Kaunas University of Technology

Mechanical Engineering and Design

Structural Design and Multiphysic Analysis of the Outdoor Advertising Bilboard

Research project 2
Report

Mohammadzuber Vahora

Project Author

Grigas Vytautas
Supervisor

Kaunas, 2019
 Table of contents

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Billboards ................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Placements of Billboards ........................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Usage ........................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2.1 Highway................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Railway .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.3 Big name advertisers .............................................................................................................. 9
1.2.4 Tobacco advertising ............................................................................................................... 9
1.2.5 Non-commercial Use .............................................................................................................. 9
1.3 Litrature review ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Advantages and Disadvantage ................................................................................................. 10
1.5 Current Application ................................................................................................................. 11
1.6 Future Application .................................................................................................................. 11
2. Effect of Wind .......................................................................................................................... 13
3. Design Methodology ................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Bill board Design .................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Components ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.3 Manufacturing Process ............................................................................................................ 15
3.3.1 Pre-assembly of structural components ................................................................................. 16
3.3.2 Steel erection ........................................................................................................................ 16
3.3.3 Artwork fabrication .............................................................................................................. 16
3.3.4 Electrical connection ............................................................................................................ 16
4 CAD-FEM Design ..................................................................................................................... 17
5. Result ........................................................................................................................................ 19
5.1 Stress Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 Strain Analysis Result ............................................................................................................. 20
5.3 Displacement Analysis result .................................................................................................. 21
5.4.Factor of Safety ....................................................................................................................... 22
5.6 Computational Fluid Dynamic Result Analysis:(flow simulation) ........................................... 23
5.6.1.Stress Result: ........................................................................................................................ 24
5.6.2.Displacement result .............................................................................................................. 25
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 26

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Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 28

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 List of figures

Figure 1:Big Name Advertisers ....................................................................................................... 9

Figure 2:Damage of plate cladding ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 3:Failure of plate supporting structure, Failure of foundation ............................................. 14
Figure 4:Isometric view (Sketch) .................................................................................................. 17
Figure 5:Isometric view ................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 6:Isometric view ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 7:Stress Analysis ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 8:Strain Analysis Result ..................................................................................................... 20
Figure 9:Displacement Analysis Result ......................................................................................... 21
Figure 10:Factor of Safety............................................................................................................. 22
Figure 11:Flow simulation ............................................................................................................ 23
Figure 12:Stress Result ................................................................................................................. 24
Figure 13:Displacement Result ..................................................................................................... 25

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 List of tables

Table 1 Material discription and design specificationof Billboard ................................................. 15

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 Abstract
Billboards are a form of outdoor communication medium that is still relevant and effective due to
their ability to target a wide audience. Given the current technological advances, traditional billboards
have indeed enabled new and sophisticated means of communication. I studied and explained
definition of bill boards, History of billboards and all different types of billboards. This research
includes placements of billboards such as visual and Environmental concerns, Road safety concerns
and Laws limiting billboards. The variety usage of billboards such as on highway, Railways, Big
name advertisers and so on. Literature review of billboards includes history, current application and
future application of billboards. Theoretical backgrounds with buckling effect, natural frequencies on
band and effect of wind on board. I designed CAD-FEM in Solid works to explain Research
methodology.Billboards can be both factually communicative and socially interactive Their main
objectives are using visual impact and innovative message that is easy to be read and understood by
target audience, and to also communicate details effectively and affordably. In addition, some
billboards make use of non-verbal features to stand out and innovate themselves from their
competitors. Lastly, the medium of billboard encompasses properties of being graphically rich. These
are ways to effectively communicate using a billboard medium as it draws attention, preoccupy the
mind and appeal emotionally and mentally. As a result of utilizing some graphic conventions for
emphasis purposes, billboards do share some unique features of writing too.

