RMS file summary

6 sem ( practicals)
1. To build and run a black oil simulation model
2. To predict original oil in place using a material b al ance model
3. To build and run a coalbed methane reservoir model
4. To generate the phase envelop of a fluid g i v e n its compositional data
5. To perform plus fraction splitting and lumping, and to match data by regression

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Experiment 1: Build and Run a Black Oil Simulation Model (Using CMG
IMEX)

Objective:
To build and run a black oil simulation model using CMG IMEX simulator and understand the workflow of
creating input data using Builder.

Software & Setup:

Component Selection
Simulator IMEX
Units Field Units
Porosity Model Single Porosity
Start Date 2018-01-01

Grid Setup:
Direction Blocks Block Size
I 20 60 ft
J 1 60 ft
K 1 20 ft (height)

Reservoir Properties:
Property Value
Grid Top Depth 4000 ft
Grid Thickness 20 ft
Porosity 0.3
Permeability I 30 mD
Permeability J EQUALSI (Same as I)
Permeability K 0.01 × I (Kv/Kh = 0.01)
Rock Compressibility 1E-6 psi⁻¹

Fluid Properties (Quick Fluid Model):

Property Value
Reservoir Temp 130°F
Bubble Point Pressure 2500 psi
Oil Gravity 35 API
Gas Gravity (Air = 1) 0.65
Water Ref Pressure 3000 psi

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Rock-Fluid Properties:
 Generated using correlations.
 Sample Inputs:
o SWCON = 0.2, SWCRIT = 0.2
o SORW = 0.4, SOIRW = 0.4
o SGCON = 0.05, SGCRIT = 0.05
o KROCW = 0.8, KRWIRO = 0.3
o KRGCL = 0.3, KROGCG = 0.8
o All Exponents = 2.0

Initial Conditions:
Parameter Value
Initial Fluids Oil + Water
Reference Pressure 3010 psi
Reference Depth 4010 ft
Water-Oil Contact 4500 ft
Bubble Point Pressure 2500 psi

Well Setup:
Field Value
Name P1
Type Producer
Constraint STO Oil Rate = 750 bbl/day

Simulation Date Range:

 From: 2018-01-01
 To: 2028-01-01
 Time Step: 1 Month

Run & Validate Steps:

1. Define dates and run settings.
2. Use Tools → Validate with Simulator.
3. Save and run the simulation.

Here are the answers to those important theoretical questions related to Black Oil Model and simulation
techniques — these are very likely to be asked in viva or theory-based assessments.

Q1. Define Black Oil Model.

✔️Answer:
The Black Oil Model is a reservoir simulation model that divides fluids into three components—oil, gas,
Kriti Vyas
and water—each with fixed properties. It assumes that gas can dissolve in oil and come out at bubble
point pressure, but no compositional changes occur during flow. It is primarily used for conventional
reservoirs where the oil and gas composition is relatively stable.

Q2. What are the key assumptions of the Black Oil Model?

Answer:

1. Fluid composition is fixed – no compositional variation over time.

2. Three components only – oil, gas, and water.
3. Solution gas dissolves in oil and comes out at bubble point pressure.
4. No mass transfer between oil and water or between water and gas.
5. PVT properties are functions of pressure only and are defined using tables.
6. Used in low-pressure, conventional reservoirs with limited phase behavior complexity.

Q3. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Analytical and Numerical Models.

✅ Analytical Model:
Advantages Disadvantages

Simple and fast Limited to simple geometry and flow conditions

No need for computer simulations Cannot handle heterogeneous reservoirs

Useful for quick approximations No capability to simulate complex physics or time-dependent changes

✅ Numerical Model:
Advantages Disadvantages

Handles complex reservoir geometry Computationally expensive

Can include multiple phases, components Requires detailed data

Time-dependent and spatially varying properties can be modeled Needs software and expertise

Q4. Briefly describe the steps of building a Black Oil Model using Builder.

