Instituto de Formação de Professores de Quelimane
Name: Cidia Jaime Bazo
1. Literature can be defined as a piece of writing that are valued as work of arts, especially
novels, plays and poems. It is a form of human expression. But not everything expressed in
words even when organized and written down is counted as literature. Those writings that are
primarily informative technical, scholarly, journalistic would be excluded from the rank of
literature by most, though not all, critics. Simply, literature represents the culture and
tradition of a language or a people. The concept is difficult to precisely define, though many
have tried; it's clear that the accepted definition of literature is constantly changing and
evolving. Certain forms of writing, however, are universally regarded as belonging to
literature as an art. Individual attempts within these forms are said to succeed if they possess
something called artistic merit and to fail if they do not.
2. Genre, (French: “kind” or “sort”) a distinctive type or category of literary composition,
such as the epic, tragedy, comedy, novel, and short story.
3. The four (4) genres of literature are: Fiction, Essay, Poetry and Drama.
4. A literary text is a piece of written material, such as a book or poem, that has the purpose
of telling a story or entertaining, as in a fictional novel. Its primary function as a text is
usually aesthetic, but it may also contain political messages or beliefs.
5. The notion of literary form Literary forms are skeletal structures or conceptual
frameworks designed to support or enclose parts of literary works. Every literary form is the
orderly method of arrangement and presentation of a literary work's parts or ideas; it is the
course of its reasoning, its development, and the manner in which its used.
6. Names of 6 authors focused on literature view points: Williams Shakespeare, Agatha
Christie, Barbara Cardtland, Daniele Steel, Harold Robbins, George Simon.
7………some of the more common literary devices found in literature. Devices studied
include allusion, diction, epigraph, euphemism, foreshadowing, imagery, metaphor/simile,
personification, point-of-view and structure.
8. Literary Works. Literary works include nondramatic textual works with or without
illustrations. They may be published or nonpublished. Computer programs and databases also
are considered literary works. Plays, dramas, and screenplays are not in the literary works
category
A literary element's definition is pretty similar. Literary elements are the things that all
literature whether it's a news article, a book, or a poem absolutely have to have. Just like
a house, the elements might be arranged slightly differently...but at the end of the day, they're
usually all present and accounted for. Literary elements are the fundamental building blocks
of writing, and they play an important role in helping us write, read, and understand
literature.
9. Children literature belongs simultaneously to 2 areas which are: Fictional and Non fictional
literature.
10. A great writer has something specific to say, or perhaps, more typically, a big question to
ask about the nature of the world as it was in the times of that writer. But a great work
also observes truths about the human condition as it occurs in any age. A great
writer examines the world as she or he sees it and communicates consciously to the reader
about those observations. But in addition, a great work can also convey things a writer has
observed.
11. The main difference between literature and other forms of writing, in my opinion, is the
quality of the writing. Literature of knowledge means any source which provides information
facts etc. Examples are books on Science, Social Science and so on. Even manuals of
gadgets, Cookery books can be included in this category. The style of writing is here very
straight without any figures of speech or ornate usage of language.
12. Literature, in its broadest sense, is any written work .Etymologically, the term derives
from Latin litaritura /litteratura “writing formed with letters,” although some definitions
include spoken or sung texts. More restrictively, it is writing that possesses literary merit.
It also derives from early 15c., "book-learning," from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a
writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "alphabetic
letter" also "an epistle, writing, document; literature, great books; science, learning"
(see letter (n.1)). In English originally "book learning" (in which sense it replaced Old
English boccræft); the meaning "activity of a writer, the profession of a literary writer" is first
attested 1779 in Johnson's "Lives of the English Poets;" that of "literary productions as a
whole, body of writings from a period or people" is first recorded 1812.
13. Literature is a term used to describe written and sometimes spoken material. Derived from
the Latin word literature meaning "writing formed with letters," literature most commonly
refers to works of the creative imagination, including poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction, and
in some instances, journalism, and song. Generally, literature refers to different types of text
including novels, non-fiction, poetry, and plays, among other forms. However, literature is a
contested term, as new mediums for communication provide different types of contemporary
literature. Literature is generally defined as writing with artistic merit.
