Matter in our surroundings

Page No.3

2. The smell of hot sizzling food reaches severed meters away, as the particles of
hot food have more kinetic energy and hence the rate of diffusion is more than
the particles of cold food.

3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. This shows that the
particles of water have intermolecular space and has less force of attraction.

4. The characteristics of the particles of matter are:

(1) Particles have intermolecular space.
(2) Particles have intermolecular force.
(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.

Page No. 6

1. Increasing density:
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.

2. a.

b. i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when

subjected to outside force.
(ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The external force
applied on the matter can bring these particles closer. This property is called
compressibility. Gases and liquids are compressible.
(iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids and gases
flow.
(iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate randomly in all
the directions. The gas can fill the container.

v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite shape.

Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container.
(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their motion is called
kinetic energy. Molecules of gases vibrate randomly as they have maximum kinetic
energy.
(vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have highest density.

3. (a) The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which they keep
moving in all directions and hence fill the vessel completely in which they are
kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the molecules of
the gas are in constant random motion due to high kinetic energy. These
molecules constantly vibrate, move and hit the walls of the container thereby
exerting pressure on it.
(c) The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with each
other, there is no intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it cannot flow,
all these characteristics are of solid. So wooden table should be called a solid.

(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of
wood we need a karate expert. It is because the molecules of air has less force of
attraction between them and a very small external force can separate them and
pass through it. But in case of solids, the molecules have maximum force of
attraction, the particles are tightly bound due to this force. Hence large amount of
external force is required to pass through solid.
4. Ice is a solid but its density is lower than water due to its structure. The
molecules in ice make a cage like structure with lot of vacant spaces, this makes
ice float on water.

Page No: 9

Q1 and 2 Do it by yourself

3. During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the substance. The
molecules of this matter use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the
particles, at this period of time, temperature remains constant. This extra heat is
acquired by the molecules in the form of hidden heat called latent heat to change
from one state of matter to the other state.

4. The gas can be converted into liquids by bringing its particles closer so
atmospheric gases can be liquefied either by decreasing or by increasing pressure.

Page no. 10

1. This can be explained by the process called evaporation, this is the process
in which the liquid particles absorb energy from the surroundings and cause
cooling. The rate of evaporation generally depends on the amount of water
vapour present in the air. If the amount of water vapor present in air is
more than the rate of evaporation is more or vice-versa. On a hot dry day,
the amount of water vapor present in air is quite low so this will evaporate
easily and make its surroundings cooler. Thus, from this we can say that a
desert cooler cools better on a hot dry day as compared to rainy one.

2. An earthen pot or matka is generally made up of sand particles in which

many tiny pores exist and this helps the water inside the pot to evaporate
and surroundings makes the water cool. This is the reason why people kept
the water in an earthen pot during summers.
 3. Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into contact with
air. The evaporation causes cooling sensation in our hands.

4. Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of evaporation
is faster with increased surface area. The cooling of tea in saucer takes place
sooner than in a cup. Hence we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a
saucer rather than a cup.

5. We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer. Light colour

because it reflects heat. Cotton clothes because it has pores in it, which
absorbs sweat and allows the sweat to evaporate faster thereby giving
cooling effect.

TextBook Questions

Q 1 and 2 do it yourself

3. Give reason for the following observations.

A. Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
Ans:
This phenomenon can be explained on the basis of sublimation which
defines that solid is directly converted into gaseous form without turning it
into liquid. Naphthalene is one that substances which undergo through the
process of sublimation easily at room temperature. That is why we can say
that naphthalene balls disappear after some time without leaving any solid.
B. We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away.
Ans:
Gaseous particles have very less internuclear forces due to which its
molecules are very free to move and it possesses high kinetic energy. Due
to this reason particles of perfumes diffuse into the atmosphere and its
 molecules will mix in the environment which enables us to smell the
perfume from several meters away.

4.. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction

between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer: Oxygen —> water —> sugar.

5. What is the physical state of water at—

(a) 25°C (bj 0°C (cj 100°C
Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid
(c) 100°C is liquid and gas

6. Give two reasons to justify

(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its freezing point is
0°C and boiling point is 100°C.

(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because melting point of iron is
higher than room temperature.

7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same
temperature?
Answer: Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to
overcome the fusion to become water. Hence the cooling effect of ice is more
than the water at same temperature because water does not absorb this extra
heat from the medium.

8. What produces more severe bums, boiling water or steam?

Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat is hidden in
it called latent heat whereas the boiling water does not have this hidden heat.
9.

A is the process of converting solid into liquid is called Melting.

B is the process which converts liquid into gaseous state, this is called
vaporisation.
C in which gases get converted into liquid this is called condensation.
D is the process which converts liquid into solid. It is called solidification.
E and F are the processes which convert solid into gas or vice versa is known as
sublimation.

Extra
Definematter.
Answer: Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.