Answer:
The process of building a Black Oil Model using CMG Builder involves the following steps:

1. Start CMG Launcher and select the IMEX Simulator.

2. Create Grid: Define grid dimensions (e.g., 20×1×1) and cell sizes (e.g., 60 ft).
3. Specify Reservoir Properties:
o Top Depth, Thickness, Porosity, Permeability (I, J, K)
o Rock Compressibility
4. Input Fluid Properties: Use Quick Fluid Model to define:
o Reservoir Temp, Bubble Point, Oil Gravity, Gas Gravity, Water Properties
5. Define Rock-Fluid Interactions:
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 o Generate Relative Permeability using Correlations
6. Set Initial Conditions:
o Pressure, Depth, Water-Oil Contact, Bubble Point
7. Add Wells:
o Create well (e.g., Producer), define constraints (e.g., max oil rate)
8. Define Perforations: Choose grid block(s) where the well is active.
9. Set Dates: Choose simulation start and end dates (e.g., 2018–2028).
10. Validate & Run Simulation through the IMEX engine.

Viva Questions & Answers:

Q1. What is the objective of this experiment?

A. To build and run a black oil simulation model using CMG IMEX simulator and analyze reservoir
performance.

Q2. What is a black oil model?

A. A black oil model simplifies hydrocarbon systems into three phases—oil, gas, and water—with fixed
compositions. It’s widely used for conventional oil reservoir simulations.

Q3. What is porosity? Why is it important?

A. Porosity is the fraction of void space in a rock. It determines the reservoir's capacity to hold fluids.

Q4. Define Bubble Point Pressure.

A. Bubble point pressure is the pressure at which gas first begins to come out of solution from oil during
pressure depletion.

Q5. What is the constraint applied to the well in this model?

A. A surface oil production rate (STO rate) of 750 barrels per day was set as a constraint for the producer
well.

Q6. Why do we use the Kv/Kh ratio?

A. The Kv/Kh ratio models anisotropy in permeability. A lower Kv (vertical permeability) compared to Kh
(horizontal) reflects realistic flow barriers in vertical direction.

Q7. What does EQUALSI mean?

A. It is a function used in Builder to assign the same value (e.g., permeability) in one direction equal to
another.

Q8. What is the purpose of using correlations in Rock-Fluid Properties?

A. Correlations generate realistic relative permeability curves when lab data is not available.

Q9. What is rock compressibility?

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A. It is the measure of how much the rock volume changes with pressure. It’s important in pressure
depletion analysis.

Q10. Why do we simulate over 10 years (2018–2028)?

A. To predict the reservoir behavior over a long production period and analyze well performance over
time.

Here’s your printable summary, important takeaways, and viva questions with answers for Experiment 2
of your Reservoir Modeling & Simulation Lab on Material Balance using MBAL software.

Experiment 2: Predicting Original Oil in Place (OOIP) using Material

Balance Model in MBAL

🎯 Objective:
To generate a mathematical model tuned with field data that predicts Original Oil in Place (OOIP) and
simulates well behavior using Material Balance Analysis (MBAL software).

🧠 Theory Overview:
 Material Balance Equation (MBE) is used to determine:
o OOIP (Original Oil in Place)
o Reservoir behavior over time
 Assumes tank-type behavior: uniform pressure and fluid properties throughout the reservoir.
 Relates production data, static pressure, and fluid properties to estimate reservoir volumes.
 Accurate only with good-quality pressure and production data.

🧰 Software: MBAL (Material Balance Tool)

Includes tools like:

 Material Balance
 Reservoir Allocation
 Decline Curve Analysis
 Monte Carlo Volumetrics
 1-D Buckley-Leverett Model
 Multi-Layer Modeling

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🧾 System Requirements:
 Intel/AMD CPU, 4 GB RAM
 Windows XP or later (64-bit)
 500-1000 GB memory
 OpenGL-capable graphics card

📌 Key Takeaways:
🔹 Material Balance Analysis (MBA):

 Simple & powerful method for OOIP estimation.

 Assumes uniform reservoir behavior (tank model).
 Requires accurate field data for reliability.

🔹 MBAL Software:

 Specialized for material balance studies.

 Enables model tuning and future production prediction.
 Plots and results help in understanding reservoir performance.

🔹 Essential Inputs:

 PVT data (fluid properties)

 Reservoir tank data
 Production rates
 Relative permeability
 Constraints & prediction settings

🎤 Viva Questions & Answers:

❓Q1. What are the basic principles and key assumptions of MBAL?