14. Literature in other word means group of works of art made up of words. Most are written,
but some are passed on by word of mouth. Literature usually means works of poetry and
prose that are especially well written. There are many different kinds of literature, such as
poetry, plays, or novels. Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also
used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose
fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral
literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording,
preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment. Literature has to deal with human
life by using of the writer`s imagination to shed led on the sides that can not be recognized by
the scientists. That means the scope of literature in describing the life of human in wider than
the scientific scope. If the text is describing the life from a realistic perspective, it will be
scientific text, while if the text uses science and imagination t depict the life that means it is
literature. This because of the fact that the ability of imagination in human being is greater
than the mental ability. Needles to say that doesn’t mean that literature is only imaginative
work but it is mix of reason and imagination. And since the literature deals with human life in
general, thus the literature is universal not special for single group of people. It deals with the
humans regardless of their ethnic, religious, and gender affiliation and even regardless of
their age.
15. Literature is a term used to describe written and sometimes spoken material. Derived
from the Latin word literature meaning "writing formed with letters," literature most
commonly refers to works of the creative imagination, including poetry, drama, fiction,
nonfiction, and in some instances, journalism, and song. Literature is a written or spoken text
since it has different genres with either made to be read such as; Fiction and short or to be
spoken such as: Poetry and Drama.
16. A genre is a category of art, music, or literature. The following are some popular
examples of genres, along with some related sub-genres. Not only will you find literary
genres, but some of the most popular music genres as well. Action and adventure are
sometimes considered two distinct genres; however, the two go hand-in-hand: they involve
exciting sequences and obstacles that must be overcome before reaching a goal. There are
many different categories of action-adventure stories.
Epic Examples
An epic is a tale, often told in verse, of a heroic figure on a quest. You see epics in literature,
movies, and even music. A few epic examples you’ll see in literature, movies, and music
include:
The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien
The Last Legion (2007)
Skylon by Gruff Rhys
Military Examples
The military genre usually involves stories of battle and espionage from the war front.
Examples of this genre include titles like:
We Were Soldiers Once… and Young by Lt. Gen. Harold G. Moore
Black Hawk Down (2001)
Soldiers and Jesus by James Otto
Spy Fiction Examples
This genre, in the James Bond vein, recounts the pulse-pounding expeditions of spies in
various agencies throughout the world. Examples include:
The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad
Red Sparrow (2018)
Dangerous by Big Data, Joywave
Comedy Genre
Comedies are humorous stories intended to make the reader or viewer laugh. Whether it’s a
literary genre or found in the most popular music genre, comedy is just funny.
Black Comedy Examples
Although these stories are intended to be funny, they also touch darker areas of storytelling,
such as death and fear. Black comedy makes it way into books, movies and songs in these
examples.
Catch-22 by Joseph Heller
In Bruges (2008)
Let Me Watch You Make Love by Black
17. Figurative language goes beyond the literal meaning of words to describe or explain a
subject. There are many types of figurative language, including similes, metaphors,
alliteration, onomatopoeia, imagery, personification, and hyperbole.
a). Metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t
literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison. If you take
a metaphor literally, it will probably sound very strange (are there actually any sheep, black
or otherwise, in your family?) Metaphors are used in poetry, literature, and anytime someone
wants to add some colour to their language.
b). Allegory is a symbolic fictional narrative that conveys a meaning not explicitly set forth
in the narrative. Allegory, which encompasses such forms as fable, parable, and apologue,
may have meaning on two or more levels that the reader can understand only through an
interpretive process.
c). Imagery is a literary device that uses figurative language to describe objects, actions, and
ideas in a way that appeals to the physical senses and helps readers to picture the scene as if it
were real.
The term imagery can be a bit misleading. Though figurative language can be used to
describe the visual appearance of something, imagery also refers to vivid descriptions of
sounds, tastes, physical sensations, and smells.
d). Hyperbole is a figure of speech and literary device that creates heightened effect through
deliberate exaggeration. Hyperbole is often a boldly overstated or exaggerated claim or
statement that adds emphasis without the intention of being literally true. In rhetoric and
literature, hyperbole is often used for serious, comic, or ironic effect.
