Integration (A-level)

It the reverse of differentiation.

During integration the following concepts should be

considered.

(a) Polynomial functions;

i.e. increase the power by 1 and divide the

term by the new power,
e.g.
(i)
(ii)
Or let u =
2du = 2xdx i.e. xdx = udu

(b) Trigonometric functions, e.g.

(ii)
Solution

Let u = x2 => du =2xdx i.e. xdx =

Methods of integration
The choice of the method depends on judgement.
Below are some of the methods: Solution
Let u = =>
Integration by change of variable where a
derivative exist/integration by recognition or
inspection i.e.
Example 1

dx
Solution

Let u = x2-2 -

[Link]
 Solution

Let u = => du = sec2xdx

(double angle form

(b) Use the substitution x = sinθ to evaluate

Solution Solution
Given x = sinθ => dx =cosθdθ
Let u = 1-2sinx => du = -2cosx
Changing limits
i.e. cosxdx = x θ

∫ ∫

Integration by change of variable where a

derivative is given

Example 2

(a) Using the substation x =cos2θ or otherwise,

prove that
Revision exercise 1
Solution Integrate the following using the suggested
Given x= cos2θ => dx = -2sin2θdθ substitution in each case.
Changing limits 1. ,u=x+4

x θ
2. ,u=x–1
0
1 0
3. , u = 2x – 3
∫ √( ) ∫ √( )
4. , u = 2x – 5 Integration by change of variable where a
derivative not exist

Here a term is solved by changing it to

5. , u= x+3 another variable

Example 3
6. , u= x+1
Find
7. , u= 2x –

8. ,u=x+1
Solution

Let u= √ hence => x =u2

+5
9. dx = 2udu
,u=x+5
Changing limits
x θ
6
5 0

, u= x+1
∫√ ∫

Solution

Use the substitution to evaluate Let u=

- x = u2 – 1 and dx = 2udu
Use the substitution u = √ to evaluate

Evaluate
[12]

By using the substitution u = , show that

√
∫ √
(c) Integrations involving trigonometric
functions
Solution
A. The double formulae, i.e.
Let u = x+2 => x = u-2 and dx = du
- Cos2x = 2cos2x – 1= 1 –
2sin2x
- 1+ cos2x = 2cos2x - 1 –
cos2x = 2sin2x - Sin2x
=2sinxcos2

Example 4

Find the following integrals

Solution Solution

and dx= 2u
Let u = cosθ => du = -sinθdθ
2cosu + c
+c -

Revision exercise 2
1. Integrate each of the following with respect to x
using suitable substitution
(a) x(x+3)3

Solution

B. The factor formulae, i.e.

-

Example 5

Find the following integrals

(a)
Solution
Method II: the factor formula

(ii) The integral of where the

(b) angles are different, use method I
Solution because method II is inapplicable.

Revision exercise 3
1. Evaluate

[0.1083]
(c) 2. Integrate the following using
appropriate substitution.
Solution

Solution

Integrations of odd and even powers of

trigonometric functions
(sinx, cosx, tanx, cotx, secx and cosecx)

Integration of trigonometric functions rose

(e)
to odd powers
Solution
The Pythagoras theorem in trigonometry
is handy namely

- cos2x +sin2x = 1
- 1 + tan2x = sec2x
- 1 + cot2x = cosec2x Example
Note
6
(i) The integral , where the angles
are the same can be solved in two ways. Integrate the following
Method I: double angle formula (a)
 Solution Also

Solution
Solution

Solution

(d)

Solution
(g)
Solution

(e)
Solution

Note: the integration of odd powers of secx and

cosec x are done using integration by parts.
By inspection
 Integration of trigonometric functions rose to even powers

Also These are worked

out using double angle
formulae.

Example 7

Find the integrals of the

following

(a)
Solution

Exercise 4
1. Integrate each of the following

(b)
Solution
3

(b) cos 4x

(f) sin2xsin2x

(g) cos3xsin3x
Solution 2. Integrate each of the following
(a) cot22x

(b) cos 3x

(c) sin3xcos2x
(d) cos26x
Solution

(f) cos4x

3. Integrate each of the following

(a) cot2x
(e)
Solution

(f) cot

Solution (h) tan52x

5
(g) (i) cosecxcot Solution
(j) tan xsecx

4. Find the Integral of each of the following

(a) cosec2x

(f) sec43x

(c)
Integration involving inverse trigonometric

Solution
functions
A. From
Let sinu =, dx =
-
-

This result enables the integration of the form to be workout, i.e.