What is diffusion?
Answer. The intermingling of molecules of one substance with that of the other is
called diffusion.
What happen to the rate of diffusion if the temperature is increased?
Answer: With increased temperature, the rate of diffusion also increases as the
particles gain energy and vibrate more.

Name the state of matter that have the tendency to maintain their shape when
subjected to outside force?

Answer : Solid

Define melting point.

Answer: The temperature at which a solid melts to become liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

Question . Define boiling point.

Answer: The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is known as its boiling point.

Question . Define latent heat of vaporization.

Answer: Latent heat of vaporization is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of
a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Question . Define latent heat of fusion.

Answer: Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1
kg of solid into liquid at its melting point.

Question . Define sublimation.

Answer: Sublimation is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without
going through liquid state and vice-versa.

Question . What is dry ice?

Answer: Solid carbon dioxide obtained by cooling and applying pressure on
carbon dioxide gas. It does not melt so it is called dry ice.

Question . What is humidity?

Answer: The air holds water vapour, this air with water is called humid air and the
phenomenon is called humidity.
Question.. Give two properties of solid.
Answer. (1) Solids have fixed shape and are rigid. (2) Solids cannot be
compressed.

Question.. What will happen if the pressure is reduced on solid carbon dioxide
(dry ice)?
Answer. If the pressure is reduced on solid carbon dioxide it will directly change
into gaseous state without melting.

Question . dame any three substances that show sublimation.

Answer: Ammonium chloride, camphor and naphthalene balls.

Question . Sponge is solid, but we can still compress it. Why?

Answer: Sponge is a solid with minute pores in it. When we press the sponge the
air present in these pores is released out and hence we are able to compress it.

Question . What is normal atmospheric pressure?

Answer: The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere and taken as the
normal atmospheric pressure.

Question . What is Kelvin?

Answer: Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature (0°C = 273 K).

Question . Give two examples of diffusion.

Answer: Milk drops dissolved in water and perfume sprayed in a room.

Question . Give the temperature at which water exists in two different

phases/states.
Answer: At 0°C water can be in solid or in liquid state.
At 100°C water can be in liquid or in gaseous state.

Question . Why do we see water droplets collected on the outer surface of a

glass container, containing ice?
Answer: The water vapour present in air, comes in contact with the cold outer
surface of the container thereby condensing it to form water droplets.
Question . Explain why solids have fixed shape but liquids and gases do not have
fixed shape.
Answer: Solids have fixed shape due to strong intermolecular force of attraction
between them. The liquids and gases have molecules with less intermolecular
force of attraction and hence they can flow and take shape of the container.

Question . Liquids and gases can be compressed but it is difficult to compress

solids. Why?
Answer: Liquids and gases have intermolecular space, on applying pressure
externally on them the molecules can come closer thereby minimizing the space
between them. But in case of solids there is no intermolecular space to do so.

Question . A balloon when kept in sun, bursts after some time. Why?
Answer: The balloon has air filled in it. The balloon when kept in sun gets heated
and the air inside it also gets heated. The molecules of air get energy, and vibrate
faster thereby exerting large force on the walls of the balloon. Due to this
expansion of gases the balloon bursts.

Question . Why do people perspire a lot on a hot humid day?

Answer: On a hot, humid day, due to the heat our body starts sweating for the
cooling mechanism i.e., by evaporation and gets cooling effect. But the air cannot
hold any more water on a humid day and therefore the sweat or perspiration is
seen.

Question . Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.

Answer:

Question . Why is it advisable to use pressure cooker at higher altitudes?

Answer: At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is low and the water boils
very fast and evaporates at faster rate therefore the pressure is required to
increase the cooking process and this is done by using pressure cooker which
increases the pressure inside the container and cooks food faster.
Question . What are fluids?
Answer: The states of matter that can flow due to less intermolecular force of
attraction, are liquids and gases and are called as fluids.

Question. One kg cotton and one kg sand, which is more denser? Why?
Answer: One kg sand is more denser than 1 kg cotton because density =
mass/volume .
The volume required by cotton is more than the sand and density and volume are
inversely proportional.

Question. Why is water liquid at room temperature?

Answer: At room temperature, the molecules of water have some intermolecular
force of attraction and the room temperature cannot provide sufficient heat for
these molecules to overcome their force of attraction and therefore remain in
liquid phase.

Question. State the differences between solid, liquid and gas.

Answer:

Question. Cotton in solid but it floats on water. Why?

Answer: Cotton has large number of pores, in which air is trapped. Hence
reducing its density and increasing the volume. Therefore cotton floats on water.
But when these pores get filled with water it starts sinking.

Question. Why arc solids generally denser than liquids and gases?
Answer: Density of a substance is given by a formula= Mass/Volume
In case of solids the molecules are tightly packed and hence large mass is
concentrated in very small volume. Hence their density is more. But in case of
liquids and gases, their molecules have intermolecular space and hence they
don’t have large mass concentrated in small volume. So the density of solids is
generally more than that of the liquids and gases.

