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 CONTENTS

1. INTERNAL SECURITY 3

2. TERRORISM-ROLE OF EXTERNAL STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS 5

3. JAMMU AND KASHMIR MILITANCY 11

4. INSURGENCY IN THE NORTH-EAST 17

5. LEFT-WING EXTREMISM: A WAR UPON THE STATE 22

6. LINKAGES BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND SPREAD OF EXTREMISM 26

7. COMMUNAL VIOLENCE 28

8. ORGANISED CRIME 30

9. CYBER SECURITY AND ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA 35

10. SECURITY CHALLENGES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN BORDER AREA 40

11. SECURITY FORCES AND THEIR MANDATE 52

12. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 55

13. CURRENT ISSUES 63

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CHAPTER: 1 - INTERNAL SECURITY
 Border management
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SECURITY
 Coastal security
 Internal security is the security of a country
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERNAL
within its borders. This implies maintenance
SECURITY PROBLEMS
of peace and law and order, and upholding
 Unfriendly neighbours
the sovereignty of the country within its
 Poverty
territory.
 Unemployment
 External security is solely the responsibility
 Inequitable growth
of the armed forces of the country, while
 Widening gap between haves and have nots
internal security comes under the purview of
 Failure on administrative front or governance
the police, which can be supported by the
deficit
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), if
 Increasing communal divide
required.
 Increasing caste awareness and caste
 In India, the Ministry of Home Affairs
tensions
(MHA) takes care of internal security, while
 Rise of contentious politics based on
external security comes under the Ministry of
sectarian, ethnic, linguistic or other divisive
Defence.
criteria
Classification of Threat
 Porous borders having very tough terrain
Kautilya wrote in Arthashastra that a state can be
 Poor criminal justice system and large-scale
at risk from four threats:
corruption leading to nexus between
 Internal
criminals.
 External
 Internally-aided external INTERNAL SECURITY DOCTRINE
 Externally-aided internal Internal Security Doctrine should include the
Attributes of Internal Security following Key Elements
 Secure territorial integrity and protect 1. Political: - First, we need to know the nature
internal sovereignty of the challenge to our internal security. It
 Maintain domestic peace could be secessionist, separatist or even
 Prevalence of law and regional in nature. We have to analyse the
 Rule of law and equality before law—law of causative factors of various types of
the land should protect everyone. movements and see whether the demands are
 Absence of fear from the feared implying within the constitutional framework or not.
individual freedom for people as guaranteed 2. Socio-Economic: - Socio-economic factors
by the Constitution. are big threats to the internal security of the
 Peaceful co-existence and communal country. Many a times, there are genuine
harmony. socio-economic grievances of a section of
MAJOR CHALLENGES TO INTERNAL the society arising from acute poverty,
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SECURITY unemployment and displacement.

3. Governance: - Lack of good governance
 Hinterland terrorism—International and
also provides a tool in the hands of anti-
domestic
establishment elements.
 J& K militancy and terrorism
4. Police and Security Forces: - It has been
 Insurgency in North-east India
seen that, at times allegations of police
 Left-wing extremism
 Organised crime and its nexus with terrorism
atrocities and police indifference towards
people’s problems.
 Communalism
5. Centre– State Coordination: - Lack of
 Caste and ethnic tensions
centre– state coordination also leads to many
 Regionalism and inter-state disputes
problems related to internal security.
 Cybercrime and cyber security