✔️A. MBAL is based on material balance equations assuming tank-type behavior, i.e., the reservoir has
uniform pressure and fluid properties. It assumes accurate pressure and production data for valid OOIP
calculation.

❓Q2. What is the difference between Material Balance and Reservoir Simulation?

Material Balance Reservoir Simulation

Simple tank model Complex 3D grid models
Quick OOIP estimation Detailed pressure, saturation mapping
Needs fewer inputs Requires extensive data
Limited prediction capability Can simulate real reservoir heterogeneity

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❓Q3. Briefly describe the key inputs and steps in MBAL for this exercise.

✔️A.

 Input system settings, fluid properties, and tank data

 Use black oil PVT input
 Define relative permeability
 Set up production prediction using fraction flow
 Add constraints and prediction schedule
 Run and analyze results (plots + OOIP)

📋 Step-by-Step Procedure:
1. Launch MBAL → Select Material Balance under "TOOL"
2. Enter data under:
o System Options
o PVT → Fluid Properties
o Input → Oil - Black Oil Data
o Tank Data & Relative Permeability
3. Under Production Prediction:
o Select Prediction Setup
o Choose Use Fraction Flow Model
o Enter start date and average oil production rate
4. Define Production Constraints and Reporting Schedule
5. Run the model → Results include plots and OOIP estimate

❓Q1. What is the main objective of this experiment?

✔️A. To estimate the Original Oil in Place (OOIP) and predict reservoir performance using Material Balance
Analysis in MBAL.

❓Q2. What are the key assumptions of the material balance method?

✔️A.

 Reservoir behaves as a tank (uniform pressure).

 Fluids are homogeneous and immiscible.
 Static pressure and production data are accurate.
 No pressure variation across the reservoir.

❓Q3. What is OOIP?

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✔️A. Original Oil in Place is the estimated volume of crude oil originally present in a reservoir before
production begins.

❓Q4. What are the differences between material balance and reservoir simulation?

Material Balance Reservoir Simulation

Assumes tank model Handles 3D heterogeneity
Requires less data Requires detailed inputs
Quick OOIP estimation Time-consuming but accurate
Limited spatial resolution Detailed pressure and saturation maps

❓Q5. What are the primary inputs in MBAL?

✔️A.

 PVT Data (fluid properties)

 Tank properties
 Relative permeability
 Production data (oil, gas, water rates)
 Static pressure values

❓Q6. Why do we use the fraction flow model?

✔️A. It models the flow of each phase (oil, water, gas) based on saturation and relative permeability,
improving prediction accuracy.

❓Q7. What is the purpose of defining production constraints?

✔️A. To simulate realistic well performance by setting limits such as maximum oil rate, pressure drop, or
economic limits.

❓Q8. Why is history matching important in material balance?

✔️A. It adjusts the model so that simulation results match past production and pressure data, ensuring
reliable future predictions.

❓Q9. Can MBAL handle water drive and gas cap reservoirs?

✔️A. Yes, MBAL allows modeling of various drive mechanisms like water drive, gas cap expansion, and
solution gas drive by inputting relevant parameters.
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❓Q10. What is the significance of prediction plots in MBAL?

✔️A. They visually represent future production trends, pressure behavior, and recovery, helping make
informed reservoir management decisions.

Perfect! Here's the final updated summary for Experiment 3 with everything you need:

 ✅ Printable format
 📚 Concept overview
 📌 Important parameters
 🎯 Viva questions with answers
 🧪 Step-by-step procedure

Experiment 3: Build and Run a Coalbed Methane (CBM) Reservoir

Model Using CMG Builder (GEM Simulator)

🧠 Concept Overview:
Coalbed Methane (CBM) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds. Unlike conventional reservoirs,
CBM stores methane gas adsorbed on coal surfaces, primarily in the matrix, while fractures (called cleats)
are saturated with water.

🔄 Production Mechanism:

1. Dewatering phase – Water is removed from fractures.

2. Pressure drops – Desorption of gas begins from coal matrix.
3. Gas flows – Gas moves from matrix to fractures, then to the wellbore.

CBM reservoirs behave differently from conventional ones and require dual porosity modeling to simulate
both the matrix storage and fracture flow systems.

To model CBM effectively, GEM Simulator in CMG is used because:

 It supports compositional modeling.

 Simulates adsorption/desorption mechanisms.
 Allows modeling of dual porosity and dual permeability.