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 Introduction
Billboard advertising has been a popular medium for outdoor advertising for a very long time. The
message in this medium needs to be very concise and easy to understand. Billboard s can be used to
provide directions or information about a product or service. This form of advertising is invaluable
for anyone looking to be noticed. Digital billboards are also more cost effective and easier to update.
Billboards are a form of outdoor communication medium that is still relevant and effective due to
their ability to target a wide audience. The properties of billboards are compared with prominent
features of speech and writing to better understand and appreciate how the language of billboard can
be used to effectively communicate messages to target audiences.Humans have been creating wall art
since the time we lived in caves. What the wall art was used for, and at what point it crossed from
artistic display to marketing for a business is an interesting question. During the time of the ancient
Egyptians the government was using images carved into stones to post the laws and regulations of
the land. This carving into stones may, in a way, have been the oldest form of outdoor advertising.The
modern-day billboard advertising approach can trace its roots to lithography, which was an invention
of the late 1790s. The genius of this invention is that it made it possible to mass produce as many
posters and announcements as a business needed. There was one major limitation to the outdoor
billboards being produced at the time, and that was the quality of the posters; they did not stand up
when exposed to the elements for prolonged periods of time. The circuses were one of the first
businesses to profit from this new form of mass marketing, and so outdoor advertising underwent a
major innovation which brought us the modern billboard advertising that we know today. The earliest
use of the billboard by the circuses dates back to 1835. Prior to the invention of lithography, billboard
copy could only be produced on a very small scale which made it significantly less effective as a
marketing tool than it is today.
Aim of the project: To measure the responce of advertising billboard with respective wind load
simulation acting at the front surface of the model.To develop a new design of the advertising
billboard in order to withstand the effect of static and dynamic load condition.

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 1. Billboards
The advancements in today’s world have created more and more ways to advertise. Because the
advertising landscape has grown so rapidly and changed so fast, some businesses may be confused
as to what medium would be best suited for their business and audience. Small businesses usually
have a limited budget to work with which is why it is imperative that they create a good strategy.
Having a strategy in place will ensure you utilize your budget in the most effective way. If you do
happen to have an unlimited supply of marketing dollars, feel free to go crazy in terms of advertising.
The more mediums you use, the higher your chances of getting noticed by the masses.
Following are the Type of Billboards:
1. Advertising Billboard
2. Painted Billboard
3. Digital Billboard
4. Painted Billboard
5. Multi-Purpose BillBoard
6. Other types of BillBoard

1.1 Placements of Billboards

Some of the most prominent billboards are alongside highways; since passing drivers typically have
little to occupy their attention, the impact of the billboard is greater. Billboards are often drivers'
primary method of finding lodging, food, and fuel on unfamiliar highways. There were approximately
450,000 billboards on US highways in 1991. Somewhere between 5,000 and 15,000 are erected each
year. Current numbers are put at 368,263, according to the OAAA (outdoor Advertising Association
of America). In Europe billboards are a major component and source of income in urban street
furniture concepts.
Many cities have high densities of billboards, especially where there is dense pedestrian traffic Times
Square in New York City is a good example. Because of the lack of space in cities, these billboards
are placed on the sides of buildings and sometimes are free-standing billboards hanging above
buildings. Billboards on the sides of buildings create different stylistic opportunities, with artwork
that incorporates features of the building into the design, such as using windows as eyes, or for
gigantic frescoes that adorn the entire building.

1.2 Usage

1.2.1 Highway
Many signs advertise local restaurants and shops in the coming miles and are crucial to drawing
business in small towns. One example is Wall drug, which in 1936 erected billboards advertising
"free ice water". The town of Wall, South Dakota, was essentially built around the many thousands
of customers per day those billboards brought in (20,000 in 1981). Some signs were placed at great
distances, with slogans such as "only 827 miles to Wall Drug, with FREE ice water." In some areas
the signs were so dense that one almost immediately followed the last. This situation changed after
the Highway Beautification Act was passed; the proliferation of Wall Drug billboards is sometimes
cited as one of the reasons the bill was passed. After the passage of the act, other states embarked on
Highway Beautification efforts.

1.2.2 Railway
Billboard advertising in underground stations, especially, is perhaps a place where they find a greater
degree of acceptability and may assist in maintaining a neat, vibrant, and safe atmosphere if not too
distracting. Museum station, Sydney has mounted restored 1940s billboard panels along the platforms
that are in keeping with its heritage listing.