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CHAPTER: 2 - TERRORISM-ROLE OF EXTERNAL STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS
back and analyse, there appears to be a sequential,
Terrorism may be defined as the planned, organised and well planned, well-motivated growth of terrorism
systematic use of violence as a means of coercion for
political, religious, or ideological purposes. in India.
1. After failing in two conventional wars
against India, especially post the humiliating
Terrorism is a state of terror, panic and a fear psychosis, defeat in 1971, Pakistan adopted the path of
created by an individual or a group of people in order to
force, coerce or blackmail the authorities, using violent sub-conventional war/ proxy war supporting
methods to accept their demand or to attain political, terrorist activities in India since the last three
religious or ideological goals.
decades with the motto of ‘bleeding India
with a thousand cuts.
CLASSIFICATION OF TERRORISM
2. The seeds of present terrorism were sown in
 Terrorism can be classified into two
the Khalistan movement in Punjab in the
categories—
1980s. This proved to be the most deadly
Terrorism by External State Actors
terrorist movement in India. It was to create a
 When any government directly or indirectly buffer sovereign state between J& K and rest
indulges in terrorism against its own people of India.
or the people of another country, it is referred 3. After Punjab, Pakistan targeted Kashmir in
to as terrorism by state actors. the late ‘80s’ and tried to take advantage of
 Also, terrorism against another country, anti-India separatist sentiments in a section
whether in support of international terrorism of Kashmiri population, and it continues to
or in order to destabilise that country, can be do so, till date. Terrorism in Kashmir was
classified as ‘external state sponsored basically operated by Pakistan occupied
terrorism’ Kashmir (PoK) based Islamist terrorist
Terrorism by Non-state Actors organisations created, trained, inspired and
 In this case, the act of terrorism is performed directed by ISI, like LeT, JeM, Hizbul
by an individual or a group which is not Mujahideen, etc.
associated with or financed by any 4. The Ayodhya incidents of 1992 also saw the
Government. rise of reactionary terrorist activities all over
 Non-state actors have generally no direct India, especially in Mumbai (1993 Bombay
or indirect link with any government or serial blasts). This provided a big opportunity
government agency while pursuing their to ISI to carry forward its designs of
agenda, though indirect linkages cannot be spreading terrorism and communalism in
completely ruled out. India.
 Naxalites, LTTE and North-east extremists Important Terrorist Attacks in India
are some examples of non-state actors. We can say that the last two decades have been
CATEGORISATION OF TERRORISM IN marked by the presence of ISI sponsored terrorism
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INDIA in India’s hinterland which was earlier confined to

Terrorism in India can be broadly classified into Punjab and J& K. Some of the more important
four major categories: incidents are mentioned below:
1. Hinterland terrorism  Bomb blasts in Mumbai in 1993 that killed
2. Jammu and Kashmir militancy
around 300 people.
3. North-East insurgency
4. Left-Wing extremism  Brahmaputra Mail train bombing in 1996 that
GROWTH OF HINTERLAND TERRORISM killed 33 people.
Hinterland terrorism is the terrorism that is  58 people killed and more than 200 injured in
spread all across the hinterland of the country. 1998 Coimbatore bombings, targeted at L.K.
Such terrorist acts have been taking place all over Advani in his election rally.
India without any specific reason. Yet, if we look  Attack on Red Fort in 2000.

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CHAPTER: 3 - JAMMU AND KASHMIR MILITANCY
transfer of power to the people of Kashmir,
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
several Pathan tribesmen with the help of
Pre-Independence
Pakistan Army invaded Kashmir.
 After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
 The Maharaja asked Nehru for military help.
the British Empire set its sight on the Sikh
Initially Nehru did not support accession
territories. In the ensuing battle, Gulab
without ascertaining the will of the people.
Singh (a Dogra General in Maharaja Ranjit
But Mountbatten insisted that under
Singh's service who was rewarded as king of
international law, troops could be sent to
Jammu by Ranjit Singh) sided with the
Kashmir only after the state's formal
British.
accession to India.
 The resultant defeat of the Sikhs resulted in
 Sheikh Abdullah and Sardar Patel too
the signing of the Treaty of Amritsar on
insisted on accession. Finally, on October
March 16, 1846. In accordance with the
26, 1947, the Maharaja acceded to India by
Treaty, Kashmir was handed over to Gulab
signing the Instrument of Accession and
Singh for a sum of 75 lakh rupee in return
also agreed to appoint Abdullah as the head
for his acceptance of British suzerainty.
of the state's administration.
Since then, Kashmir was ruled by the Dogra
Kashmir's UN Connection
Dynasty.
Post-Independence
 Jammu and Kashmir was the largest princely
state in 1947. Despite having nearly 77 per
cent Muslim population, it was ruled by a
Hindu king, Maharaja Hari Singh. The
state was known for pluralism and a
culturally diverse society.
Instrument of Accession and Referendum
 On 15 Aug 1947, fearing forced accession to
India on one hand and communal backlash
(due to dominance of Muslims) from
Pakistan on the other, Maharaja Hari Singh
did not accede to either India or Pakistan.
 He hoped for an independent, sovereign and
 At this stage, Mountbatten suggested the
completely neutral state. Sheikh Abdullah
Government of India to refer the Kashmir
consistently refuted the two-nation theory
problem to the UN. Through the intervention
and he was perceived as a custodian of
of UN Security Council, India and Pakistan
secularism in Kashmir.
arrived at a ceasefire agreement on
 Hari Singh offered to sign a 'stand-still
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January 1, 1949. The Ceasefire Line