18. Types of Figurative Language. There are several types of figurative languages that are
used in modern writing. They include: 1. Simile. A simile is a figure of speech that compares
two unlike things and uses the words “like” or “as” and they are commonly used in everyday
communication. There are several types of figurative languages that are used in modern
writing. They include:
1. Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things and uses the words “like” or
“as” and they are commonly used in everyday communication. Communication Being able to
communicate effectively is one of the most important life skills to learn. Communication is
defined as transferring information to produce greater understanding. It can be done vocally
(through verbal exchanges), through written media (books, websites, and magazines),
visually (using graphs, charts, and maps) or non-verbally. A simile is used with the aim of
sparking an interesting connection in the reader’s mind.
2. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is an exaggeration that is created to emphasize a point or bring out a sense of
humour. It is often used in everyday conversations Public Speaking Public speaking, also
called oratory or oration, is the process of communicating information to a live audience. The
type of information communicated is deliberately structured to inform, persuade, and
entertain.
3. Personification
Personification is the attribution of human characteristics to non-living objects. Using
personification affects the way readers imagine things, and it sparks an interest in the subject.
4. Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a language that names something or an action by imitating the sound
associated with it. They add some reality to the writing
19. Culture is everything about the human society, i.e. it refers to the knowledge and features
of a specific group of people living in a region. On the other extreme, civilization is the
breakthrough of the human society meaning that it is the advanced level of social and human
development. People often conflate the terms culture and civilization and end up using them
synonymously.
Culture is an end (values and goals) in itself while civilization is a means (tools and
techniques) to an end. Cultural facts like belief, art and literature—prose, poetry or novel,
etc., gives direct satisfaction to the reader while equipment’s of civilization such as cars,
computers, refrigerators, etc., do not give direct satisfaction, until and unless they do not
satisfy our wants. Thus, civilization is utilitarian. It just helps in achieving the end.
Culture has no value in itself but it is a measurement by which we can value other articles of
civilization. We cannot determine the value of culture, i.e., beliefs, norms, ideas, etc., but the
value of anything can be determined by its measurement standard. Culture is a measuring rod
or weighing balance. Civilization is always advancing but not culture. Cultural facts like
dramatic plays or poems may not be necessarily better today than the plays or poems of
Shakespeare.
Civilization is easily passed without much effort to the next generation but not culture.
Cultural facts, e.g., any art or a piece of literature, cannot be learned without some
intelligence. It requires a few pains to understand it. Contrary to it, the equipment’s of
civilization (building, TV, etc.) can easily be inherited without much or any use of energy and
intelligence.
Culture relates to the inner qualities of society like religion, customs, conventions, etc., while
civilization relates to the outer form of society such as TV, radio, fans, etc.
20. According to Mcmillan dictionary literature is difened as:
1. stories, poems, and plays, especially those that are considered to have value as art and
not just entertainment great works of literature.
Example: She is studying German language and literature.
2. books or other information, in either printed or digital form, about a subject
Example: Police discovered racist literature in his home.
[Link] books and articles published, in either printed or digital form, about
a particular subject literature on:
Example: Recent literature on cancer emphasizes the importance of diet.
21. The study of literature is important because it, at its most basic, improves reading skills.
From this involved reading of quality literature a student then develops their writing skills, as
the two go hand in hand (the best writers are avid readers, typically). When we study
literature, our horizons are broadened, because we can learn about and come to understand
people who are different from us. Conversely, we might discover characters or poems that we
really identify with it can be really exciting and validating to discover that your exact
thoughts and feelings have also been experienced by someone else. Because of these effects,
literature encourages us to be sensitive to the whole spectrum of human experience and to
consider this when making decisions in our day-to-day lives. Academically, studying
literature also helps us to refine our own writing skills and expand our vocabularies.
22. A drama is a type of story acted out before an audience, often in a theater.
Dramas are commonly called plays. Other forms of literature, such as novels and
short stories, are meant to be read by individuals. The drama genre is strongly based in
a character, or characters, that are in conflict at a crucial moment in their lives. Most dramas
revolve around families and often have tragic or painful resolutions. Characteristics of
Drama Genres. Drama is intended to reflect human behaviour and action in the midst of crisis
and everyday life. Several genres exist within drama, each with their own storytelling
methods, character types and dramatic approach. There are four main genres of drama: the
tragedy, comedy, melodrama and tragicomedy. Three Genres: The Writing of
Fiction/Literary Nonfiction, Poetry, and Drama.