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1.2.3 Big name advertisers
Billboards are also used to advertise national or global brands, particularly in more densely populated
urban areas. According to the Outdoor Advertising Association of America, the top billboard
advertisers in the United States in 2017 were McDonald’s, Apple, and GEICO. A large number of
wireless phone companies, movie companies, car manufacturers and banks are high on the list as
well. Fig.1 is the example of Big name Advertisers

Figure 1:Big Name Advertisers

1.2.4 Tobacco advertising

Prior to 1999, billboards were a major venue of cigarette advertising;10% of Michigan billboards
advertise alcohol and tobacco, according to the Detroit Free Press. This is particularly true in countries
where tobacco advertisements are not allowed in other media. For example, in the US, tobacco
advertising was banned on radio and television in 1971, leaving billboards and magazines as some of
the last places tobacco could be advertised. Billboards made the news in America when, in the tobacco
settlement of 1999, all cigarette billboards were replaced with anti-smoking messages.
Likely the best-known of the tobacco advertising boards were those for "Mail Pouch" chewing
tobacco in the United States during the first half of the 20th century (pictured at left). The company
agreed to paint two or three sides of a farmer's barn any color he chose in exchange for painting their
advertisement on the one or two sides of the structure facing the road. The company has long since
abandoned this form of advertising, and none of these advertisements have been painted in many
years, but some remain visible on rural highways.

1.2.5 Non-commercial Use

Not all billboards are used for advertising products and services—non-profit groups and government
agencies them to communicate with the public. In 1999 an anonymous person created the God Speaks
billboard campaign in Florida "to get people thinking about God", with witty statements signed by
God. "Don't make me come down there", "We need to talk" and "Tell the children that I love them"
were parts of the campaign, which was picked up by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America
and continues today on billboards across the country.

1.3 Litrature review

An organization can’t dream to become a known brand until it invests in promotional campaigns for which
consumer markets have been controlling through advert isements. In the dynamic world of
today, it becomes almost impossible for companies to share their information with the consumers
without using any form of advertising. Billboards are one form of advertising your product/brands and
communicate your message effectively and with cheaper rates. The combination of the exact picture,
color and the text in an advertisement makes an ad different among others. The visual is associated with the
emotions and these emotions come from social needs generated by culture and from biology of the
individuals. The visual part of an ad has two main duties, one is to draw the attention and make
feeling good. It is believed that individuals translate visual elements of ad design into verbal
information of the product. It is important to understand that design is a combination of colors,

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shapes lines on a piece of paper and adding up these elements makes visual information. There are many
elements in designing an ad which can construct an ad effective or not; or a picture of product/brand itself.
Model itself has some characteristics like age, gender, fame, style and nationality, life, humor or rational etc. To
help companies who advertise through this medium it is important to know which segment of the
audience is more attentive to this medium. There is very less literature available which dig into the
effect of this form of advertising on subgroups among audiences. The research concluded that advertising
is now moving towards modern trends wit h rapid growth, Thus, the research provides the
evidence that as cheaper, convenient and accessible medium billboard advertising comes out to be one
of the most attractive ways to the target market.
 Picture: this includes a model which endorses product
 Appeal: this includes themes like fantasy, sex, slice of
 Text: this includes attributes color, font and size
 Color: this includes colors & groups of colors like coldand warm and black & white.

1.4 Advantages and Disadvantage

Advantages
 Potential Placement of Advrtisement close to the point of sale.
 High frequency of exposure to regular commuters
 High Reach
 24-hour Presence
 Geographic flexibility for local advertisers
 Economic efficiency in terms of low production costs and low cost per thousand exposures
 Visual impact from advertisement size and message creativity
 Brand awareness
 Photographic information (strong visual effect)
 Builds company reputation and product image
 Quick rise in sales
 Guaranteed audience
Disadvantages
 Need to limit the number of words in the message
 High costs for brief exposure
 Low demografic selectivity
 Risk from vandalism, weather conditions
 Visibility issue
 Measurement Problems
 Stationary mode of advertising
 Time insensitive
 No feedback
 No advantage of space
 Does not target a specific market
 Short term advertising tool
 Customers find you