agreement' with both countries which would
established came to be known as the Line of
allow free movement of people and goods
Control (LOC).
across borders. Pakistan signed the
 In 1951, the UN passed a resolution
agreement, but India said it would wait and
providing for a referendum under UN
watch. But relationship with Pakistan
supervision after Pakistan had withdrawn its
deteriorated soon when Pakistan suspended
troops from the part off Kashmir under its
rail services between Sialkot and Jammu in
control. The resolution has remained
September 1947.
infructuous till date since Pakistan has
 In October 1947, while Sheikh Abdullah was
refused to withdraw its forces from POK.
leading a widespread agitation for complete
Plebiscite in Kashmir never took place.

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CHAPTER: 4 - INSURGENCY IN THE NORTH-EAST
lowest number of insurgency incidents since
NORTH-EAST
1997.
 India's north eastern region includes eight
 Similarly, security forces casualties in the
states: The Seven Sisters-Arunachal Pradesh,
region declined from 17(2016) to 12(2017)
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim. and civilian casualties from 48(2016) to
 The North-east covers 8 per cent of the 37(2017).
country's landmass and has 4 per cent of the  Major Insurgent Groups Operating in
national population. About 99 per cent of the North Eastern States and declared as
6,387 km border of this region is “Unlawful Associations” and “Terrorist
International border along Bhutan (699 km), Organisations” Under Unlawful Activities
China (1,345 km), Myanmar (1,643 km), (Prevention) Act, 1967.
Bangladesh (2,700 km). Assam Listed/declared as
United Liberation Front of Terrorist organisation
Assam (ULFA) and unlawful
UPSCSUMMARYNOTES.COM association
National Democratic Front -do-
of Bodoland (NDFB)
Kamtapur Liberation Terrorist organisation
Organisation (KLO)
Manipur
People’s Liberation Army Terrorist organisation
(PLA) and unlawful
association
United National Liberation -do-
Front (UNLF)
Peoples’ Revolutionary -do-
Party of Kangleipak
(PREPAK)
Kangleipak Communist -do-
Party (KCP)
Kanglei Yaol Kanba Lup -do-
HISTORICAL Background of the North-east (KYKL)
Post-Independence Era Manipur Peoples’ Liberation -do-
Front (MPLF)
 After Independence, the Centre focused on
Revolutionary Peoples’ -do-
people- to-people contact and gave special Front (RPF)
attention to tribal policy. Coordination Committee -do-
 The Sixth Schedule of our Constitution is Cor-com (conglomerate of
six valley base UG outfits)
exclusively for this region and it provides for
Meghalaya
self-rule, autonomy and decentralisation. Hynniewtrep National Unlawful association
Thus, district and regional councils were Liberation Council (HNLC)
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created. Garo National Liberation Terrorist organisation

Army (GNLA)
Present Status
Tripura
 The security situation in the north eastern
All Tripura Tiger Force Terrorist organisation
states, which remained complex for quite (ATTF) and unlawful
some time because of diverse demands of association
ethnic groups and various militant outfits, National Liberation Front of -do-
Tripura (NLFT)
improved substantially in 2017.
Nagaland
 The number of insurgency related The National Socialist Terrorist organisation
incidents in the region decreased by more Council of Nagaland and unlawful
than 36 per cent compared to 2016 (2016- (Khaplang) [NSCN/K] association
484, 2017-308). The year witnessed the

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CHAPTER: 5 - LEFT-WING EXTREMISM: A WAR UPON THE STATE
West Bengal to Bihar to Odisha and also
WHAT IS LEFT-WING EXTREMISM (LWE)
to Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
OR NAXALISM (AS IT Is POPULARLY  CPI (ML) was converted into People's War
CALLED)? Group (PWG) in 1980 which had its base in
 The term ‘Naxal’ derives its name from the Andhra Pradesh and struck heavy causalities
village Naxalbari of district Darjeeling in among police personnel.
West Bengal, where the movement Third Stage
 After the formation of CPI (Maoist), Naxal
originated in 1967 under the leadership of
Charu Majumdar, and Kanu Sanyal and violence has been on the rise since 2005.
Jangal Santhal. It refers to the use of Estimated to be 40,000 strong, the Naxalites
violence to destabilise the state through have been a strain on the country's security
various communist guerrilla groups. forces and a barrier to development in the
Phases of Naxalism vast mineral rich region in eastern India
Maoists spread their ideology very systematically known as the 'Red Corridor'.
 The biggest incident was when they
and in a phased manner as follows-
1. Preparatory Phase- Detailed survey of new ambushed a whole CRPF Company in April
people, important public issues on which 2010 in Dantewada of Chhattisgarh and
masses can be mobilised. killed 76 CRPF armed personnel, showing
2. Perspective Phase- Mobilisation through the extent of their strategic planning, skills
frontal organisations-staging demonstration and armament. In 2013, the left-wing
against government/administration based on extremist movement made international
local public grievances. headlines when they killed 27 people,
3. Guerrilla Phase- Converting the public including some high-level politicians, in
movement into violent guerrilla warfare. Sukma district of Chhattisgarh.
4. Base Phase- Here the Maoists try to
establish their base and change the guerrilla
zone into a liberated zone.
5. Liberated Phase- Establishment of people's
government.
EVOLUTION OF NAXALISM IN INDIA
 The spread and growth of Naxalism in India
can broadly be divided into three phases or
stages. The three stages have been described
below.
First Stage
 The Naxalite movement began in May 1967
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in the three police station areas, Naxalbari,

