THE INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
Javinar
Adviento
Ozunen
Villanueva
Mateo, J.
Mateo, J.C.
Domondon
 IMPORTANCE
The integumentary system protects the
body from infection and injuries you could
get from your external environment. It's
your body's coat of armor and the first line
of defense against viruses, bacteria and
other microbes. It shields your body from
harmful light and helps regulate your body
temperature.
 INTERACTIONS WITH
OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS
The skin and other parts of the integumentary system work with
other organ systems to maintain homeostasis.
The skin works with the immune system to defend the body from
pathogens by serving as a physical barrier to microorganisms.
Vitamin D is needed by the digestive system to absorb calcium
from food. By synthesizing vitamin D, the skin works with the
digestive system to ensure that calcium can be absorbed.
To control body temperature, the skin works with the
cardiovascular system to either lose body heat, or to conserve it
through vasodilation or vasoconstriction.
To detect certain sensations from the outside world, the nervous
system depends on nerve receptors in the skin.
 PARTS OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
EPIDERMIS

The epidermis is the outer

layer of skin. It provides
protection from foreign
substances.
The epidermis is
composed of
multiple types of
cells, including
keratinocytes,
melanocytes,
Langerhans cells,
and Merkel cells.
Each of these cells
has special functions.
KERATINOCYTES - provide a protective layer that is constantly
being renewed in a process called keratinization.
MELANICYTES - produce the skin and hair coloring (pigment)
called melanin.
LANGERHAN’S CELLS - determine the appropriate adaptive
immune response (inflammation or tolerance) by interpreting
the microenvironmental context in which they encounter
foreign substances.
MERKEL CELLS - help provide animals with sensory
information from whiskers and the deep skin areas called
tylotrich pads.
DERMIS
The middle layer of skin in your body. It has
many different purposes, including protecting
your body from harm, supporting your
epidermis, feeling different sensations and
producing sweat and hair.
It is composed of "broblasts, "bers, and various
structures such as blood vessels, nerves, cells of
blood or tissue origin, and tissue fluid.
STRUCTURE OF THE DERMIS AND
CHANGES WITH AGE
Dermis of the planum nasale and foot pads is
300 μm at birth and increases to 800 μm at 6
months of age
Dermis of the skin of the dorsal region is 700
μm at birth and increases to 1500 μm at 6
months of age, while in the abdominal region
is 300 μm at birth and increases to 800 μm at 6
months of age.
Fibronectin - released by "broblasts, endothelial
cells, and histiocytes that regulates vascular
permeability, wound healing, and cytoskeletal
orientation .
Skin glands and hair follicles are embedded in the
dermal tissue.
Fibers of smaller diameter are found in the
superficial dermis adjacent to the epidermis.
Collagen fiber bundles increase in size and number
as the dermis thickens with age. It account for 90%
of the fiber component of the dermis.
Elastic fibers are small, branching, and
lamentous, less than 0.5 μm in diameter.
Senile changes in dog skin were noted by BAKER
Fibroblast nuclei more densely distributed at birth
than at 6 months of age.
Subcutis fat is characteristic of the carpal,
metacarpal, metatarsal, and digital pads; it acts as
a shock absorber.
PIGMENTATION
The usual pigmentation pattern
in mammalian skin consists of fixed melanocytes in
the basal layer of the epidermis, supplying
keratinocytes with melanosomes. We observed that
the glabrous skin (rhinaria and footpads) of dogs
deviates from this pattern. In dogs, melanocytes are
found in both the dermis and epidermis.
 What causes pigmentation in dogs?
Secondary hyperpigmentation is relatively common
and can occur in any breed of dog, most commonly
those breeds prone to obesity, hormonal
abnormalities, allergies,
contact dermatitis, and skin
infections. Secondary
hyperpigmentation is
triggered by inflammation
and/or friction.
NASAL SKIN
A dog's nasal cavity is divided into two separate
chambers and opens into two nostrils, or nares,
that can wiggle independently and that can
take in smells separately. As a dog sniffs,
particles and compounds are trapped in the
nasal cavity by mucus while scent receptors
process them.
The nasal skin is often thick, moist, and strongly
pigmented.
 On histologic examination, no glands
can be demonstrated in the nasal
skin's epidermis or dermis. Polygonal
plaquelike patches can be seen on the
planum nasale's surface, giving the
skin an uneven look. The lateral nasal
gland and other glands that produce
The reticular, collagenous, and serous gland secretions are principally
elastic fibers, as well as
responsible for the wetness that
fibroblasts and blood vessels,
appears on the nasal surface into the
make up the dermis of the nasal
skin. and jitters. In comparison vestibule drain.
to the more superficial layers of
the dermis, the blood vessels
and nerves are greater there.
DIGITAL PADS
digital pads are the main “load- The skin of the digital pads, torus
bearing” parts of the paw. They digitalis, is usually heavily
contain fatty tissue that pigmented and is the thickest
cushions and protects your region of canine skin. The
dog's bones surface of the pads is smooth in
when cats and rough in dogs, owing to
walking and the presence of numerous
running. conical projections that are
heavily keratinized and are
readily seen with the naked eye.
The digital cushion, or base of the foot pad, is
made up of subcutaneous adipose tissue that is
partitioned by reticular, collagenous, and elastic
fibers. Many elastic fibers are present in the deeper
layers.
The epidermis of the digital pad, which averages
1800 μm in thickness in the adult dog, is composed
of five layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and
stratum corneum
The stratum basale is made up of a single layer of basal cells resting on
the basement membrane.
The stratum spinosum is composed of 10 to 15 layers of diamond- or
dome-shaped cells. In both the digital pads and the planum nasale, cell
outlines and intercellular bridges (desmosomal attachments) may be
observed on the spinous cells.
The stratum granulosum is made up of four to seven layers of flattened
cells that contain basophilic kerato-hyalin granules in their cytoplasm.
The stratum lucidum is a completely keratinized layer of dead cells (Scott,
1980) and appears as a shiny, acidophilic layer of homogenous substance
with refractile droplets called eleidin.
The stratum corneum of the digital pads consists of a thick layer of
keratinized non-nucleated material thicker than all the cellular layers
combined.
FIGURE 3-4 The surface contour and A. Gross appearance of pads of manus.
histologic findings of the
B. Scanning electron micrograph of conical
metacarpal pad of a 4-year-old
Greyhound.
projections on the surface of the metacarpal
pad.
C. Diagram of the surface layers of a foot pad.
D. Histologic section of a foot pad.
E. Scanning electron micrograph of a vertical
section of the deeper part of the dermis of a foot
pad.