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1.5 Current Application
While billboards mostly conjure up thoughts of commercial or promotion-only advertisements,
billboards have been used in a variety of ways that can range from an extension of law enforcement
practices, government entities, or as an anonymous method of expressing an individual’s opinion.
Government agencies can use billboards as broadcasting platforms to simply urge and remind citizens
of the nature to get involved with political activity by voting and playing a role in the forward
movement of a nation. Size it down to the individual level and depending on the narcissistic nature
of those with deep pockets, some people can buy real estate garnering eyeballs from individuals who
have been conditioned to look at billboards when driving on monotonous areas of long-range roads
in efforts to make a statement and to ruffle some emotional feathers. The message became less
meaningful as the medium used in this case masked the messenger. Commentary made by community
members showed they were more annoyed with the fact that the message had to stay up there for a
specific duration and was posted under anonymous terms. Some would say “coward”, but would the
interpretation of this poster have been the same if had it been made online but also under an alias?
The takeaway from this instance is that the both the poster and vandals were aware that both the
message and the medium would have an impact with those that came across it, especially if the
original message is altered in a meaningful manner, whether that meaning is construed as negative or
positive. In the offline world, two areas of touchy contention for conversation between citizens
include politics and religion; the billboards in these cases happened to be static one-way messages
where all parties involved in the creation (or alteration) of the message remain anonymous, while the
audience is broad and their thoughts and responses unaccounted for. Given that this incident happened
in Sacramento, think of the responses that would ensue should a similar act have taken place in areas
where group polarization across any sensitive subject can stir social commotion and emotional outcry.
And while the billboard structure itself is not to blame for the message itself, the structure is
responsible for being the media and vehicle for communicating the message. The media is the
messenger, not so much the message in this instance.
When placed at point-of-sale locations, billboards can assist in elevating sales and awareness of
products and services that patrons can be made aware and encouraged to exchange money (or
attention) for the advertised product. However, one of the greater challenges of billboard advertising
resides within availability, reliability, and accuracy of metrics and measurements that translate to
return on investment figures. Compared to the prevalence and ease of hyper-targeting on other media
platforms such as the web, advertisers are looking for more evidence and guarantee from the providers
to measure and prove the effectiveness of their message and impact on brand perception and value.

1.6 Future Application

Just like the social movement is empowering the consumer more and more in the online web space,
the billboard media will trend in similar fashion, but to a lesser degree. As Janet Abbact states, “Users
are not necessarily just ‘consumers’ of a technology but can take an active part in defining its
features.”17 With the prevalence and cost-effective nature of modern technology now, it’s only
natural that the next generation of billboards become a derivative of two-way interactive messaging
platforms where users will have some say and some control in the content they will consume from
these large monitors.
Because of the distance between the billboard media and man is much greater than man and car or
man and computer, measurements of relevancy and impact will be driven more from a time
perspective, rather than space. There will be less pressure to keep the user engaged over extended
periods of time, but there will be expectations to maximize impact within a short amount of time,
which means that in the time a user encounters a billboard, there is but one chance to strike and to
strike well. Within two years, the digital billboard will become more integrated with similar
technologies driving the forward movement of web-based platforms. The billboard will become just
a piece of the overall experience. If the billboard is not connected to another device that relates to the
customer in a meaningful way, the billboard will surely die a slow death, not in the physical world,

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but rather in the mental realm of passersby. Users have their heads buried in their iPhones, iPads,
iPods and whatever else the latest hand-held device is. Rather than being seen as an offline, out-of-
the-home advertising platform, these billboards will leverage the devices already on a user to create
unique outside-of-the-home experiences with efforts for increasing engagement and inciting action.
For instance, in Dublin, Ireland, consumers can send an SMS to a number on a billboard that will
start a Honda Civic Type-R car.18 Even though there are existing examples of this now, in two years,
there will be a much greater adoption rate of similar deployments.
Within five years, it is reasonable to assume society will continue its trend towards database culture
and with the Internet and its limitless capability of tracking hoards of data points, these digital
billboards can be enabled with heightened technologies designed for data capture and measurement
tracking with the use of the other digital devices. It is not the goal for businesses to frivolously spend
cash without expecting returns; through more accurate targeting and profiling resulting from data
mining and analysis, communication strategies can be modified and adjusted to meet the needs and
interests of those viewing it.