(d)
Let
Solution
-

Let sinu = , dx =

Example 8

Integrate the following

Solution (e)

Solution
Let sinu =
, dx =
∫√ ∫ √

∫
∫
( )
(b) ∫ √
Solution

-
Let sinu =
-
 (f)

Let sinu = , dx = Solution

-

By completing squares

(x+1)2

Solution

Comparing with
a= and b =3
Let sinu = , dx =

Solution

B. From

-
This result enables the integration of the form
to be workout, i.e

dx

Comparing with

Let = tanu, dx= a= and b =2

Solution

Example 9

Find

Solution
Comparing with a=3 Comparing with
and b =5
 a= and b =√

Solution
Let u = secx => du=secxtanxdx

Solution
Let u = cotx
Revision 5
- Du = -
Find

[0.7854]
[1.833]

Solution

Let u = => du =

Integration of exponential and logarithmic

functions.
B. From
A. From
-
-
This result shows that
Example 10

Find
i.e.
(a)
Solution -

Let u = => du = 6xdx i.e. xdx

-
Example 11

Find Solution

Solution
Let u = 3x+4 => du 3dx i.e. dx=
C. From

Solution It follows that Example

Let u = 12

=> du -10xdx i.e. dx= Integrate

(a)
Solution
(c) Let u = 3x3, => du =
Solution
(an
odd
power)
(b)
Solution
Let u = sinx, => du = cosxdx
For

For

Let u =cosx, => du = -sinxdx Let u = cotx, => du=-cosec2x

= -In(cosx)+c =In(secx)+c

Solution Revision exercise 6

1. Find the following integrals

(a)
 Example 13

(a) Express each of the following in partial

fraction. Hence find the integral of each
with respect to x.

Solution

Let
Multiplying by (x+1)(x-2)  x –
1 = A(x – 2) + B(x+1) then we find
the values of A and B Putting x = 2:

(l) 1 = 3B, => B =

(m)
Putting x = -1: -2 = -3A, => A =
(n)

Hence,

2. Evaluate
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Solution
(e)

Integration involving partial fractions

There are three established types of partial 
fractions depending on the nature of the Multiplying through with
denominator. 1=
A. Denominators with linear factors e.g. 3x – 1, x
+ 2 and 3x – 4. Putting x = 0; 1 = -
Each linear factor (ax + b) in the denominator
Putting x = 3; 1 =
has a corresponding partial fraction of
the form ’ where a, b and c are Putting x = -3; 1 = 18C =>
constants.

Hence,
 Hence,

+c

Solution (b) Evaluate

Solution

Multiplying by Let
2x + 1= A(x+2)(3x+1)+B(x-1)(3x+1)+C(x-1)(x+2) Multiplying with x(x – 3)(x + 3) x2+ 1 =

Putting x = 1; 3 = 12A => A(x – 3)(x+3)+ B(x)(x+3)+C(x)(x-3)

Putting x = -2; -3 = 15B => Putting x = 0; 1 = 3A =>

Putting x = - C => Putting x = -1; 2 = -2B =>

Putting x = -3; 10 = 6C =>

Hence,

Hence

Solution
-

B. Denominators with linear factors

 Quadratic factors
Multiplying through by (x+1)(x-1)(x+2) Each quadratic factors (ax2+bx +c) has a
2x2 – x+1= A(x-1)(x+2)+B(x+1)(x+2)+C(x+1)(x-1) corresponding partial fraction of the

Putting x = -1; 4 = -2A => form where a, b, c and A

and B are
Putting x = 1; 2 = 6B => constants.

Putting x = -2; 11 = 3C = Example 14

(a) Express in partial fraction.

