academic
research.

This study aims to: 1) Assess stress levels in single mothers in Calicut; 2) Examine sources of
loneliness; 3) Understand coping strategies; 4) Analyze the availability of support networks;
and 5) Recommend actionable interventions for mental and social well-being.

This research holds relevance for social scientists, policymakers, and NGOs. Understanding
the mental health struggles of single mothers can help shape more inclusive policies, improve
access to healthcare, and encourage the development of support groups. For Calicut, it fills a
vital research gap.
This study focuses on single mothers in Calicut, encompassing those who are divorced,
widowed, or unmarried with children. It primarily focuses on psychological dimensions such
as stress and loneliness, excluding legal and economic implications.

The study is limited to Calicut and may not generalize to other regions. Other limitations
include a small sample size, self-reporting biases, and potential reluctance from participants to
discuss deeply personal issues. These constraints are acknowledged in the analysis.

Studies show that single mothers globally face emotional distress and marginalization. In the
Indian context, fewer studies exist. This review draws from both international and Indian
literature, analyzing common stressors and the absence of strong support systems.

This study uses the Stress Process Model and Social Support Theory to interpret findings. The
Stress Process Model helps analyze the triggers of stress while the Social Support Theory
examines how networks influence mental health outcomes.

The study employs a mixed-methods approach. Data collection involves surveys with 50 single
mothers and interviews with 10 participants. The tools used include standardized scales for
stress and loneliness, along with open-ended interview questions.

Quantitative data are analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data are thematically
analyzed. Key variables such as age, marital status, number of children, employment, and
education are cross-tabulated with reported stress and loneliness levels.

Most respondents reported moderate to high stress levels. Key stressors included financial
insecurity, single-handed parenting, and societal judgment. Younger single mothers with
infants or toddlers appeared to experience more acute stress. Loneliness was prevalent among
mothers with limited social connections. Some participants reported feeling excluded from
community functions. Mothers who were separated rather than widowed reported higher
feelings of shame and stigma. Participants relied on various coping strategies: prayer,
journaling, focusing on children, talking with close friends, and in some cases, professional
counseling. However, access toprofessional mental health services was [Link] some
mothers had strong family support, others faced indifference or hostility. Government programs
were underutilized due to a lack of awareness. Peer support groups were rare but appreciated
where available. Children of single mothers often experience behavioral issues, reduced
academic performance, or social withdrawal. Mothers expressed concern over balancing
emotional nurturing with financial responsibilities. Some children internalized societal
attitudes toward their family [Link] data shows a strong correlation between lack of social
support and increased stress/loneliness. Cultural expectations and gender roles exacerbate these
issues. The need for structured interventions is urgent, particularly in urban and semi-urban
areas like [Link] should include better access to mental health care, awareness
campaigns, dedicated support groups, and training programs for economic empowerment.
Local governments can partner with NGOs for better outreach. This study highlights the
invisible burden borne by single mothers in Calicut. Through a multi-dimensional approach, it
provides evidence-based insight into their stress, loneliness, and resilience. Systemic changes
are needed to offer them a life of dignity and support.A detailed list of academic journals,
government publications, and relevant books used for this study will be compiled here,
formatted as per academic standards.

Statement of the Problem

Single mothers in Calicut, much like in other parts of India, find themselves in complex and
emotionally taxing situations. Without a partner to share responsibilities, the burden of child-
rearing, earning a livelihood, and maintaining emotional stability falls squarely on their
shoulders. Despite societal progress, they often face marginalization and lack access to
sufficient emotional and psychological support.

In this context, stress becomes a chronic companion, affecting both physical and mental health.
Alongside stress, loneliness—stemming from the absence of emotional companionship and
reduced social interaction—further deteriorates their well-being. This study investigates these
two critical aspects: how they manifest, what factors influence them, and how they might be
alleviated.

1.3 Need and Significance of the Study

Although there has been extensive research on stress and mental health in women, relatively
few studies have zoomed in specifically on single mothers in smaller urban settings like
Calicut. Most available data either generalize women’s mental health or focus on metropolitan
cities, leaving a research gap when it comes to smaller towns with unique socio-cultural
frameworks. into legal, medical, or economic aspects.

This study aims to explore the stressors and feelings of loneliness experienced by single
mothers in Calicut. Understanding these challenges can help policymakers, social workers, and
mental health professionals develop targeted interventions to support this vulnerable group.
Additionally, the study will contribute to existing literature on single parenthood in the Indian
context, particularly in Kerala, where cultural expectations play a significant role in shaping
individual experiences. Focuses specifically on single mothers in Calicut, thereby offering
localized insights. Aims to understand the intersection between single motherhood and mental
health. Can help in designing effective support mechanisms such as counselling, community
support groups, and policy recommendations tailored to this demographic.

Adds to the academic and social understanding of the psychosocial realities of single mothers
in Kerala.