“Note many layers of coarse collagen fibers

cushioned by a thick pad of adipose tissue
below.”
 HAIRY SKIN
The basic unit of hair
production is the
individual hair follicle
(folliculus pili).
 HAIR FOLLICLE
The hair follicles of dog are
compound, which means
the follicles have a central
hair surrounded by 3 to 15
smaller secondary hairs all
exiting from one pore.
 FOLLICLE WALL

Which is continuous with the

surface epithelium, is divide
into two layers, the external
and internal root sheaths.
 MEDULLA
Continuous occupying
approximately half of the
hair shaft.
GROWTH RATE OF THE HAIR SHAFT

Differences may be observed in

hair growth rates in various
breeds and during certain
seasons of the year
HAIR SHAFT
Consist of a central medulla; a thick cortex,
which forms the bulk of the hair; and a single-
layered cuticle on the outside. The KERATIN
SHAFT of the hair is formed by the germinative
epithelium of the bulb region, which active only
during the time of hair growth.
There are periods of the hair is arrested. At this
time there is a regression of the hair root, and
the dead club hair is held in the follicle
completely disconnected from the inactive
germinal matrix.
ANAGEN - growing hair
follicles

TELOGEN - quiescent one

( inactivity)

CATAGEN - period of
transition between the two
 EMBRYOLOGY OF HAIR FOLLICLES
The terms pregerm, hair germ, hair peg, and bulbous peg are used to
designate development stages of the canine hair follicle

The first evidence of a follicle in the embryo is seen as a thickening of the

epidermis (pregerm stage). the pregerm stage passes rapidly into the hair-
germ stage as the basal cells become taller and the entire structure sinks
into the dermis. From its point of origin the hair germ grows obliquely deep
into the mesenchyme in the form of a solid column. this is called the hair-
peg stage. The advancing border enlarges, becomes bulbous, and
envelops part of the mesenchymal material ahead of it, thus entering the
bulbous-peg stage. Later the hair bulb and the dermal papilla become
differentiated into the productive hair follicle complete with glandular and
muscular accessories.
 COMPLEX HAIR FOLLICLE