🎯 Objective:
To simulate CBM reservoir behavior using GEM simulator and observe the effect of depressurization on
methane gas production over time.

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🧰 Software Used:
 CMG Launcher
 CMG Builder
 GEM Simulator

📋 Step-by-Step Procedure:
1. Start CMG Launcher → Select:
o GEM Simulator, Field Units, Double Porosity
o Start Date: 2019-01-01
o Shape Factor: Gilman & Kazemi
2. Create Cartesian Grid:
o 20 × 1 × 1
o Grid size: 60 ft in I & J
o Top depth: 4000 ft | Thickness: 20 ft
3. Input Reservoir Properties:
o Matrix Porosity: 0.001
o Fracture Porosity: 0.02
o Matrix Permeability: 0.01 mD (I, J, K)
o Fracture Permeability: 30, 30, 3 mD (I, J, K)
o Rock Compressibility: 1E-6 psi⁻¹
4. Fracture Spacing: 0.01 ft (all directions)
5. Component Definition:
o Select CH₄ as the gas component
o Set Fracture Water Saturation: 1.0
6. Well Setup:
o Name: P1 | Type: Producer
o Constraint: Max Water Rate = 200 bbl/day
o Add Perforation at desired grid block
7. Simulation Settings:
o Time: 2019-01-01 to 2029-01-01
o Time Step: 1 Month
o Validate & Run the model

📌 Important Takeaways:
 CBM involves gas desorption from matrix and flow through fractures.
 Initial production is only water – gas starts after pressure drops.
 Fracture properties dominate flow behavior; matrix governs storage.
 Dual porosity/permeability model is essential.
 GEM is required over IMEX for CBM due to compositional behavior.

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🎤 Viva Questions & Answers:
❓Q1. What is the difference between CBM and conventional reservoirs?

✔️A.
CBM stores gas as adsorbed on the coal matrix and requires depressurization to release it. Conventional
reservoirs store hydrocarbons as free-phase fluids.

❓Q2. Why is a dual porosity model used in CBM simulation?

✔️A.
To separately model gas storage in matrix and flow through fractures, which is crucial for realistic
simulation of CBM reservoirs.

❓Q3. What are the key parameters in CBM modeling?

✔️A.

 Matrix and Fracture Porosity

 Matrix and Fracture Permeability
 Fracture Spacing
 Fracture Water Saturation
 Rock Compressibility
 Shape Factor (Gilman and Kazemi)

❓Q4. Why is GEM used instead of IMEX for CBM?

✔️A.
GEM supports gas adsorption/desorption and compositional simulation, which are not available in IMEX.

❓Q5. What does “Fracture Water Saturation = 1” indicate?

✔️A.
It models the real condition that CBM cleats are initially filled with water before production starts.

❓Q6. What is the function of the Gilman and Kazemi shape factor?

✔️A.
It controls the rate of gas transfer from matrix to fracture in dual-porosity models.

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❓Q7. What happens during the dewatering phase?

✔️A.
Water is produced first, lowering reservoir pressure. This triggers desorption of methane gas, which then
starts to flow.

Would you like me to combine all three experiment summaries (1–3) into a single, beautifully formatted
PDF document for print or sharing with your class?

Here’s your complete Experiment 4 summary sheet for Reservoir Modeling & Simulation Lab, covering
Phase Envelope Generation using CMG WinProp, along with:

 📌 Concept overview
 🧪 Step-by-step procedure
 ✅ Key takeaways
 🎯 Viva questions with answers
 ✨ Printable format

🧪 Reservoir Modeling & Simulation Lab – Summary

Sheet
✅ Experiment 4: Generate the Phase Envelope of a Fluid Given Its
Compositional Data (Using CMG WinProp)

📖 Concept Overview:
WinProp is CMG's fluid property modeling tool used to simulate multiphase behavior of reservoir fluids
using an Equation of State (EOS). It helps generate phase diagrams like P-T envelopes, and calculate
properties such as:

 Saturation Pressure
 Critical Pressure & Temperature
 Cricondentherm & Cricondenbar
 Phase behavior of hydrocarbons

This experiment is essential for understanding how fluids behave under varying pressure and temperature,
and how to visualize phase boundaries.