Khoribari and Phansidewa, of Darjeeling
district in West Bengal.
 In November 1967, left-wing extremists
from the whole country founded the 'All
India Coordination Committee' in
Changes in the Red Corridor
Kolkata.
 The Red Corridor is the region in the
Second Stage
 The movement arose again in a more violent
eastern, central and western part of India that
form after the Emergency. It continued to experiences considerable Naxalites
widen its base as per the strategy of insurgency. Recently, the Ministry of Home
protracted war. Their base grew from Affairs (MHA) has the undertaken a

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CHAPTER: 10 - SECURITY CHALLENGES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN BORDER
AREA
 The LoC and the AGPL have seen constant
CHALLENGES OF BORDER SECURITY
tensions with border skirmishes and firing
Borders are the visible symbols of a country's
between the armies, and border security
sovereignty, unity and integrity. They stack are
forces constantly guarding boundaries of
seen as a symbol of national pride. There are three
both the countries.
distinct sets of borders at the international level:
Indo-China Border
1. Land borders
 The entire Sino-Indian border (including
2. Maritime boundaries
the western LAC, the small undisputed
3. Airspace
section in the centre, and the McMahon Line
INDIA's LAND BOUNDARIES WITH HER
in the east) is 4,056 km long and traverses
IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOUR
five Indian states: Jammu and Kashmir,
 India shares approx. 15,000 kilometres of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and
boundary with her immediate neighbours, Arunachal Pradesh.
namely Pakistan (3,323 km), China (3,488  On the Chinese side, the line traverses the
km), Nepal (1,751 km), Bhutan (699 km), Tibet Autonomous Region. The demarcation
Myanmar (1,643 km) and Bangladesh (4,096 existed as the informal1 cease- fire line
km). between India and China after the 1962
 India's boundary with each of her neighbours conflict until 1993, when its existence was
runs through a variety of ecological milieus, officially accepted as the 'Line of Actual
each with its own unique setting and Control' in a bilateral agreement.
associated problems. For example, the India-  China is in occupation of approximately
Pakistan border areas are spread across 38,000 sq. kms of Indian territory in Jammu
extreme climatic conditions, given that the and Kashmir. In addition, under the so-called
boundary runs from the hot Rann of Kutch China-Pakistan "Boundary Agreement" of
to the Thar Desert in Rajasthan to the cold 1963, Pakistan ceded 5,180 sq. kms. of
Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. Indian territory in Pakistan Occupied
 Similarly, in the north, the India-China Kashmir to China.
boundary runs along one of the loftiest  China claims approximately 90,000 sq. kms,
mountain ranges covered with snow all of Indian territory in Arunachal Pradesh and
through the year. The India-Myanmar about 2000 sq. kms. in the Middle Sector of
boundary is draped with lush tropical the India-China boundary. Beijing has stated
forests with myriad undergrowth. The Indo- that it does not recognise Arunachal
Bangladesh boundary has to cope with the Pradesh.
ever-shifting riverbeds in the region.  The border between China and India has
Indo-Pakistan Border never been officially delimited. China's
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The India-Pakistan boundary is categorised - position on the eastern part of the border
 Radcliff Line: This is 2,308 km long between the two countries is consistent. Not
stretches from Gujarat to parts of Jammu a single Chinese government recognises the
district in Jammu and Kashmir. "illegal" McMahon Line.
 Line of Control (LoC): This line is 776 km  Arunachal Pradesh is the only issue which
long and runs along the districts of Jammu has a potential for conflict between India and
(some parts), Rajouri, Poonch, Baramula, China.
Kupwara, Kargil and some portions of Leh. India- China 2020 Standoff
 Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL):
 India and China share border around 4,056
This is110 km long and extends from NJ sq. km long and have many overlapping
9842 to Indira Col in the North. territorial claims. India's stand is that China