 Solution (c) Evaluate

Let dx
Multiplying through by (x – 6)(x2+3x+5)
Solution
7x2+2x-28= A(x2+3x+5)+ (Bx +C)(x – 6)
Putting x = 6; 236= 59A, => A = 4 Note memorize the identities
Equating coefficients of x2
7=A+B
7 = 4 + B; => B = 3
Equating constants Then
-28 = 5A – 6C
-28 = 20
– 6C C =
8
Multiplying through by (x – 1)(x2+x+1)

3+3x = A(x2+x+1) + (Bx+C)(x – 1)

(b) Find the integral of Putting x = 1, 6 = 3A, => A = 2 By

Solution
expanding and equating coefficients
Let
x2: A + B = 0, => B = 0 – 2 = -2 x0: A –
Multiplying through by
2x – 1 = A(x2+1)+ (Bx + C)(x-1) C = 3, => C = 2 – 3 = -1

Putting x = 1; 1 = 2A => A =

Putting x= 0; -1 = A –C => C =

Putting x= -1; 2A + 2B – 2C => B =

Note the values of x = 0 and x = -1 are

conveniently chosen, but the constants B Solution
and C by expansion of the expression and
equating constants, i.e. -1 = A –C =>
C=
2=C–B Let

B=
Thus, By multiplying through by (x –

1)(x+1)(x2+1) x2= A(x+1)(x2+1)+ B(x -

1)(x2+1) + (Cx+D)(x2-1) By equating

coefficients x3: A + B + C = 0

…………………… (i) x2: A – B + D= 1

………………………(ii) x1: A + B – C = 0 Solution

……………………….(iii) x0: A – B – D = 0
Let
……………………….(iv) Multiplying by (x2+4)(x2+9) x2+6 =
Eqn. (ii) – Eqn. (iv) (Ax+B)(x2+9) +(Cx+D)(x2+4) x2+6

2D = 2 => D = =(A+C)x3+(B+D)x2+(9A+4C)x+9B+4D

Eqn.(i)+ (iii) Equating coefficients x3: A + C = 0

2A+ 2B = 0 …………………………. (v) ……………….(i) x2: B+D =

Eqn. (ii) + Eqn. (iv) 1………………….(ii) x1: 9A + 4C = 0
2A – 2B = 1………………………….(vi) …………...(iii) x0: 9B + 4D = 6
Eqn. (v)+ Eqn. (vi)
…………..(iv) Solving simultaneously

4A = 1 => A =
A= C= 0; B= and D =
Eqn. (v)

B=

Eqn. (i)

C=0

C. Repeated factors
Each repeated factor (ax2+ b)n in the
denominator has corresponding partial
fraction

of the form: ,
where a, b, Ai are constants (i = 1, 2, ….n)
-
Example 15

Express each of the follow in partial fraction

and hence find their integrals.

Solution

Let
Multiplying through by (x-3)2
 4x – 9 = A(x-3) + B = Ax – Solution
3A + B Equating
coefficients x1: x = 4 x0: -
3A
Let
+B
= 4; B = 3 Multiplying through by x2(3x+1)

7x+ 2 = Ax2 +Bx(3x+1)+C(3x+1)

Hence
Putting x = 0; c = 2

Putting x = - A = -3
Putting x= -1; -5 = A + 2B- 2C, => B = 1
Solution

Hence
Let
Multiplying through by (x-4)2
3x – 14 = A(x-4) + B = Ax –
4A + B Equating
coefficients x1: x = 3 x0: -
4A + B = -14; B = -2

Hence
Integration of improper fractions
Improper fractions are those whose index of
the numerator is equal to or greater than that
of the denominators.

They are first changed to proper fraction by

Solution
long division or otherwise, before being
Let integrated.
Multiplying through by (x – 2)(x – 1)2 Example 16
2x2-5x+7 = A(x -1)2+B(x – 2)(x-1)+C(x – 2)
(a) Express in partial fractions.
Putting x = 1: 4 = -C, => C = -4
Putting x = 2: A = 5 Hence find
Solution
Putting x = 0, 7 =A – 2B – 2C; B = -2

Using long division

Hence 5
x +x-20 5x2+0x-71
2

- 5x2+5x-100
-5 +29

Let
 Multiplying through by (x+5)(x-4)
-5x + 29 = A(x – 4)+ B(x + 5)
Putting x = 4, B = 1
Putting x = -5; A = -6

Hence

(b) Evaluate (c)

Solution

Using long division

-2
x+1 -2x+3
-2x -2
2. Find
5

Hence

= -2+ 5In2
= 1.4657

Revision exercise 7

1. Express the following into

partial fraction

0 .√ / 1
√
 The integral of the function is equal to
the sum of result shown in the table
above.
3. Evaluate
Integration by parts is applied in the
following areas:
[0.18] A. Integration products of polynomials by
dx parts
[0.3489]
Example 17
[0.1535]
(a) Find
[0.4689] (i)