🎯 Objective:
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  Build a compositional model using given mole fractions.
 Calculate saturation pressure at reservoir temperature.
 Generate a Phase Envelope Diagram.
 Identify Cricondentherm, Cricondenbar, Critical Temperature, and Critical Pressure.

🧰 Software Used:
 CMG Launcher
 WinProp (CMG)

📋 Step-by-Step Procedure:
1. Open CMG Launcher → Launch WinProp
2. Go to Titles / EOS / Units:
o Add case name: Dry gas / Wet gas / Condensate etc.
o Choose appropriate EOS (e.g., Peng-Robinson)
o Select Units and Feed
3. Component Selection:
o Insert relevant components (e.g., C1, C2, CO₂, N₂, etc.)
o Click “Apply Change”
4. Enter Composition:
o Input mole fractions of each component under Primary Composition
o View Component Composition Plot
5. Saturation Pressure Calculation:
o Insert “Saturation Pressure Calculation Form”
o Input reservoir temperature and estimated saturation pressure
o WinProp uses iterative method to calculate true saturation pressure
6. Phase Envelope Generation:
o Insert a Two-Phase Envelope Form
o Label it “P-T Envelope”
o Execute the model to generate the envelope
7. Analyze Results:
o Identify:
 Cricondenbar: Max pressure of two-phase envelope
 Cricondentherm: Max temperature of two-phase envelope
 Critical Pressure & Temperature of the fluid

📌 Important Takeaways:
 WinProp models fluid phase behavior using Equation of State.
 Phase Envelope helps determine pressure and temperature conditions under which fluid exists as
liquid, gas, or both.
 Knowing critical and saturation properties is essential in designing surface facilities and reservoir
production plans.
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  Cricondenbar and Cricondentherm are important for understanding upper bounds of two-phase
behavior.

🎤 Viva Questions & Answers:

❓Q1. What is an Equation of State (EOS)?

✔️A. An EOS is a mathematical equation that relates pressure, temperature, and volume of fluids. It
predicts phase behavior. Example: Peng-Robinson EOS.

❓Q2. Define Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure.

✔️A.

 Critical Temperature (Tc): The temperature above which a substance cannot exist as a liquid,
regardless of pressure.
 Critical Pressure (Pc): The pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.

❓Q3. What is a Phase Envelope?

✔️A. A diagram showing phase boundaries of a fluid across various pressures and temperatures. It
includes bubble point, dew point, and the two-phase region.

❓Q4. What is Cricondentherm?

✔️A. The maximum temperature at which a gas and liquid phase can coexist in equilibrium.

❓Q5. What is Cricondenbar?

✔️A. The maximum pressure at which a gas and liquid phase can coexist in equilibrium.

❓Q6. Why is WinProp used in reservoir simulation?

✔️A. It helps in fluid characterization, PVT analysis, and generation of phase diagrams which are critical
inputs for reservoir and process simulators like GEM or STARS.

❓Q7. What is the purpose of calculating saturation pressure?

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✔️A. To find the pressure at which the fluid starts to change phase (gas ↔ liquid) at a given temperature,
which is crucial for reservoir and surface design.

Would you like me to now combine all 4 experiment summaries into one printable PDF file for complete
lab revision?

Perfect! Based on the format you've used for Experiment 4, here's the complete and stylized summary
sheet for Experiment 5 – ready for your lab record or printout:

🧪 Reservoir Modeling & Simulation Lab – Summary

Sheet
✅ Experiment 5: Plus Fraction Splitting, Lumping & Regression using
CMG WinProp

📖 Concept Overview:
In real reservoir fluids, especially crude oils and condensates, the C7+ fraction (heptanes and heavier)
consists of hundreds of components, making simulation complex.

WinProp simplifies this using:

 Plus Fraction Splitting: Converts C7+ into several pseudo-components using statistical distributions
(like exponential).
 Component Lumping: Groups similar components to reduce complexity.
 Regression: Matches calculated values (e.g., saturation pressure) with experimental data for better
accuracy.

This experiment teaches how to split and lump components, and perform regression analysis to match
real PVT behavior.

🎯 Objective:
 Perform plus fraction splitting of C7+ hydrocarbons.
 Lump components into pseudo-groups for simulation.
 Use regression to match calculated results with experimental data (e.g., saturation pressure).

