nit5 Dota in

Communicaton
Ionsmissionq Bnavy
Systems
Digita! Codes hansmission
o Dital
s
Binciple
Transmíssion T}icikney
FSk

Modern concepts BPSk

corechon
detecticn
Methods Eros
d digital
(aso calle tronsmis
Dipital Cades’ ine code band
comunication a digitat base
withín a
tele called
* n madulaton, also chosen tor use puposcs
code Snission
base.band
ncthod) is a band tran
Sion tor base transpovt:
-communicatíon ss d'gital data transmi
Ueed tor to
Coding is oten make more bits educed.
* Line coding fs dene to
used is much Conccton
As the the bandwidthbipclas too has a
Dn a Single ignal, done E the
detection is
* Enor transission &
data
capability the code used tor
A ine code s transmission ine.
4
over a avoid oveslan
dgital signal cocing is chosen So as to intererence
Thís process o such as inter- symbol
*
distotion o siqnal
ond types tine coding
aTe 3
There
Uripolan
Pela
3 Bi-pola
 thipolay
is also
colled as On ot
keyng or singly oo
pulse Ye pre sents
esence Ga
a 14 the
the pre.
ts oherre t
epiesen
there are
vanations in Unipolan
Retun to Zero (NR)
Non
Retunto Zero ( RE)

plar: o pola
axe tuO methods
They NRE
. Po la
Polan R~

techniq,ue ohich has three voltage

This is an encoding Such a is called as dup
t,-
signal
beb namely
biranysignal.
tuoo types
4 They(: Bipolar NRE
a Bipolar Rz
# he codes are
broadly eategosied into tollouoing typa
+Weighted Codes
hleghted Codes P

a Non- Coded Decimal

3 Binary Numeric Codes
Aipha tectíng Codes
Error De codes
6 Errox orrecting
Digital Tronsmission
Iinciples smitted n to
ays
Data Can be tron
# Paralle distance communicaticn systems
Sexial
in
+Data torsters
oe made serially
 Jo a SCsial
tansmissipo cach bit d o uord is
tsansritted
Dne ater anotho:
& Prallel data tonsmis sion is not proctical to long- distance
Communication

ca

BinaryLse

tansmission d the ASCI1 etter M

Seial

Scial ransnission:
Expressing the Serial Data Rate
Speed ¢ data transtes is usually indícated as numL.
* The
o bits per Secord (bps os bls) data Specd in digita)
Another term used to cxpress the
Comunica tion sls is baud
elerents o Synbol
4 Baud rate is the number d signaling
that occus in a gen unit o
time
Signalirg element is simply some change n the binany
Signal transmitted
ansrnission is the transter ct data tyom ore
Drital tz
point to another

1 Neíse immurity

3. Bond uidth ctbiciency

4 Ability to use sepeaters tor tong distance tian smisson
Bit rate Baudx N
umbex d hit in one sym
 Mrk

sitn o.tk
Asyheras transnis
b lost
Secend da to ypc
nst doto Erro
tyr
End transmisson
SVN SYN Time charocten
"9Synchsorous dato tronsrissn
Tiansmiseion
chorocters
hansmission Eticieny in a gven
Sert the comm
that conbe
Hortley's louw: fntomation banduoidth
amount d pendent on the transmission
4 The de duration
thonsmission is the
Channel 6 Hartteyslo is
-cotion tcally, 8is the
Mathema C: B 6
capacity Cbps)
channel
c is the
where banduidth levels
chonnel codhg
multipk
for
tortBey'slauw C JBlog levels pes tine
intesval
di<ferent ercodirg
4

humbes f
Bandoith
6
Ironsrission media
wise cable
tco types
he 1 Coaxíal cable
cable SurYounded by an
eoisted pais Conductoy cable
Q. Centcs entire
hos a braided
shield. The
* Cooxial cablewhich is a
insulator bVes insulaton
ith a plastic
iS Covered
 tuo insulatrd t
s
+A twis ted pai Cale

Prpidctr
(opfAuctus

Insulator Coaxial Cable

Protective Phsti

Conductors
pair cabe
Snsulato Eig: tuoisted

Skt keying (Fsk) in which the

technique
feaquency digita
modulaton
vavis
aceonding to the
4 FSk s the carriex Signal
trequency the modulation
d'serete digital changes treauenay
scheme 4
* FSk is a

time

is high
in toeauency
wave
modulated requency tora
d a Fsk
and is loo in
olp input
* The HIGH
for a binary
Low input
binary tox FSk is
Generat expressíon

FSk wave form

whee
binany Caríey ampltude
peak analog
Carrien center trequtncy
analog
 -peak change in the aralog arvien
p signal carriey
vintt) -> avy
bin tohere btequency of
ce anaBogoys to FMoith the base band sínol(DA7A)
rSk 6 accordance
anplitude Ac
vayicsin Sinusoída! aries wayes someeprcsent teo
signal
tuo re used to
trequenciesti 4t2
bt ditfercnt Electronie suoitch
symbols
Oscilltor
TR FSk olp