[0.3165] Solution

[1.05] Let u = x and

Integration by parts ; v=
This stems from differentiating the product of a From
function, y = uv,

Or simply

The function chosen as u should be easily

Or by using basic techniques
differentiated whereas the other function
Sign Differentiate Integrates
chosen as v should be easily integrated.
+ x
The above expression of the integration - 1
by parts can be summarized by using a + 0
technique of integration by parts This is
summarized in the table below ∫ =

Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ u1

- u2 v1
+ u3 v2 (ii)
- u4 v3
NB: the signs change as +, -, + etc. Solution

The u function is differentiated until a zero Let u = (x+3) and

value is obtained otherwise we continue
with differentiation.

dx
 =

Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ x+3
- 1
+ 0
∫

Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ 3x-4
- 3

Solution + 0

∫
dx

Let u =(3x – 4) and

;v=

(b) Evaluate

dx
Solution

Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ x dx
- 1
+ 0
dx
∫ +c

2.
Evaluate
 B. Integration products of polynomials and 

Example 18

circular/trigonometric functions by parts

(a) Find

(i)

Solution

(ii)

Revision exercise 8
1. Integrate

(a) dx , v = sinx

+c
(b) dx

Let u = and
(c) dx
, v = -cosx
Or using basic technique
(iv)
Sign Differentiate Integrates
Solution
+
- 2x
+ 2
Let u = x and
- 0
2
∫ =x sins+ 2xcosx – 2sinx + c

(iii)
Solution

Let u = x2 and

(b) Evaluate

Solution

Let u = x and

sin2x+c
Substituting for
Solution

Let u = x and

; v = tanx - x
=xtanx - -
Or by using basic technique =xtanx - +Incosx+
Sign Differentiate Integrates
+ =xtanx +Incosx
- 2x
+ 2
- 0 Or by using basic technique
∫ Sign Differentiate Integrates
 + x Solution

- 1 tanx – x Let u = x and

+ 0
-Incosx

=xtanx -
+Incosx+
Or by using basic technique
=xtanx +Incosx Sign Differentiate Integrates
Hence; + x
- 1
+ 0
∫
(ii) ∫ Solution

Let u = x and

Revision Exercise 9
1. Integrate each of the following

Or by using basic technique

Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ x
- 1
+ 0
∫

(iii)
Solution

Let u = x and
2. Evaluate

Or by using basic technique

C. Integration products of polynomials and Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ x
exponential functions by parts
- 1
Examples 19
+ 0
(a) Find
(i)
∫
 Solution
(b) Find
(i) dx

Solution

Let u = x and
Revision exercise 10
;v =
1. Integrate each of the following with
respect to x
(a)
(b)

dx (c)
Solution (d)

Let p = = 2x – 1
2pdp = 2dx pdp = dx

 2. Evaluate each of the following

Let u =p and

,v= D. Integration products of polynomials and

inverse trigonometric functions by
parts

Example 20

dx (a)
Find
(i)
Solution

(c) Evaluate Let u= and

; v=x
Solution

For

Let u = 1 – x2
Du= -2x
 By substitution

By substitution

(b) Evaluate
Solution
Solution
Let u = sin-1x and

Let u = and

For
Let x = sinθ => dx = cosθdθ
For
Let u = – x2

Du= -2x

By substitution

(iii)
Solution

Let u = and

Revision exercise 11
For 1. Find the following integrals
 

Solution

Let u = Inx and

and v =
2. Evaluate
dx

E. Integration products of polynomials and

logarithmic functions by parts
(b) Evaluate
Example 21
Solution
(a) Integrate
Changing from base 10 to base e
(i)
Solution
=

Let u = Inx Let u= Inx;

;v=x

(ii)

Solution Revision exercise 12

1. Integrate each of the following
Let u =
(a)
(b)

(d)

For
By using long division
 Or by using basic technique
sign Differentiate integrate
+ sinx
2. Evaluate the following
- -cosx
+ -sinx
∫

F. Integration of products of exponential and

trigonometric functions by parts

Example 22
(ii)
(a) Find
(i) Solution Taking I =

Solution Taking I = Let u =

Let u =
x
; v = -cosx

…(*)
For sin3xdx
For
Let u =
Let u =

; v = sinx 3x

……...(**) cos3xdx
Substituting for (**) in equation (*) cos3xdx

……………….…(**)
Substituting (**) into (*)