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🧰 Software Used:
 CMG Launcher
 WinProp (CMG)

📋 Step-by-Step Procedure:
1. Open CMG Launcher → Launch WinProp
2. In Titles / EOS / Units:
o Add case name (e.g., Wet gas / Black oil etc.)
o Select Equation of State (EOS) like Peng-Robinson
o Choose Units and Feed
o Click OK
3. Component Selection:
o Insert components (e.g., CO₂, N₂, C1–C6, and C7+)
o Input mole fractions for each
o Click Apply Change
4. Plus Fraction Splitting:
o Go to Characterization → Plus Fraction Splitting
o Under Distribution tab:
 Select Exponential function
 Set:
 Fluid samples = 1
 First SCN = 7
 Pseudo-components = 4 (or user-defined)
 Select Critical Property Correlation
5. Apply Changes to update composition
6. Estimate Saturation Pressure:
o Enter temperature and initial estimate of saturation pressure
o Save and Run Simulation
o Check how close results are to experimental data
7. Regression Matching:
o Open Regression Tab
o Add experimental data (e.g., saturation pressure)
o Choose regression parameters (e.g., binary interaction coefficients, EOS parameters)
o Run simulation again to minimize error
8. Analyze Results:
o Confirm that calculated data matches experimental inputs
o Save final case

📌 Important Takeaways:
 Plus fraction splitting simplifies reservoir fluid modeling by replacing heavy fractions with pseudo-
components.
 Component lumping reduces simulation time while maintaining accuracy.
 Regression ensures model behavior mimics real lab data (e.g., PVT properties).
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  Essential for fluids with incomplete compositional data beyond C6.

🎤 Viva Questions & Answers:

❓Q1. What is Plus Fraction Splitting?

✔️A. It is the process of breaking the C7+ fraction of hydrocarbons into a set of pseudo-components based
on molecular weight distribution.

❓Q2. Why is Lumping used in reservoir simulation?

✔️A. Lumping reduces the number of components to speed up simulations while preserving important
fluid behavior characteristics.

❓Q3. What distribution is typically used in splitting?

✔️A. The Exponential distribution is commonly used, as it reflects how heavier hydrocarbons decrease in
abundance with increasing molecular weight.

❓Q4. What parameters are selected for regression?

✔️A. Typically, saturation pressure, critical properties, and interaction coefficients are regressed to match
experimental data.

❓Q5. What is the importance of Saturation Pressure?

✔️A. It is the pressure at which the fluid changes phase at a constant temperature — crucial for designing
reservoir and surface processes.

❓Q6. What is the role of regression in WinProp?

✔️A. Regression is used to match simulation results with experimental values by adjusting model
parameters.

❓Q7. What happens if experimental data is not matched after simulation?

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✔️A. Regression is performed again by changing parameters until the calculated value closely aligns with
the experimental saturation pressure.

Would you like me to now combine Experiment 4 and 5 (or all experiments) into a single downloadable
PDF?

Great! The viva questions you've found at the end of the PDF can be directly addressed in the same Q&A
format we've been using. Here they are, clearly structured and ready to be added to your printable sheet
for Experiment 5:

🎤 Additional Viva Questions & Answers (from Lab Manual):

❓Q1. Explain Lumping and Splitting of Plus Fraction.

✔️A.

 Splitting: Divides the C7+ fraction into multiple pseudo-components based on molecular weight
using distribution functions (e.g., exponential). This helps model fluid behavior more accurately.
 Lumping: Combines components with similar properties into a single pseudo-component to
simplify the model and reduce simulation time without significant loss of accuracy.

❓Q2. Briefly explain the basic steps of splitting.

✔️A.

1. Define the Plus Fraction (e.g., starting from C7).

2. Choose a distribution function (e.g., exponential or gamma).
3. Set the number of pseudo-components.
4. Specify critical property correlations.
5. WinProp distributes the mole fraction and calculates properties of each pseudo-component
accordingly.

❓Q3. What parameters do we select for regression and why?

✔️A.
We usually select:

 Saturation pressure,
 Binary interaction coefficients,
 Critical temperature & pressure, and
 Acentric factor.

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These parameters affect the phase behavior and thermodynamic properties of the fluid. Regression is g

Kriti Vyas