Gscillator
m(t)-

transmitte:
FSk Binary
FSk
cosanfit lt) waye
Binawy.
Oave

cOsanbat Lrete
FSk Receiver ;
I>0
Decision
Device Choose O
Binay otherwise
FSk

)
Synchrarqus FSk Detector: two mixers with
ilp is gen to the
Fsk Signal
*localtheoscilato ciscuits.
to too band pass iltens
two are connected
4 These
act as demodutators
Tnese combinations
 E.3
olp
FSk

ile BPra

likety ç sclectk
is more
Lohich olp signals have a

circuit
chooscs
detectous. The two
Decision the
*Minimum any one q Separation:
tequency band width ¢ each
it from demodulators, the
both o the thei bit rate. complex than
* For depends endemodulator is a bi+
¢ themSychronous
asynchvonous type denmodulatos
This Pvplorokor ir ast
-
detection of FSk Sampleat
coherent t=Tb
Non-
Rltu matched Ervelcpe
to | detec tox
cos(ang:)|:
mpas
olp
ato

Received
BESk
signal
FHe matched Evelope
to deteets
Sample at
cos(amcat)

ASsynchrngus Esk Detecto :

diagyom 4 Asyndhrorncus FSk detector
4 The blocktwo band ittes, tuo envelepe detectos
consists pass
a decisíon circ.
 APr

Decision
cacut

jerelope
de tecto
too Band Pass jtrss
the
passed through
nark treguencies Ask signal, ohth
space g BPFS look ike
too
lyom these
to

envelope detec
toz
modulated asyrchy
tred

fhe
to
the
envelope detectos is
signal in each
given

moe ikely and

The
chooses uwhich olp is
detectors It also
Lonously: rcuit
decision the evelope
ne reaired one.
trom any
The

form to'a
lectsit wave
the
e-shapes 4

at
ilp

(orrier ww
1
1

Advanta ges: Sensitive to Varyíng

hence not too
Constart envelope
So not Sensitive
attenuation:
bascd on trequency changes,
Detection
shits channel:
bijequency low bit vates.
irmplernertation possible tor
BSnple
 bandwidth eifeient than ASk
I less Bw
Rugures highar
tansmissicn
Applications: in HF Tadío
Over voce lines
keyíng - scherme, Lohere the cs
Binary Phase shittphose modulation
epre Sented by too dijerent
a two aye and tor
* BPSk is message tor binary4
6 's in a
binay cavríer Signal'
states in the
phase
To ton binay
t
Ac Cos(atket) : O tor binany o
t o
S,(t)= Ac cos[anket+n); s
Sot) 4

messoge
signa'
Caniey

BPSk

BPSk transmittex:

Binoy
Bpclan Balanced
modulat
BPSk
NRE
data level
Sequerce encode

Carriey
 the balaneed by
NRI level the bnloneeA
yhe
nto kiplar encodes coNets tbe
NRI

ent the
cavrier.
-the
Virny er
Carie be
S ) . Ae cos (otot)
epresents peak
ualue
tegisBex,sithenusoidpous
al carsir to the
olandord1 ohm
lbod
P disipated t
A aP
alhen he

changed by ehonged then the phase the

I80 degees
(onside, tor erample
Si)JaP cos (attot) ’ 3
synbol'o' S,t) JöP cos(Nfot +n)
Since Cos( e4)-cose
ab Sa (t): -Fp cos (aThot) ’

Here, bit) + ohen binay' is tansit td

when binavy 'o is transmitted
BRSk Receiven;

Phase shitt in teceived Sipal:

undergoes the phase charge depending pon
This signal Yeceive.
trom the transrnitter to
the time delay
change is omally fxed phast skij hthe
+This phase phase shiyt be e6. There for the
tonsritted sisnat et the
the input ¢ the receiver is,
Sqnat at
 Brsk
Saunve |lanto
device 4itter
Fuerey
ides by
os (antet+6)
Releerct
Signal Ht)J Peos(antet+e)e Tnteyats
HE

dernodulats

Bit
Syrclsoruay
SLt): b(4) J5 P cos (ont+e) ’
Suare law dev•ce :
tom this Teceived sgnal, carier is Separated Since
* Nous Teceived signal is passcd thuna
this is cohexent detectiony the
law device. signal wll be,
a Square the squore laus device the
+ At the ofp
cos?( anfot + ) amplitude, becauSe we are only intet
have neglected the
* We d the
carier
-ed in the
ate knoLo thot, Hacose
+)
HCoS a(antot
cos (ar.t +6) -
cos a (aot+o)