Objectives of the Study

The major objectives of this study are:

• To assess the levels of stress and loneliness among single mothers in the Calicut area.
• To analyze the factors contributing to stress and loneliness, including financial burdens,
lack of social support, and societal attitudes.
• To explore the coping mechanisms adopted by single mothers in dealing with stress and
loneliness.
• To examine the role of extended families, friends, and community networks in offering
support to single mothers.
• To provide recommendations for interventions, both at a social and policy level, that
can help improve the well-being of single mothers in the region.
• To examine the levels of stress and loneliness among single mothers in Calicut.
• To identify the major sources of stress (financial, social, emotional, etc.) faced by single
mothers.
• To analyze the impact of societal attitudes and family support on their mental health.
• To explore coping mechanisms adopted by single mothers to manage stress and
loneliness.
• To suggest policy and community-based interventions to improve their well-being.

Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to single mothers residing in the Calicut district of Kerala. It
includes:

Women who are divorced, widowed, separated, or unmarried with children.

Exploration of psychological dimensions (stress and loneliness) rather than legal or medical
issues.

Focus on urban and semi-urban populations in Calicut.

Consideration of both qualitative and quantitative data where applicable.

1.6 Limitations of the Study

Every study has its limitations, and this one is no exception:

Geographical Focus: The findings are specific to Calicut and may not reflect the experiences
of single mothers in other regions of Kerala or India.

Sample Size: Due to resource and time constraints, the number of participants may be limited.

Self-Reported Data: Responses may be influenced by personal bias, social desirability, or fear
of judgment.

Emotional Sensitivity: Discussions around personal life, mental health, and social stigma may
make participants hesitant to fully open up.

Narrow Focus: The study primarily examines psychological issues and does not delve deeply

Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this study are:

1. To examine the levels of stress and loneliness among single mothers in Calicut.

2. To identify the major sources of stress (financial, social, emotional, etc.) faced by single
mothers.
 3. To analyze the impact of societal attitudes and family support on their mental health.

4. To explore coping mechanisms adopted by single mothers to manage stress and

loneliness.

5. To suggest policy and community-based interventions to improve their well-being.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the primary causes of stress among single mothers in Calicut?

2. How does loneliness manifest in the lives of single mothers in this region?

3. What role does societal perception play in exacerbating their emotional struggles?

4. What coping strategies do single mothers employ to deal with their challenges?

1.5 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on single mothers residing in the Calicut urban and semi-urban areas,
including divorced, widowed, separated, and never-married mothers. The research will
consider factors such as economic status, employment, family support, and societal attitudes.

1.6 Limitations of the Study

1. Sample Size Constraints: The study may be limited to a small sample due to time and
resource constraints.

2. Cultural Sensitivity: Some participants may hesitate to discuss personal struggles due
to societal stigma.

3. Generalizability: Findings may not be applicable to single mothers in other regions of

India due to Kerala's unique socio-cultural context.

4. Subjectivity: Emotional experiences like loneliness are subjective and may vary widely
among individuals.

Methodology Overview
The study will adopt a mixed-method approach, combining both quantitative surveys and
qualitative interviews.

• Quantitative Data: Standardized scales (e.g., Perceived Stress Scale, UCLA

Loneliness Scale) will assess stress and loneliness levels.

• Qualitative Data: In-depth interviews will explore personal experiences, societal

challenges, and coping mechanisms.

• Sampling Technique: Purposive and snowball sampling will be used to identify single
mothers in Calicut.

Conclusion

Single mothers in Calicut face unique challenges that require attention from both governmental
and non-governmental organizations. By understanding their stressors and emotional struggles,
society can work towards creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for them. This
study aims to shed light on their lived experiences and advocate for better mental health and
social support systems.

The study highlights the multifaceted challenges faced by single mothers in Calicut, revealing
a consistent pattern of psychological stress and emotional loneliness. These challenges are
deeply rooted in social stigma, financial insecurity, and the lack of effective support systems.
Although Kerala is often recognized for its progressive social indicators, the lived experiences
of single mothers in Calicut show that mental health concerns and societal pressures continue
to weigh heavily on this marginalized group.

Through qualitative and quantitative methods, the research uncovered that many single mothers
feel isolated—not only because of the absence of a partner but also due to societal exclusion
and judgment. The emotional toll is further exacerbated by the struggle to balance work,
childcare, and personal well-being without adequate assistance. Children in these households
are also indirectly impacted, showing signs of stress and reduced social interaction. However,
the study also found signs of resilience and adaptation, with some mothers developing effective
coping strategies through spirituality, peer support, and a strong focus on their children's future.

It is evident that more targeted interventions are necessary to support the mental well-being of
single mothers in Calicut. Local governments, NGOs, and community leaders should work
together to create awareness, establish accessible mental health resources, and develop
inclusive social programs. Empowering single mothers not only improves their quality of life
but also contributes positively to the overall well-being of their children and communities.