+c
 Or using basic technique
sign Differentiate integrate
+ sin2x
- - cos2x
+ - sinx

(iii)

Solution Taking I =

Let u =

;v= (b) Evaluate

Solution
Taking I =
xdx ... (*)

Let u =
For cos2xdx
;v=

Let u =
sin3xdx
;v=x

cos3xdx ...... (*)

xdx For cos3xdx

Let
u = xdx

;v=x
……………….…(**)
cos3xdx
Substituting (**) into (*)
s3xdx

+c
Substituting (**) into (*)
 +c

secx

(iv)
 Proof

since
Example 22
Revision exercise 13
(a) Find
Integrate each of the following with respect to x (i)
Solution
Taking
(c) Let u = secx and
(d)
G. Integration of products of trigonometric ;v=
functions by parts tanx
−
A student should take note of the following
−
(i) +c
Proof −
−
Hence + c (ii) − I + In(secx+tanx)+c
2I + In(secx+tanx)+c
Proof

cosecx
(ii)
(iii) Taking

Proof Let u = cosecx and

 Revision exercise 14
;v=-
cotx Integrate each of the following with respect to x
−
−
−
−
− +A

+c 1.

2.

3.

and

Integration using t- substitution Case

(b) Show that
1
Solution
We know that if t = , then
Generally
Let u = and
If t = , then

and

Example 23

Find

(a)
Solution

Let t = tan
 Let
Solution 2= A(1 – t) + B(1 + t)

Let t = tan Putting t = 1, B = 1

Putting t = -1; A= 1

Solution
(c)
Let t = Solution

Let t =

Let

2= A(1 – t) + B(1 + t)
Putting t = 1, B = 1
Putting t = -1; A= 1

Solution
Let t =

Solution

Let t =

Let

2= A(2 – t)+ B( 2 + t) Example 24

Find the integrals of the following

Putting t = 2; B=

Putting t = -
Solution

Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2x

Let t = tanx

Case II

When integrating fractional trigonometric

functions containing the square of sinx, cosx,
etc.

We use the t-substitution,

t = tanx

For sin2kx or cos2kx, we use t = tanx Let

1 = A(2t – 3) + B(2t + 3)
Putting t = ;B=

Putting t = ;A= Let

By equating coefficients and solving

simultaneously
A = 2, C = -1, B = D = 0

Solution

Dividing by the numerator and denominator

Solution

Let t = tan5x Dividing the numerator and denominator by

cos2x

Let t = tanx

Let
1 = A(1 – 2t) + B (1 + 2t)

Putting t = ; B =

Putting t = ;A =
Solution
Dividing numerator and denominator by

Let t = tan3x
Revision exercise 14

1. Integrate the following

 Integration of special cases involving
splitting the numerator
2. Integrate each of the following
Case 1

When a fractional integrand with quadratic

denominator expressed in the form of is

such that g(x) cannot be factorized or written in
simple partial fractions, it is normally very useful
to express it as a fraction by splitting the
numerator.
i.e. Numerator = A(derivative of denominator + B

Example 25

Find the integral of each of the following

Solution

Numerator=

2x – 1 =A(8x)+B

Putting x = 0, B= -1

Putting x = 1, A =

(e)

Solution
(f)
3. Evaluate
Numerator=

2x +3 =A(2x+2)+B

Putting x = -1, B= 1
Putting x = 0, A =
 Substituting for

dx

Case II
Solution
When finding the integral of fractional
Numerator= trigonometric function expressed in the form
x =A(2x+3)+B , a, b, c and d are constants, we
split the numerator as:
Putting x = , B=
Numerator = A(derivative of denominator)+
Putting x = 0, A = (denominator)

Example 26

1.

dx Solution

Let 2cosx+ 9sinx =A

2cosx+ 9sinx =A(-3sinx+cosx)+B(3cosx+sinx)

2cosx+ 9sinx =(A+3B)cosx +(-3A+B)sinx Equating

Solution coefficients:

For cosx: A+3B = 2 ……………….. (i)

For sinx: -3A+B = 9…………………(ii)

Solving Eqn. (i) and Eqn. (ii) simultaneously

For A= and B =

Let sinu =
3sinu= x +2
3cosudu=dx 

In(3cosx+sinx)+

Solution

Let 3sinx = A –sinx) + B(4cosx–sinx)