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 2. Effect of Wind
Large billboards are commonly used along highways for displaying signs and information. In addition
to the widely used single plate configuration, the recent trend in the sign industry is to use two-plate
and three-plate configurations as shown in Figs. These structures are typically 20 to 50 m high above
the ground and with large rectangular plates about 20 to 30 m in width and 5 to 8 m in height. The
billboards are supported by enclosed truss or frames which are then supported by a mono-pole. Post-
disaster investigations have reported many damages and failures of the large billboards due to
typhoon or hurricanes or other types of strong winds These damages and failures can be local damage
of the connection bolts between the cladding plate and supporting structure, damage of the plate skin
due to the intensive local wind pressures on the plate, damage of plate supporting frame, bucking of
the supporting column, and failure of its foundation bolt connection as shown in Figs. To date,
extensive wind tunnel studies have been conducted to investigate the drag force and torque of a free-
standing wall or a single rectangular plate in boundary layer turbulent flows. The influences of aspect
ratio, clearance ratio, porosity of plate and the wind direction on wind load were examined. The
results of these wind tunnel studies were reflected in the design code and standards, where the drag
force coefficient is directly specified, and the torque is given in terms of a horizontal eccentricity
(ASCE/SEI 7-10; AS/NZS 1170.0:2011). Drag forces on a rectangular louvered panel with the
different porosity ratio were obtained in a wind tunnel study (Zuo et al. 2011). The surface pressure
distributions and overall integrated forces on static and auto-rotating flat plates have been compared
by wind tunnel testing (Martinez-Vazquez 2010). Meyer et al. (2015) carried out experimental study
of wind-induced vibration of variable massage signs due to vortex shedding and galloping.
Following loads are considered for analysis of supporting system:
1) Dead load
2) Wind load in +z direction
3) Wind load in - z direction
Following loading combinations are considered for analysis.
1) 1.5 D.L. + 1.5 W. L
2) 1.5 D.L. - 1.5 W. L
Wind Load Calculation: Billboard is located at Ahmedabad Wind load is calculated as per IS
875(part-3)-1987 External pressure coefficient Cf is considered as per IS 875, part-3, Sec.6.3.2.3
Wind force acting on billboard (F) is 0.8156 kN/m2 as per IS 875, part-3, Sec.6.3. Wind load is
generated only on billboard surface.

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 Figure 2:Damage of plate cladding

The figure 2 shows that when the wind is blowing and what are the damages will be occurred in this
bill board.

Figure 3:Failure of plate supporting structure, Failure of foundation

The above shown figure 3 shows that the failure mode of the plate supporting structure when the wind
blow is heavy and the billboard is not having enough withstand capacity in its structure.The above
shown figure 3 shows that the failure mode of the base foundation when the wind blow is heavy and
the billboard pole is not having enough withstand capacity to stand against the wind.

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 3. Design Methodology
3.1 Bill board Design
Billboard design depends on such factors as location of the sign, the advertising budget, and the type
of product being promoted. The industry uses market research firms to aid in the design process. They
can estimate the frequency and number of exposures the advertising will have upon its target
audience. Using data generated by Global Positioning Systems (GPS), billboard location data can be
merged with other geographic and demographic business information to create customized marketing
solutions for outdoor advertisers. Computerized data analysis is available that incorporates census
data, traffic origins, travel patterns, trading zones, competitor locations, and other key facts to help
optimize the use and location of billboards.
The location of the billboard also helps determine the type of sign selected by the advertiser. The term
billboard is a generic classification, referring to several types of signs. The most common forms are
known as bulletins and poster panels. Bulletins, the largest sign style, may be as large as 20 x 60 ft
(6.1 x 18.3 m) and are found in high-density traffic locations. Poster panels are somewhat smaller and
are designated by the number of sheets employed on the sign. Thirty-sheet poster panels are
approximately 12 x 25 ft (3.6 x 7.6 m) and are found on primary and secondary traffic ways. They
are lithograph- or silkscreen-printed and are usually displayed for 30 days. Eight sheets are somewhat
smaller (6 x 12 ft [1.8 x 3.6 m]) and are designed more for pedestrian and some vehicular traffic.
They are placed in high-density urban neighborhoods and suburban shopping malls. The larger
bulletin style is the most challenging type to construct.

3.2 Components
Large billboards have three main components: steel used to construct and support the frame, artwork
that conveys the advertising message, and electrical equipment for lighting and other special effects.
Description Specification
Material Structural Steel ASTM A 36
Main Column Circular Pipe 600mm x 14mm
Main Bottom frame I beam 200 x 200 x 9mm
Inner supporting beams Equal Angle L65 x4mm
Inner Primary Supporting columns Rectangular hollow section 80 x 40x 4mm
Inner Secondary Supporting columns Square Hollow Section 40 x 40 x 4mm
Inner Supporting Struts Equal Angle 50 x 50 x 5mm 50 x 50 x 5mm
Covering Sheet Steel Sheet 5mm
Main Fixing Plate Steel Sheet 1000 x 1000x 20mm
FOS 3 3
Tensile Stress 36,000 psi
Yield Stress 58,000 -80,000 psi
Table 1 Material discription and design specificationof Billboard

3.3 Manufacturing Process

Billboard manufacture requires three separate types of contractors. First, a steel erection firm is hired
to install support pole and frame. Next, a company specializing in graphics creates and mounts the
artwork, and finally electricians install the power and lighting.