- the hair skin of an adult dog

contains complex hair follicles that
are bundles of hairs that share
common openings on the surface.
 TYPES OF HAIR
1. STRAIGHT HAIR( protective hair or cover hair) - is
a brisky, firm primarily hair often deeply pigmented.
2. BRISTLE HAIR - Is a bristle with a spinelike tip, but
thinner and softer near the base.
3. WAVY BRISTLE HAIR - finer and shorter than type
2. It is wavy with a well- developes bristle.
4. BRISTLED WAVY HAIR - is a long, soft hair that is
shorter and finer than type 3, with a poorly
developed bristle and a smaller medulla.
5. LARGE WAVY HAIR - is shorter
and finer than type 4, and the
shaft is very wavy with a small
bristle on the tip. The medulla is
very small and may be
discontinuous.
6. FINE WAVY HAIR - Is shorter
and finer that type 5 and is
sometimes described as velus
hair, fuzz, down , or lanugo hair.
The medulla is discontinuous or
absent.
COAT COLOR
Pigment cells in the hair shaft are what give the hair shaft its color.

1st what is hair shaft?

The part of the hair seen above the skin is called the hair shaft. The
hair shaft is made up of dead cells that have turned into keratin and
binding material, together with small amount of water.

Hair follicle's bulb

These cells produce pigment granules. During development,
cortical and medullary cells are present. the
HAIR LENGTH

The length of the hair is controlled to a

large extent by the genetic makeup of the
individual. A short coat is dominant to
long; straight or wavy types are recessive
or partially recessive to wire coat types.
 Various shades of hair from
completely black to completely white,
with different banding, spotting,
tricolors, blazes, and a variety of
grays. When it comes to agouti hair,
which is present in wolves and some
dog breeds (Norwegian Elkhound and
German Shepherd Dog), the hair's tip
Granules could stay in is white, with a darkly colored thick
the space between the section of the bristle (dark brown or
cells, as seen in but the
black), the two thirds closest to the
majority of them are
scalp (Yellow or red) having a lighter
absorbed by the cells
in the medulla. pigmentation.
IMPLANTATION OF HAIR

Several of the differences between the coats of different

kinds. Due to the varying implantation angles of the
implants, the dogs hair follicle.
The Scottish Terrier, Airedale, and Chow-Chow have a 45-
degree implantation angle. Different breeds, like such as the
Irish setter, Cocker spaniel, and Long-Haired Dachshund
have an implantation angle of no more than 30 degrees.
HAIR FOLLICLE CYCLE AND
SEASONAL SHEDDING
The process of shedding is gradual, and the coat of one season
merges into that of the next. So the dog is normally never
without a protective covering.
Shedding is genetically controlled to some extent, but
environment is certainly a factor in expression of genetic
potential. The ovarian hormonal influence on the hair cycle
(Butler & Wright, 1981).
The hair follicle cycle as observed in the beagle by Al-Bagdadi
(1977) was describe in three stage: the anagen, catagen, and
telogen stage.
The anagen stage is characterized by a well-developed
flame-shape dermal papilla, which is completely
capped by the hair matrix of the bulb of the hair follicle.

The catagen stage is identified by the presence of a

thick glassy membrane on the outside of the follicle.

Hair follicle during the telogen stage have a smaller

dermal papilla, which is separated from the bulb and is
no longer capped by matrix, which have decreased in
number.

The rate of growth varies different follicle and in

different regions of the body. A club hair that has been
shed naturally is differentiated from one that has been
broken or shorn by the slightly bulbous proximal end,
which is frayed out into fibrillae.
SURFACE CONTOUR OF HAIRY SKIN AND
HISTOLOGIC CHARATERISTIC OF EPIDERMIS