3sinx = A(-4sinx–cosx) + B (4cosx – sinx)
3sinx = (-A+B)cosx +(-4A-B)sinx
A= and B=
Equating coefficients

For cosx: -A + 4B = 0 …………………. (i)

For sin x: -4A- B = 3 …………………. (ii)

Solving Eqn. (i) and Eqn. (ii) simultaneously

A= and B=

+c

2. Evaluate

Solution
Revision exercise 15
Let 3sinx = A (3cosx+2sinx) +

B(3cosx+2sinx) cosx-sinx = A(-3sinx+2cosx) + 1. Integrate each of the following

B (3cosx +2sinx) cosx- sinx = (2A+3B)cosx +(-

3A+2B)sinx Equating coefficients

For cosx: 2A + 3B = 1 …………………. (i)

For sin x: -3A+2B = -1 …………………. (ii)

Solving Eqn. (i) and Eqn. (ii) simultaneously

(m)

(o)

(p)

2. Integrate the following

Revision exercise 16: general topical revision
questions

2. Evaluate 1. Find
[0.3669]
 9. E
xpress

(a) f(x) = in partial fraction

Hence evaluate

(b) f(x) = in partial fraction

3. S
how that

Hence evaluate

10. Using the substitution x = 3sinθ, evaluate

4. G
iven that

Determine the values of A, B, C, D

11. Use t= tan to evaluate
Hence evaluate dx

[0.6755]
5.
to evaluate 12. Given that , find
the value of a [a=-6]
[Link] the substitution to find

xpress as partial fractions

14. Resolve into partial

fraction
Hence find

Hence find
7.
in partial fraction

15. Express f(x) = in partial fraction

Hence evaluate
8. U
sing the substitution 2x+1 = u, find
 * + = 13ms-1.
∫ [ ]
And
Hence evaluate

s=

when t = 0, s= 0 => c = 0

At t =2s

s= m

Application of integration Example 28

Like differentiation, integration has a wide A particle with a velocity (2i+3j)ms-1 is

spectrum of application, some of which are accelerated uniformly at the rate of (3ti – 2j)ms-
1
discussed below from the origin. Find

Acceleration, velocity, displacement (i) The speed reached by the particle at t = 4s.
Solution
Given the acceleration, a, of a particle, its Given a= 3ti – 2j
velocity, v and displacement, s can be
v= =
computed as long as the initial values are
known.
At t= 0, 2i+3j
Acceleration, a = c =2i+3j
By substitution
Also, velocity v =

Example 27 At t = 4s
The acceleration of a particle after t seconds is
given by a = 5 + t. = (26i – 5j)ms-1
If initially, the particle is moving at 1ms-1, find Speed =
the velocity after 2s and the distance it would
have covered by then (ii) The distance travelled by the particle after
2s.
Given
Solution

 r=

r
Whet t = 0, v = 1, =>c = 1

When t = 2s At t = 0, r = 0; => c = 0
 At t = 2
v=
at t = 0, v = 0 => c= 0
=8.25m

Hence the distance = 8.25m

Example 29
At t = 3s
A particle has initial position of (7i+5j)m. the
particle moves with constant velocity of
(iii) the distance of the particle travelled after
(ai+bi)ms-1 and 3s later its position is (10i – j)m.
3s.
fins the values of a and b.
r=
Solution
At t =
Given v = ai +bj 0, r = 0 => c = 0
r=

At t = 3
at t = 0; r = c =(7i+5j)m

After 3s =11.02m

Equating corresponding vectors Area under a curve

For i: 10 = 3a+7 => a = 1 If the area under the curve y = f(x) for α≤ x ≤β is
required, a small strip can be used for analysis
For j: -1 = 3b +5 => b = -2

Example 30

A particle of mass 2kg, initially at rest at (0, 0, 0)

is acted on by a force . Find

(i) its acceleration at time t from F = Ma

Suppose the shaded region is δA, the area of
the shaded strip lies between areas of the
(ii) its velocity after 3s rectangles ABCF and AVDE.

i.e. Area of ABCF ≤ δA ≤ ABDE.

velocity v =

Dividing by δx
 Solution

By sketching the graph y = x3 – 4x2 + 3x with the

x-axis we have

Hence

Integrating both sides with respect to x

Now for the interval

Note: when finding the area under the curve, it Required area = A+ B
is advisable that you sketch the curve first in
Area A =
order to establish the required region.
Area between the curve and the x-axis
Example 31

(i) Find the area enclosed by y = x(x – 4) and

Area B =
xaxis

Solution

By sketching the graph y = x(x – 4) with the xaxis

we have
Area=

(iii) Find the area between y=x2 – 4, the x-axis

and line x = 3.