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3.3.1 Pre-assembly of structural components
The steel erection company orders all the support components required for the job. Upon receipt of
the components, they bolt and weld together as many pieces as possible before shipping them to the
job site. Some of the longer steel pipes may be connected together as telescoping sections. Pre-
assembly saves time on the job site and improves ease of shipping. The pre-assembled parts are then
transported to the job site by truck.

3.3.2 Steel erection

 The job site must be properly prepared prior to installation of the steel. A subcontractor is
typically assigned to drill a hole in the ground in which to place the support pole.
Approximately 20-30 ft (6.1-9.1 m) deep, the hole is filled with concrete and the support pole
is put into place.
 Next, the frame is bolted into place on top of the pole which may be as little as 20 ft (6.1 m)
or as much as 100 ft (30.5 m) above the ground. The term haggle is used to describe the
distance from the sign face to ground level. The frame is equipped with catwalk-style
walkways to allow access to the surfaces where the advertising elements are mounted.The
entire installation process takes a crew of three or four men approximately one week to
complete.

3.3.3 Artwork fabrication

The artwork is added after the structural elements are in place. The method of application depends on
the design of the sign. Some advertisements are hand painted directly onto plywood sections that are
directly attached to the billboard frame; others use lithographic prints prepared on large vinyl sheets,
which are pasted onto the sign face. Usually, hand-painted billboards are used for small campaigns
that want to achieve a higher quality look.
 The pounce pattern technique is used to create a billboard-sized stencil of an original artwork.
Using this technique, the artwork is projected onto a billboard-size sheet that is placed over a
grounded copper mesh screen. Charcoal pencils with 500 volts of electricity passing through
them transfer the enlarged image to the paper by creating pounce points.
 Once attached to the plywood sections, the initial pattern of dots is defined further by charcoal
dust. The charcoal is spread over the rough image, and it adheres to the points that were made
by the electrically charged charcoal.
 Artists work using a reducing glass to paint the enlarged version of the original. Oftentimes,
several artists work on one billboard, each focusing on either the detailed images or the
background. Mechanical scaffolding increases the artists' maneuverability.
 Poster panels are printed on lithographic printers that mass produces the original artwork onto
sheets of poster paper.
 Once the campaign is completed, hand-painted panels are disassembled and whitewashed.
Poster panels remain on the billboard where they are covered by the next ad campaign.

3.3.4 Electrical connection

Typically, local electrical contractors are hired to install the power and lighting systems. In
many cases, both sides of the sign are used for artwork, so lighting assemblies are required
for both sides. In addition, the sign may require special wiring to operate moving parts or
other special effects. All wiring must be done in accordance with relevant electrical codes.

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 4 CAD-FEM Design
The figure indicates the solid model of the advertisement billboard, which is modeled by structural
steel A36 in solid works. It gives a complete detail of the model will analyze the computational flow
of the model in the following pages. All parts are assumed to be in a welded condition where the
bottom plate is fixed with the ground, assumed to be it is fixed by anchor bolt to the concrete which
is not considered in the design. The figure 4 shows inner structural components of the advertisement
billboard. The ladder which is attached at main vertical pipe model.

Figure 4:Isometric view (Sketch)

The below model shows steel plate for advertsement, and it is fixed at the front and backside of the
advertiment billboard. Assume the plate is welded with inner structural components instead of bolt
as welding is the most fastest and easiest method for production. The steel plates are considered as
single sheet which is fixed infront of the structural skeleton, and it is covered all corners of the
advertisement billboard.

Figure 5:Isometric view

The designed model of the billboard using SolidWorks is shown in the above figure 5.

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 Figure 6:Isometric view

The right view of the designed model of the billboard using SolidWorks is shown in the above figure
6.

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 5. Result
5.1 Stress Analysis

Figure 7:Stress Analysis

According to Figure 7,The Stress is maximum at the beam of the model which must be strong enough
to withstand high loads.The minimum value of von mises stress is at verical coulmn of the model
with a value of -3.361e+01 N/m2. The maximum stress is at the beam of the model with a value of
7.024e+00 N/m2. The maximum value of vonmises stress indicates high stress concentration at that
point.