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 has occupied 38,000 sq. km of its territory. UPSCSUMMARYNOTES.COM
Several rounds of talks in the last three
decades have failed to resolve the boundary
disputes.
 A strategic road, the Karakoram highway,
passes through the disputed area of Pak-
occupied-Kashmir. This highway connects
China with Pakistan. China has invested
about $60 bn in Pakistan's infrastructure - the
so-called China Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) is key to transporting
goods to-and-from the Southern Pakistani Background
port of Gwadar. The port gives China a  The LAC is poorly demarcated. The
foothold in the Arabian Sea. presence of rivers, lakes and snow caps
 The standoff between India and China is not means the line can shift. The soldiers either
a new affair but has occurred at several times side - representing two of the world's largest
including Doklam Standoff at Chumbi valley armies come face-to-face at many points.
in 2017 at the trijunction of India, Bhutan  Permanent rapid infrastructure is being built
and China. by China along the LAC without respecting
 Recently, Indian and Chinese armies have the boundary agreement. They usually patrol
been locked in a tense standoff at three on motor vehicles as they have made
points along the Line of Actual Control facilities available against the border
(LAC) - the Galwan River Valley, Hot agreement rules. On the other hand, Indian
Springs area and the Pangong Lake since side still patrols on foot.
early May 2020. But the recent standoff  India has built a new road in the most remote
became a far more serious affair since twenty and vulnerable area along the Shyok river
brave soldiers of India were killed in mid- near to the LAC in Ladakh. The road could
June, 2020 at Galwan Valley in Eastern boost India's capability to move men and
Ladakh in a clash with the Chinese forces. material rapidly in case of a conflict.
Strategic Importance of Galwan River Valley
 The Galwan river is the highest ridgeline
and it allows the Chinese to dominate the
Shyok route pass, which is close to the
river. During the 1962 China-India War,
China used these strategic lines very well and
contributed significantly towards its win over
India.
 It lies along the Western sector of the LAC
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and close to Aksai Chin, a disputed area

claimed by India but controlled by China.

Geography of the Region

Pangong Tso Lake

41
  The most serious issue is in the area of  The barren mountains on the lake's Northern
Pangong Tso and its Northern banks, where bank, called the Chang Chenmo, protrude
Chinese soldiers have moved up to the line forward in major spurs, which the Army calls
they claim to be the LAC. Most of the 'fingers'. India claims that the LAC is
clashes between the two armies occur in the coterminous with Finger 8, but it physically
disputed portion of the lake. As things stand, controls area only up to Finger 4.
45-km-long Western portion of the lake is  Chinese border posts are at Finger 8, while it
under the Indian control, while the rest is claims that the LAC passes through Finger 2.
under China's control. Around six years ago, the Chinese had
Tactical Significance of the Lake attempted a permanent construction at Finger
 By itself, the lake does not have major 4 which was demolished after Indians
tactical significance. But it lies in the path of strongly objected to it. Again, this year
the Chushul approach; one of the main Chinese built an infrastructure near Finger 4
approaches that China can use for an which used to be a no-man's area. That led to
offensive entry into India-held territory. the clash of 16th June in which twenty
 Satellite images show that they have also Indian soldiers and many Chinese were also
undertaken some construction activities in killed.
the areas that are claimed by India but were  China promised to go back to its original
no-man's land on ground. status, i.e. Finger 8 which was before 20
Hot Spring May 2020. But as of now they have gone
 Chinese soldiers have moved into three back to Finger 5 only so its still a deadlock.
areas of PP14, PP15 and Gogra, backed by Present Status and Indian Strategy
 At the LAC front, Chinese are placed at a
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a large number of troops and heavy

equipment on their side. strategically better position than India and
also, they are more war-ready than India at
present. They have built roads till the LAC
and are patrolling on vehicles while Indian
troops still patrol on foot.
 So, the best strategy at the time of clash for
India was to buy time and prepare and deploy
its troops. Also, we have to increase our
UPSCSUMMARYNOTES.COM
military deployment to match the Chinese
and find solutions for the challenging terrain.
Fingers in the Lake Indo-Bangladesh Border
42