The surface of the hairy skin is irregular because

of scalelike folds that form deppresions onto
which the complex hair follicles invaginate. The
surface if the skin is slightly wavy on the dorsal
neck and trunk and becomes heavily folded on
the abdomen and especially in the area of the
inguinal fold.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLANDS
ON THE SKIN
1. Eccrine sweat glands (glandula sudorifera
merocrina) are found only in the foot pads. They
are placed deeply in the fat and fibrous tissue of
the foot pad cushion. They are small, tightly
coiled, tubular glands, with minute lumina that
are lined with cuboidal cells. They contain coarse
granules scattered in the clear cytoplasm.
2. Apocrine sweat glands (glandula sudorifera
apocrina) are found mainly in connection with
hair follicles. It starts to function at puberty
under the stimulation of sex hormones. They are
associated with hair follicles in the groin and
axillary region. The viscous, protein-rich product
is initially odorless but may develop an odor after
exposure to bacteria.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLANDS
ON THE SKIN
3. Sebaceous glands (gll. sebacea) are holocrine in secretion and are distributed over the integu-
ment in association with hair follicles. They are largest along the dorsal part of the neck, trunk, and tail,
particularly in the specialized tail gland area.
4. The tarsal glands (Meibomian glands) of the eyelids are also specialized sebaceous glands. The size
of the sebaceous glands in the skin of the dorsal neck and trunk at birth is 30 to 50 μm in diameter.
There is a gradual increase from 80 to 250 μm at 6 months of age.
5. The glands of the ear canal (gll. ceruminosae) are apocrine and sebaceous. Cerumen is a product
of both glandular types and appears as a fairly dry, dark brownish substance. Fernando (1966) reported
that long-haired breeds have more sebaceous and apocrine glandular tissue in the external auditory canal
than do short-haired breeds.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLANDS
ON THE SKIN
6. The circumanal glands (gll. circumanales) are most numer-
ous in the vicinity of the anal orifice. They are associated with the
sebaceous glands located in the cutaneous zone of the anal canal
and consist of solid masses of large polygonal hepatoid-like cells
with no excretory ducts. They are derived from the sebaceous
glands located here but have no excretory ducts.
7. The paired paranasal sinuses (anal sacs) are spherical and
average approximately 1 cm in diameter. One lies on each side of
the anal canal between internal and external anal sphincter
muscles. Each sinus opens onto the lateral margin of the anus by a
single duct. The sacs form pockets that function as a reservoir into
which apocrine and sebaceous glands open.
MUSCLE OF THE SKIN
The muscle of the skin known as arrector pili
muscles is also called arrectores pilorum, are tiny
smooth muscles attached to hair follicles. The
arrector pili muscles of the inter scapular area
range from into 10 to 40 um in diameter and at the
ages of 4 to 6 months they range into 30 to 40 um
in diameter. In the cranial region they consist of
the sphincter colli superficialis, platysma,
sphincter colli profundus. These are primary
muscles that are divided into many slips, which are
associated with the lips, eyelids, face and external
ears. And a large skin muscles called cutaneous
trunci covers a great portion of the thorax and
abdomen.
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE SKIN
The blood supply to the skin involves a complex network of blood vessels.
Arteries, which carry oxygenated blood, branch into smaller vessels called
arterioles, eventually leading to capillaries in the skin's dermal layer. Capillaries
are tiny, thin-walled vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
products occurs with skin cells. In the examination in microscopic has reveal that
the arterial supply to the skin of dog is divided into the three distinct plexuses. This
is the deep or subcutaneous, plexus; the middle, or cutaneous plexus; and the
superficial, or subpapillary, plexus.
The Subcutaneous plexus is made up of the
terminal branches of the cutaneous arteries
which is associated with the hair follicles and
glands.
The Subpapillary plexus is formed by the union
of small vessel arising from the middle plexus.
And contain numerous capillary loops that came
from the superficial plexus.
NERVE SUPPLY TO THE SKIN
The nerve supply to the skin consists of a vast
network of sensory nerves distributed throughout
the dermis and epidermis. These nerves are
responsible for detecting and transmitting various
sensations, including touch, temperature, pain, and
pressure. They play a crucial role in our ability to
perceive and respond to our environment,
contributing to our sense of touch, temperature
regulation, and our ability to react to external
stimuli and potential threats.
SKIN GRAFTING
Histopathologic studies of transplants
indicated that degenerative changes involve
the epidermis and the superficial layers of the
dermis.
Doppler (as noninvasive) - used to identify the
cutaneous arteries (superficial cervical,
thoracodorsal, deep circumflex iliac and caudal
superficial epigastric arteries) for axial pattern
skin flaps in dogs
Ultrasonographic - assessment of direct
cutaneous arteries is used for axial pattern
skin flaps in dogs
Full thickness scrotal skin graft used as a
meshed skin graft to the dorsal aspect of
the left pes, was successful.
CLAW
The claw is frequently strongly
pigmented and is curved and
compressed laterally.
The dorsal ridge is made up of thicker
horny material than the walls and sole,
which maintains the pointed
appearance of the claw.
The coronary border of the claw fits
into the space beneath the ungual
crest of the third phalanx.
 FIGURE 3-18 Section of
the digital pad and claw
of a fetal dog.
1. Claw fold
2. dermis
3. digital pad
4. distal phalanx
5. middle phalanx
6. sole
7. wall.
The digital pad
contains eccrine
sweat glands
(arrows) ×20.
THANKS SO MUCH
FUTURE DOC’S!
Javinar
Adviento
Ozunen
Villanueva
Mateo, J.
Mateo, J.C.
Domondon