Solution

By sketching the graph of y=x2 – 4 with the

xaxis, we have

Area required =

Hence the area under the curve is

- sign indicates that the area is below the x- Required
axis).

(ii) Find the area enclosed by the curve

sq. units
y = x3 – 4x2 + 3x and the x-axis from x = 0
and x = 3
Area between the curve and the y-axis (ii) y = 0 and y = 5

This involves finding the area under the curve

with respect to y or by subtracting the area
under the curve with the x-axis from the
rectangle (s) formed.

Example 32

Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x2- 4

and the y = x2 -4 and y-axis between
1st approach
(i) y = -4 and y = 0
Solution Required area= 2 x shaded region

Required area = 2

sq. units

1st Approach 2nd approach

Integrating with respect to x Required area = 2 x shaded area

Required area =2[Area of OBCD – area of ABC]

=2[(3 x 5) –

[Link]

sq. units Area between two curves

Suppose we want to find the area between two

intersecting functions f(x) and g(x), required it
Hence the required area is to

2nd approach (i) find the point of intersection of the

functions
y = x2 – 4 (ii) sketch the functions f(x) and g(x)

x= Note if f(x) is above g(x), then the required area

Required area =

Example 33

Find the area enclosed between the curves

(a) y = x2 – 4 and y = 4 – x2

sq. units
 Solution
Finding the points of intersection
x2 – 4 = 4 – x2
2x2 = 8 x = 2 or x
= 2 when x = 2,
y = 0 when x = -
2, y = 0
The sketch of the functions:

Required area

Required area

Example 34

sq. units Find the area enclosed between the curve

y = x2 – x – 3 and the line 2x +1
(b) y =2x2+7x+3 and y=9+4x-x2 Solution
Solution Finding the points of
Finding the points of intersection intersection x2 – x – 3 = 2x +1 x2

– 3x – 4 = 0 (x+1)(x-4) = 0

X = -1 or x = 4

x = -2 of x = 1 When x = -1, y = -1

When x = -2, y = -3 When x= 4, y = 9

When x = 1, y = 12
 Volume of a solid of revolution
A solid of revolution is formed when a given
area rotates about a fixed axix. Due to the way
in which it is formed, it is referred to as solid of
revolution.

These bodies have always got axes of

symmetry.

The solids formed is subdivided into small

cylindrical disks of thickness δx and height y.
Volume of each disk =

Thereforethe colume of the whole solid of

Area required revolution is obtained by rotating through one
revolution about the x-axis, the region bounded
by the curve y = f(x) and the linex x = a and x =b
dx is given by v =
If the rotation is about the y-axis, the volume is
given by v =
Example 36
=20.83 [Link]
(a) Find the volume of revolution when the
Example 35
portion of the curve y = cos2x for 0 is
Find the area enclosed by the curve y = sinx and
rotated through four right angles about the
the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2 .
x-axis.
Solution Solution

Required area = A + B

=
cubic units
=-(-1 – 1)- (-1 – 1) (b) Find the volume of the area bounded by the
= 2 +2 = 4sq. units curve y = x3 + 1, the x-axis and limits x = 0
and x = 3 when rotated through four right
angles about the x-axis.
 V=

cubic units.

Rotation the area enclosed between two

curves
units cubed
If we have two curves y1 and y2 that enclose Example 37
some area between a and b as shown below
Find the volume of revolution when the portion
of the area between the curves y = x2 and x = y2
is rotated through 3600 about the x-axis.

Solution

Points of intersection

Now if we rotate this area about the x-axis the

volume of the solid formed is given by
Either x = 0 or x = 1

Example 36

(a)A cup is madeby rotating the area between

y= x2 and y = x+1 with x ≥ 0 about the x-axis.
Find the volume of the material needed to
make the cup.

Solution

Finding the points of intersection

2x2 = x + 1

2x2 – x + 1 = 0 (2x+1)(x – 1) = 0 x =1 The volumeof revolution

since we only need to consider x≥ 0.

 Example 38

Find the volume generated when the area

enclosed by the curve y = 4 – x2 and the line
y = 4 – 2x is rotated through 2π.

