STQM1013 CALCULUS I
Lecture 1a
Function and graph
What is Calculus?
• Mathematics of change (something becomes different) and motion (the process of
moving or being moved).
• Mathematical knowledge of velocity, acceleration, tangent line, gradients, area, volume,
arc length, centroid of triangle, slopes and other concepts that enables scientists,
engineers, economists to model real-life situations.
• In Calculus, we learn how to model such changing and moving processes.
• Calculus can be used to determine
➢ velocity of accelerating object
➢ slopes of a curve
➢ variable curvature of general curve
➢ area under a general curve
• Calculus revolves around two key problems: the Tangent problem (Differential Calculus)
and the Area problem (Integral Calculus), with unexpected relationships and have many
important interpretations in a variety of contexts.
Mathematician and Precalculus Research
• Greek mathematician Archimedes (Italy, 288-212 BC), Isaac Newton
(English, 1642-1727) dan Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (German, 1646-
1716).
• Mathematical problems of the time (1600-1700):
➢Find the tangent line to a general curve at a given point.
➢Find the area of general region, the length of general curve, volume of
general solid
➢Find the maximum or minimum value of quantity, for example, the maximum
and minimum distances of a planet from the Sun or maximum range
attainavle for a projectile by varying its angle of fire.
➢Find the velocity and acceleration of a body at any instant.
Functions
• the fundamental objects in Calculus.
• arise whenever one quantity depends on another quantity.
• Why??? So, what is function??
Functions
Definition 1.1: Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets of real numbers. A real-valued function f of a real
variables 𝑥 from 𝐴 to 𝐵, 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a correspondence that assigns to every
elements 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 exactly one unique element 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵, where set 𝐴 and 𝐵 are called
domain (𝐷𝑓 ) dan codomain (𝐶𝑓 ) respectively.
Not all elements in codomain mapped by element in domain. If 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 mapped by
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 , then we can write 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . All set of 𝑦 that has the paired value of 𝑥 is
called range ( 𝑅𝑓 ). In the situation 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥 is independent variable
(preimage/input) while 𝑦 is dependent variable (image/output).
In this lecture, we just consider real-valued functions; both the domain and
codomain are sets of real numbers.
If 𝑓 is called function, then 𝑓(𝑥) is called function value.
Function
• Functions can be specified in a variety ways:
• Equation in implicit form: 𝑥 2 + 2y = 1.
1
• Equation in explicit form: 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2 .
2
• We can write the equation as function notation as follows:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2 .
2
Domain and Range of a function
• Implied domain is the set of all real numbers for which the equation is
defined.
1
▪𝑓 𝑥 = 2 ,
𝑥 −4
𝑓 has an implied domain that is the set 𝑥: 𝑥 ≠ ±2 .
• Explicitly defined domain is the one that is given along with the
function.
1
▪𝑔 𝑥 = ,4≤𝑥≤5 ,
𝑥 2 −4
𝑔 has an explicitly defined domain given by 𝑥: 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 .
Example 1.2
Find the domain and range of each function.
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1
b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2
1−𝑥, 𝑥 <1
c) ℎ 𝑥 = ቊ
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 1
Solution:
a) Since 𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0, So the domain is ሾ1, ∞).
Since 𝑥 − 1 never negative, hence the range is ሾ0, ∞).
b) 4 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 2 − 4 ≤ 0 → (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) ≤ 0.
So the domain is ሾ−2, 2]. Since 4 − 𝑥 2 is never negative at most 2,
The range is ሾ0, 2]
Solution for part c:
• 𝑓 is defined for 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑥 ≥ 1.
So, the domain is 𝑥: 𝑥 ∊ ℝ .
• From the graph on the right,
the values of 1 − 𝑥 are positive for 𝑥 < 1
• For 𝑥 ≥ 1, minimum value of 𝑦 is 0 at
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 increases as 𝑥 increases.
So, the range of the function is ሾ0, ∞).
Example 1.3
Determine the domain and range of function as follows:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2023
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 1
3. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1
4. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥
5. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
6. 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
7. 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 − 3
8. 𝑚 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
9. 𝑚 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 − 1)
10. 𝑛 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
Functions
We use graph to show the behaviour and life history of the function.
Definition 1.2: Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 a function. Then the graph of function 𝑓 in
Cartesian plane is the set of all points 𝑥, 𝑦 such that 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 with
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
• Vertical line test: Curve in plane- 𝑥𝑦 is graph of a function, denoted as
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 if a vertical line can intersect the graph of the function of 𝑥
at most once.
Example 1.4
𝑥2 − 4
ℎ 𝑥 = = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥≠2
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+2 𝑥−2
Example 1.5
1. Which one is the function? Provide explanation.
• 𝑦 = 𝑥2
• 𝑦2 + 1 = 𝑥
• 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 1
2. Sketch the graph in Example 1.2.
Piecewise-defined function
• Piecewise-defined function is a function built from pieces of different functions over
different intervals of the domain.
Example:
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 =ቊ
−𝑥, 𝑥<0
Property of absolute value: For any real number 𝑎, 𝑏
• 𝑎 = −𝑎
• 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
• = ,𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑏
• 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + |𝑏| - Triangle Inequality Theorem
𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + |𝑏| - Triangle Inequality
Theorem
•𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 ,𝑏 ≤ 𝑏 ,
then, 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏 .
• −𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 , −𝑏 ≤ 𝑏 ,
then, −(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏 .
𝑎+𝑏 ,𝑎 +𝑏 ≥ 0
• Notice that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = ቊ
− 𝑎+𝑏 ,𝑎 + 𝑏 < 0
• We prove that 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + |𝑏| .
Example 1.6
|𝑥|
• ℎ 𝑥 =
𝑥
• 𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 + |𝑥|
𝑥, 𝑥 < −3
• 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 2 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 < 6
−3, 𝑥≥6
Even and odd function
Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 a function. Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥, then 𝑓 is even.
• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥, then 𝑓 is odd.
Example 1.7
Example: Determine whether each function is odd, even or neither.
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥
• 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥4 − 𝑥2 + 1
1
•𝑚 𝑥 = +2
𝑥2
• ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
Definition 1.3
Given that two functions, 𝑓 and 𝑔 with the domain 𝐷𝑓 and 𝐷𝑔
respectively. Then we can get four new functions as follows
• 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 with domain 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
• 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 with domain 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
• 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ with domain 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
• 𝑥 = with domain {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0}
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
Example 1.8
Get new functions if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and g 𝑥 = 2023 − 𝑥.
