Practical: 1
Installing ORACLE/ MYSQL/NOSQL
Introduction:
Oracle Corporation is a leading global technology company specializing in database software,
cloud-engineered systems, and enterprise software products. Headquartered in Austin, Texas,
it is best known for its Oracle Database, a dominant relational database management system
(RDBMS).
Brief History:
1. Founding and Early Years (1977-1980s):
i. 1977: Founded as Software Development Laboratories (SDL) by Larry Ellison, Bob
Miner, and Ed Oates.
ii. 1979: Released Oracle Version 2, the first commercial SQL relational database.
iii. 1982: Renamed to Oracle Systems Corporation.
2. Growth and Expansion (1980s-1990s):
i. 1986: Went public on NASDAQ.
ii. 1992: Launched Oracle 7 with stored procedures and triggers.
3. Diversification and Acquisitions (2000s):
i. 2004: Acquired PeopleSoft.
ii. 2005: Acquired Siebel Systems.
iii. 2009: Acquired Sun Microsystems, including Java and Solaris.
4. Cloud Era and Recent Developments (2010s-Present):
i. 2010: Introduced Oracle Exadata.
ii. 2014: Launched Oracle Cloud.
iii. 2020: Moved headquarters to Austin, Texas.
Latest version
Latest version of oracle database is oracle database 21c which is the 21.1.0 which was released
on December 2020(cloud), august 2021(Linux).
Installation steps of oracle (oracle version used is oracle 11g):
Downloading the installation files
Step 1: Go to [Link] and Click on Options menu.
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Fig. 1: [Link] Interface
Step 2: Click the Download Button and Scroll Down to Database Section.
Fig. 2: Database downloads page
Step 3: Click Database 11g Enterprise/Standard Editions, after which you’ll find different
versions of Oracle for different OS. Download the Files according to your OS.
Fig. 3: Downloads Page
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Step 4: After Clicking the Download Button, the page will be directed to Login Screen where
you’ll need to Sign in Oracle Account. If you don’t have one, then you must Sign Up, because
without that you won’t be able to download the Files.
Fig. 4: Signup Page
Step 5: Repeat the same steps for both the Files and Download them.
After downloading the files Successfully, you’ll find both Files in Downloads Folder where
both of them will be in Compressed Form, so you’ll need to Extract them.
Fig. 5: Downloaded Files in Zip Format
Installation of Oracle Database
Step 1: Go to Main Database Folder where you’ll find Setup. Right click the [Link] file
and choose Run as Administrator.
Fig. 6: Downloaded Files
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Step 2: Click Yes to continue. This will start Oracle Universal Installer.
Fig. 7: Dialog Box for Installation
Step 3: Select any of the three different Installation Options according to your needs.
Fig. 8: Installing Options
Option 1 – If you want to Install Oracle Server Software and want to Create Database also.
Option 2 – If you want to Install Oracle Server only.
Option 3 – If you want to Upgrade your Existing Database.
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Practical No – 2
Creating Entity-Relationship Diagram using case tools with Identifying
(entities, attributes, keys and relationships between entities, cardinalities,
generalization, specialization etc.)
Entity-Relationship Diagram of Hospital Management System :
Step 1 :- Identify all the entities
1. Patient
2. Employee
3. Doctor
4. Nurse
5. Room
6. Receptionist
7. Test Report
8. Bill
9. Records
Step 2 :- Identify the relationship
1. Patient – Doctor Relationship
• A patient can have a relationship with one or more doctors for consultations or
treatments.
• A doctor have multiple patients.
2. Nurse – Rooms Relationship
• A nurse can be assigned to one or more rooms during their shift.
• A room can have multiple nurse assigned to it over different shifts.
[Link] – Bills Relationship
• One patient can have multiple bills.
• One bill is associated with only one patient.
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[Link] – Test Report Relationship
• One patient can have multiple test reports.
• One test report is associated with only one patient.
5. Rooms – Patient Relationship
• One room can accommodate multiple patients over time.
• One patient occupies one room at a time.
Step 3 :- Identify the key attributes
[Link] : Patient_ID
[Link] : Employee_ID
[Link] : Doctor_ID
[Link] : Nurse_ID
[Link] : Receptionist_ID
[Link] : Room_ID
[Link] Report : Report_ID, Patient_ID
[Link] : Bill_ID, Patient_ID
[Link] : Record_No.
Step 4:- Identify other relevant attributes
[Link] : Name, Gender, Age, Mobile Number
[Link] : Name, Gender, Salary, Address, City
[Link] : Department, Qualification
[Link] : Name, Gender, Salary, Address, City
[Link] : Type, Capacity, Availability
[Link] : Name, Gender, Salary, Address, City
[Link] Report : Test Type, Result
[Link] : Amount
[Link] : Appointmen
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Practical No. 3
[Link] DDL commands –Create, Alter, Drop etc.
Data Definition Language
Data Definition Language (DDL) is a subset of SQL (Structured Query Language) used to
define and manage the structure of a relational database. DDL commands are crucial for
designing and modifying the database schema, which encompasses the database's structure,
including tables, columns, indexes, and other elements.
[Link] - Creating objects in the database
Create an student table with some basic details like(Name, Roll,Marks,etc)
CREATE TABLE Student (Name VARCHAR(15), Roll INT(5), Age INT(5), Marks
INT(5));
[Link] – alters the structure of the database which we created
ALTER TABLE Student
ADD Address VARCHAR(20);
3. DROP - delete the existing table
DROP TABLE Student;
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II. Implement DML Commands – Insert, Select, Update, Delete
Data manipulation language
DML (Data Manipulation Language) refers to a subset of SQL (Structured Query
Language) commands used to manipulate and manage data in a database. While DDL
(Data Definition Language) deals with the structure of the database (creating, altering, and
dropping tables), DML focuses on managing the data itself, including inserting, updating,
deleting, and querying data within tables.
[Link] - insert data into a table Create a table Faculty with basic details
like(Name,Roll,Age,Marks)
INSERT INTO Student
VALUES ('ROHIT TYAGI', 45, 20, 90);
[Link] - updates existing data within a table
UPDATE Student
SET Marks = 95
WHERE Roll = 45;
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[Link] - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
DELETE FROM Student WHERE Roll = 1;
[Link] - used to fetch data from one or more tables
INSERT INTO Student (Name,Roll,Age,Marks)
VALUES ('MOHIT TYAGI', 1, 20, 91)
('RAHUL',2,21,89);
