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Biology Class 10 CH 1 Notes

Life processes are essential activities that living organisms perform to sustain life, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. Nutrition can be autotrophic, where organisms produce their own food, or heterotrophic, where they rely on others for food. The document also details the human digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems, as well as excretion processes in both humans and plants.

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1K views3 pages

Biology Class 10 CH 1 Notes

Life processes are essential activities that living organisms perform to sustain life, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. Nutrition can be autotrophic, where organisms produce their own food, or heterotrophic, where they rely on others for food. The document also details the human digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems, as well as excretion processes in both humans and plants.

Uploaded by

shrey gupta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1: Life Processes – Notes

What are Life Processes?

 Life processes are activities that living organisms perform to maintain life.
 Examples: Nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, etc.

1. Nutrition

 Process of taking in food and converting it into energy.

Types of Nutrition:

1. Autotrophic Nutrition – Organisms prepare their own food (e.g., plants).


o Photosynthesis:
 Equation:

6CO2+6H2O→sunlight + chlorophyllC6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O


\xrightarrow{\text{sunlight + chlorophyll}} C_6H_{12}O_6 +
6O_26CO2+6H2Osunlight + chlorophyllC6H12O6+6O2

Occurs in chloroplasts.
Conditions: Sunlight, chlorophyll, CO₂, water.
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition – Organisms depend on others for food (e.g., humans).
o Types:
 Holozoic (e.g., humans)
 Saprophytic (e.g., fungi)
 Parasitic (e.g., lice)

Human Digestive System:

 Mouth: Saliva breaks starch (salivary amylase).


 Stomach: Pepsin digests proteins.
 Small intestine: Main digestion and absorption.
 Enzymes: Pancreatic juice (trypsin, lipase), intestinal juice.

2. Respiration

 The process of releasing energy from food.

Types of Respiration:

1. Aerobic Respiration (with oxygen):


Glucose+O2→CO2+H2O+EnergyGlucose + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + \
text{Energy}Glucose+O2→CO2+H2O+Energy

2. Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen):


o In muscles: Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy
o In yeast: Glucose → Alcohol + CO₂ + Energy

Human Respiratory System:

 Organs: Nose → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs (alveoli for gas exchange)


 Gas exchange via diffusion.

3. Transportation

 Movement of materials (oxygen, nutrients, waste) within the body.

In Humans:

 Blood:
o Plasma, RBCs (oxygen), WBCs (immunity), Platelets (clotting).
 Heart:
oFour chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles.
oDouble circulation: Pulmonary & systemic.
 Blood vessels:
o Arteries (away from heart), veins (to heart), capillaries (exchange).

In Plants:

 Xylem: Water transport (roots to leaves).


 Phloem: Food transport (leaves to other parts).

4. Excretion

 Removal of metabolic waste.

In Humans:

 Organs: Kidneys (main), ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.


 Kidney: Filters blood, forms urine (contains urea, water, salts).
 Nephron: Structural unit of kidney.

In Plants:

 Less excretion; waste stored in leaves, gum, resins, or released as gases.


Important Diagrams to Practice:

 Human digestive system


 Human respiratory system
 Human heart
 Human excretory system
 Nephron
 Transport in plants

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