Question. On a hot sunny day, why do people sprinkle water on the roof or
open ground?
Answer: During hot sunny day, the surface of roof or ground absorbs large
amount of heat and remains hot, on sprinkling water on these surfaces, the water
absorbs large amount of heat from the surface due to its large latent heat of
vaporisation thereby allowing the hot surface to cool.

Question. On a hot sunny dug why do we feel pleasant sitting under a tree?
Answer: Tree has lot of leaves which constantly show transpiration. Transpiration
is loss of water through small tiny pores of leaves called stomata. When this water
comes on the surface of leaf the water evaporates thereby causing cooling effect.
Therefore we feel pleasant sitting under the tree on a hot sunny day.

Question. Name the factors that affix l evaporation.

Answer: The rate of evaporation will increase with
(1) an increase of surface area,
(2) an increase of temperature,
(3) a decrease in humidity,
(4) an increase in wind speed.

Question . The melting point of ice is 273.16 K. What does this mean? Explain in
detail.
Answer: Ice is solid at 0°C i.e., 273° K. The molecules of ice are tightly packed.
These molecules have to overcome the force of attraction with which they are
held
and hence they gain this heat from the surrounding but the temperature remains
the same as their energy is used to overcome the force of attraction between the
particles. The particles have their state and starts vibrating freely and a stage
reaches when the solid ice melts and is converted to liquid state at the same
temperature i.e., 273 K.

Question. How is the high compressibility property of gas useful to us?

Answer: The gases have high compressibility. This property is used in the
following situation:
(1) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is a fuel which is made up of petroleum gas. On
compressing this petroleum gas it forms liquid.
(2) Oxygen cylinders in the hospitals have compressed gas filled in it.
(3) CNG (compressed natural gas) is a natural gas, methane, which is compressed
and used as a fuel in vehicles and at home.

Question . With the help of an example, explain how diffusion of gases in water
is essential?
Answer: The gases from the atmosphere diffuse and dissolve in water. Gases like
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in water, are essential for the survival of
aquatic animals and plants.
Animals breathe in this oxygen dissolved in water for their survival and plants can
use carbon dioxide dissolved in water for photosynthesis.

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Value Based Questions

Question 1. Adil parked his bicycle on a sunny day in a parking stand of his
school campus. When the school got over Adil saw his burst cycle type.
Thereafter he kept less air in his cycle types and did not inflate them fully.
(a) Why did the type burst?
(b) Why is air compressible?
(c) What value of Adil is reflected in the above act?
Answer: (a) The tyre burst because the air inside the tyre got heated and
therefore exerted pressure on the walls of the tyre.
(b) Air is compressible because it has large intermolecular space.
(c) Adil showed the value of intelligence, awareness, and self-responsibility.

Question 2. Akshay’s friend visited his house in Mumbai and he was surprised to
see air conditioners installed in all of his rooms. His friend advised Akshay to use
water-coolers and save electricity. On this Akshay told, him that the water-
cooler is not at all effective in coastal areas.
(a) Why are water-cooler not effective in coastal areas?
(b) What are the other two factors on which evaporation of water depends?
(c) What value of Akshay’s friend is seen in this act?
Answer: (a) Water coolers are not effective in coastal areas due to high rate of
humidity.
(b) The other two factors on which evaporation of water depends are
temperature and surface area.
(c) Akshay’s friend showed the value of concerned citizen, morally responsible
and friendly in nature.

Question 3. Sita lived in a village and could, not afford refrigerator in her house.
She knew how to keep water cold and preserve all perishable items in her
house. She kept ivet cloth surrounding the earthen pot to keep water cool, she
also kept vegetables fresh by keeping them in wet gunny bag and timely
sprinkled water over it.
(a) Why did Sita keep wet cloth surrounding the earthen pot?
(b) Suggest one more method of keeping the house cool in summer.
(c) What value of Sita is reflected in the above case?
Answer: (a) The wet cloth gave the cooling effect to the pot, as the water in the
cloth evaporated and evaporation causes cooling effect.
(b) By sprinkling some water on the lawn/veranda of the house can keep the
house cool.
(c) Sita showed the value of responsible behaviour.

Question 4. Shreya commutes in a CNG fitted van to school every day along with
many other students. She told the van driver to get the CNG connection
certified and timely checked it for any leakage or loose connection of pipes. She
told the driver to be more careful during summers.
(a) What is CNG?
(b) Why should one be more careful with CNG cylinders during summer?
(c) What value of Shreya is seen in the above act?
Answer: (a) CNG is Compressed Natural Gas used as fuel.
(b) During summers, the CNG connections and cylinder need to be checked
because the gas expands due to heat and if there would be any leakage then it
would cause fire in the vehicle.
(c) Shreya showed the value of concerned citizen and morally responsible
behaviour.