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5.2 Strain Analysis Result

Figure 8:Strain Analysis Result

According to figure 8, The Strain is maximum at the Bottom portion of the plate at about 6.052e mm
with a wind velocity of 30m/s and minimum at Top part of the structure where the displacement is at
about 0.000e mm at that point.

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5.3 Displacement Analysis result

Figure 9:Displacement Analysis Result

According to figure 9, The displacement is maximum at the top portion of the plate at about 8.44 mm
with a wind velocity of 30m/s and minimum at bottom part of the structure where the displacement
is at about 1.00 mm at that point.

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5.4.Factor of Safety

Figure 10:Factor of Safety

The figure 10 indicates that the factor of safety as the maximum value is at the platform of the
structure at about 3.0 which indicates it is three times stronger able to carry more load than actual,
and the minimum factor of safety at the bottom plate at about 1.215. As it indicates that the above
design is safer at static condition under wind loads or external loads since the design value lies below
yield strength.

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 5.6 Computational Fluid Dynamic Result Analysis:(flow simulation)

Figure 11:Flow simulation

The Figur 11 indicates the displacement is maximum at the top portion of the plate at about 5mm
with a wind velocity of 30m/s and minimum at bottom part of the structure where the displacement
is at about 1mm at that point.

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5.6.1.Stress Result:

Figure 12:Stress Result

According to figure 12, the Stress is maximum at the Left portion of the plate at about 1.912mm with
a wind velocity of 30m/s and minimum at bottom part of the structure where the displacement is at
about -3.657mm at that point.

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5.6.2.Displacement result

Figure 13:Displacement Result

According to figure 13, the displacement is maximum at the top portion of the plate at about 5mm
with a wind velocity of 30m/s and minimum at bottom part of the structure where the displacement
is at about 1mm at that point. Compare to safe design procedures of th model , 3mm displacement is
normal, the displacement at the top can be reduced by adding additional support like steel rope or by
adding inclined vertical support to the model, which would significantly reduce the vibration and
diplacement of the billboard.

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 Conclusion
According to this billboard model analysis, it is significant to understand creative changes is required
for the model. As per wind load simulation and static analysis, the displacement and vibration are
maximum at the top portion of the model which is about 3mm as per the model. The stress is more at
the bottom portion where the joining part of the plate and the pipe, and minimum at the platform of
advertisement billboard. By considering the factor of safety the maximum value is at the platform of
the model, it is about 3, which indicates that it is three times stronger or able to withstand more load
than the actual, and the minimum factor of safety is at the bottom part of the model where the plate
and the pipe weld joint. So, this indicates that the calculated stress is under the yield strength of the
material and the model is within a safe zone range. It is also important to design a new concept in the
future that can reduce wind force by rotating the upper part of the structure according to wind velocity
when it is more than the acceptable limit. This could be done by implementing a gear system at the
joining of two main structures.

26
 Reference
1. IS: 800-2007, General construction in steel – code of practice, Bureau of Indian Standards.

2. IS: 875 (part-3) – 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings
and structures of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards.

3. An Explanatory handbook on IS: 875 (part-3) – 1987 wind loads on buildings and structures
by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee.

4. Paula Willard, “Egypt Secrets of an Ancient World,” National Geographic, March 7, 2011,
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/djoser.html.

5. Henderson, Sally and Robert Landau. Billboard Art. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1986.

6. Erected Steel Products. Steve McDowell, VP Operations. PO Box 360347, Birningham, AL

35236. http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Billboard.html#ixzz5Ih7uM1y2

7. Dahai Wang1,2 , Xinzhong Chen2 , Jie Li3 and Hao Cheng4 Wind load characteristics of
large billboard structures with two-plate and three-plate configurations
file:///C:/Users/Vahora/Downloads/2016_Wang_WAS61321D.pdf

8. Explain about outdoor billboard Types of outdoor billboar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard

9. Structural Types of billboard

http://www.state.nj.us/treasury/taxation/pdf/lpt/billboardpacket.pdf

10. effect of wind on board

http://www.bvmengineering.ac.in/misc/docs/published-
20papers/civilstruct/struct/101071.pdf

11. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b462/154b57b634d9b876b39f55409f7865554bdf.pdf

12. https://www.google.com/search?authuser=1&q=research+paper+on+billboard+advertising&
sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKsd6T-
9_iAhUB2FkKHSCSDdoQ1QIoAHoECAoQAQ&biw=1517&bih=730

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Appendices

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