23. Characteristics of the narrative genre:
The narrative describes events from a certain time, which will be related to conditions, spaces
and customs within the plot and that influence each of the characters and therefore, the story
that is told. It is distinguished mainly by the descriptions of characters, environments, time
and events.
The author
In the writing of the work, the content is not properly linked to the author’s thoughts and
these are not expressed in such a way. However, it is possible that his ideology and thoughts
are mixed with the plot or the behaviour of the characters, but in most cases the author tries to
be subtle, so that it is not in plain sight for the audience, but the character himself expresses.
Reality
Often the narrative will take facts of everyday life for the construction of the story, so that in
many cases the writer reaches the exaggeration or deepening of certain aspects. Imagination
is used.
Language
As we have mentioned, narrative is characterized, among other things, by the use of highly
descriptive language. This language is essential to nurture the story it tells, since it makes it
easier for the reader to create images of what is happening, as the narrator can act in a way
that allows the reader to become a witness of what is happening when he familiarizes him
with the entire environment in which the story unfolds.
Multiplicity of discourses
It is important to bear in mind that the narrative can be immersed in various discourses such
as historical, cinematographic, poetic, journalistic, among others. This is precisely what has
facilitated the consumption of texts that even touch on the ludic genre, another literary genre.
The conflict
The presence of a conflict in the narrative genre is crucial for the development of the work,
since it is precisely in this knot of the story where decisive actions are developed to reach,
later on, the outcome of the story. Here the characters will have problems to solve and they
can be linked to destiny, as well as to other characters, society, nature, among other related
topics that start from the author’s idea.
Function of the narrative
The function or objective of the narrative takes place when the writer wishes to express or tell
historical facts or real events, resorting to imagination and even exaggeration in the
construction of the work. The author, in the explanation, proposes a point of view that can be
expressed by the characters and that, in a subtle way, the reader finds immersed in the work.
Proof of its result and function will be the perception of the message carried by the work.
We can also see narrative in media other than books, such as television, cinema or radio,
where events are described by a commentator or journalist who is in charge of narrating what
happens.
24. Lyric genre also known simply as lyric, it is a literary genre present in the imaginary and
the arts of man from Ancient Greece. His most clear and popular form of expression is
poetry, mainly in verse. The lyric consists mainly in the expression and exposure of
subjective positions and emotional samples through the harmonious use of oral and written
language.
Main characteristics of the lyrical genre
1- The lyric is subject to its author
Because it expresses intense and deep feelings and reflections, each lyrical product is closely
tied to the author and his subjectivity. This generates a variety of perspectives on the same
emotion, giving a unique character to the poetry, where beyond generic styles, each one
approaches the subjects that considers more susceptible.
2- It is not narrative
Traditional lyric poetry is not focused on developing a story through its verses, but in
elaborating on emotions and feelings in the face of certain situations. This creates a close
connection between author and reader, being considered as a moment of confidentiality and
intimacy. Although he does not develop a series of successive actions, it can be considered an
autobiographical narrative, tied to the author's pen and gaze. Poetry applies the same human
principles that dictate that every literary or artistic product, regardless of its genre, is but the
reflection of its own author.
3- Difficulty
The lyrical genre is not easy to read and understand. You must be accustomed to this literary
style and its evolution over the years. Even today, poetry is dismissed because of its literary
and comprehensive complexity. Although it may seem, prose poetry does not necessarily
facilitate reflection on what is read. Despite its complexity, lyric poetry does not consist only
of language ornaments, but rather seeks expressive simplicity from the appropriate words.
[Link] to Victor Manuel Literature a literary genre is a category of literary
composition. Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in
the case of fiction) length. They generally move from more abstract, encompassing classes,
which are then further sub-divided into more concrete distinctions. [1] The distinctions
between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, and even the rules
designating genres change over time and are fairly unstable.
26. Popular or Fairy tales are stories that range from those or in folklore to more modern
stories defined as literary fairy tales. Despite subtle differences in the categorizing of
fairy tales, folklore, fables, myths, and legends, a modern definition of the fairy tale, as
provided by Jens Tismar's monologue in German, is a story that differs "from an oral
folk tale", written by "a single identifiable ...