Solution

Finding the points of intersection

4 – 2x = 4 – x2

x2 – 2x = 0 x(x – 2)= 0

Either x = 0 or x = 2

When x = 0, y = 4

When x = 2, y = 0

(b) The area

enclosed by the curve in (a), the yaxis and x-axis is
rotate about the line y = 0 through 3600. Determine the
volume of the solid generated. (04 marks)
V=
Required volume

=250.5082 units3
The mean value theorem for integrals

cubic units If f(x) is a continuous function on the closed

interval [a, b], then there exist a number c in the
Example 39 closed interval such that

(a) Sketch the curve y = x3 – 8 (08marks) Area of the rectangle = f(c).(b-a)

y = x3 – 8 But area under the curve between a and b

Intercepts
When x = 0, y = -8
When y = 0, x = 2 Equating the two
(x, y) = (2,
0)
 Turning point:
3x2 = 0 Dividing both sides by (b – a) x = 0

Where f(c) is the

height of the rectangle

Point of reflection= (0, 8) This height is the average value of the function
over the interval in the question.
x<2 x>2
y - + Hence the mean value of f(x) over a closed

interval (a, b) is given by

M.V =
Example 40

Find the mean value of y= x2 + 2 for x = 1 and

x = 4.
√
√
Solution
= 0.86
M.V =
Example 42

Find the mean value of y = x(4 – x)in the

interval where y ≥ 0.

Solution

Example 41 Find the Given y ≥ 0 => x(4 –x)≥0 (positive)

mean value of The solution is 0 ≤ x ≤ 4

M.V =
y for 0
Solution

M.V =
Revision exercise 17

1. Find the volume generate in each case

whenthe area enclosed by the curve
y = x2 – 6x + 18 and the line y = 10 is rotated
Let t = tan => dt = sec2θdθ= (1+t2)dθ about
(i) Y = 10 [1541π units3]
(ii) x –axix, [256π units3]
Changing limits 2. Find the volume generated when the area
enclosed by the curve y = x4 from y = 3 and
When θ = 0, t = 0 and when ,t=1
y
 = 6 is rotated about the y-axis [6.33π units3]
point . Calculate the area of the
3. The displacement x of a particle at time t is
curve enclosed between the curve and the
given by x = sint. Find the mean value of its
x-axis. [[Link]]
velocity over the interval 0 < t < 9. (i) find the Cartesian equation of the curve
(i) with respect to t [0.637ms-1] given parametrically by
(ii) with respect to displacement x
x ,y=
[0.785ms-1]
(ii) sketch the curve
4. (a) Determine the equation of (iii) find the area enclosed between the
the normal to the curve y = curve and the line y = 1 [[Link]]
and the point x = 2. Find the coordinates of
the other point where the normal meets 10. Given the curve y = sin3x, find the
the curve again.
(a)(i) the value of at the point
(ii) equation of the tangent to the curve
(b) Find the area of the region
at this point [y= 3x+π)
bounded by the curve y = , the

x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 2. (b) (i) sketch the curve y = sin3x
5. A shell is formed by rotating the portion of (ii) Calculate the area bounded by the
the parabola y2= 4x for which 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 tangent in (a)(i) above, the curve and y-axis
through two right angles about its axis.
Find [0.9783sq. units]
(i) the volume of the solid formed [2π] 11. A hemisphericalbowl of internal radius r is
(ii) the area of the base of the solid fixed with its rim horizontal and contains a
formed liquid to the depth h. show by integration
[4π units2] that the volume of the liquid in the bowl is
6. Show that the tangents at (-1,3) and (1,5)on
the curve y = 2x2 + x + 2 passes through the
12. Find the volume of the solid of revolution
origin. Find the area enclosed between the
formed by rotating the area enclosed by
curve and these two tangents the curve y = x(1+x), the x-axis, the lines x =
2 and x = 3 through four right anglesabout
7. Sketch the curve for x > 0,
the
showing any a symptotes. Find the area
x-axis. [31.033π cubic units]
enclosed by the x-axis, the line x = 4 and
the curve . [10 sq. units] Thank you
If this area is now rotated about the x-axis
Dr. Bbosa Science
through 3600, determine the volume of the
solid generated, correct to 3 significant
figures. [42.1 cubic units]
8. Show that the tangents to the curve

4 – 2x – 2x2 at points 9-1, 4) and

respectively passes through the