epresents Dc leve:
tere
Bord Pass er: through a band pass ite
signal is then passed
* Thts Centered around afo
whose pass band s
Demoes the D.c level
Bondpass filter
+utut we get,
 cos (Onfot4
ivides
above gal6 passed though o fogueny
get a coniet
too
Gueney divides lo o)
(on,i
Ake clp 4
ter
by

ie Cos
A
trequency S to
hosedemedulatog:-
ioput the
demedulator multiples
nchroncu[
ecoVered
carrics.
nal
a n dt h

multiplies twe get,

the olp < b()6Pcos (BTyot+o)
At
cas(anfot+o) -
(anot)
b4)JGP| co5a(onfot+o)/

S() =
Tntegraton:- it synchenie
synchsorizey 9 to the
above sanal s
then aplkd the signal Over one
the
ntegratos inteqrates
Ctegato he times
stasting &ending
4
synchvonizes takes care
bit BPSk:-ponator
Coherent lost

kren
aton 6
detectiono
Bínany
Blay ronsetun Product PSk
Rinany modulato
to Zexo
hta
evet enccdes

2 cos (atfet)

dingram ¢ BPSk transmittey

ia bock
 Cerelate

deice

-esholo
Cohesent BSk eceive

Advantagg less tthan FSk

Banduid th is
pre sence noise Cut q al
3tom best in the
madutation technigues
3 types imune to nase
3 igh
Dis adyantages: unehahged even it the psinal hay
Recoered snal &
changd its sn
Possbility ueslapping
detection & coection
Ener thee types errorS:
4 Thgte ue
bit eer:
sigie Received Enor
Sent

coly ene bit, anyuhere

a frame, these is,
is Comupt
though, tohich
YOr:
Mul tiple bits

Sent Receine d
yeceved orth more than one bits n
4 arme is
Corupted stat
 may vdve tuc possible
nechanism
(vor contel
) Cvor delectfon
o) os conection
fee tion: means g
Gror de detected by
ec eived trames are RC) In berth
rovs n the eheck (C
oyclk edundancy with actual data to
Dity checkexaand olong as they
bits ae Sent end are Same
a9es,Beu) teceived at othes end tails, the
bits receives
nhm that counter check at
I} he
t e Sent. d comupted.
si dese
ts ane con
fovity Check: with the
eviginalbitsto
along
bit is Sent even pavity, os
, he extra erther even n case
rmke numbes o I's
case odd parity numbey o< 's
oddin frame counts the
sendey uohile ereating a num be r t's
+ the pavity is used and
exomple, even oay unber
in it: Foy O is added This
even.then one bit woth value is odd, to make
is I the numbes a 's
i's vemains even:
value 1 is added.
iteven a 6it coith
Data bits Even Rasity

counts the numbo o t's in a 7rome

4 The receives smply s used, the 7ne
I the Count o 's is
even ¬, euen paity
the
not - corupted &is aCcepted 17
is Considered to be
odd and odd poity is tSed, the ame is
Count a ts is
stl not CoTupted
 4ips in transit, the eceives can detec
F o Sngle bit 's. But uhen more than
It by courtiog the nurmbe d hard tor the
then
ous, it is Very
One bits ave ne
Yeceive to detect the erToT
Check (CR):
Redundancy to detect i! the TeceiNed
appsoach
* CRC is a ditterent
valtd data.
This techniq,ue invclves binay
divísor G geneated
rame contains
being Sent The
the data bits duision tpersti
division Serdcs pertorms a remaind
polyromíals "The calculates the
usng being Sent and
n the bits bits, the Sendes adds the
the actual bits. Actual data
* Before sending end a the actuat
wo. The
the
Yemaindey at remaindey s called a code
pus the as code hiords
bits bits
transmits data Receive
Sendex
Send

totoo!

101

CRC
No err0T

othe end, the TeceNer perorms dvision

* At the the same CRC divisor.
Opeyation tn code uords using zeros the data bts ae
Contains all
Temain den
IA the
con s'dered as theTe Some datt
otherwise it is
accepted, fn transit.
corupton Dcured
Eror Comection -’
eror Corecton can be don in tut
h the digital,
wnys
Packunrd Enor Cove ctien! when the receivei detes
eaue sts bock the
on eYor in the data e celved, i
Gendes to etransmit the dota unit detects
Icuard Eror Correc lion:- When the re ceiver Correcting
executes eTor
or in the dato veceived, it to Correct
code which helps it to auto recovey ancd
Some kinds ot roYS.

tamming ode;
* tlamming code is a block code that is copable
coitecting
detec ting upto top Sinultan cous bit eaYOrs and
single- bit esrors.
The ProCe dure used by the sendes to eneode the ne Sa
encornpasses the tollouing steps
step1: Calcutation the nunboy d Tedundant bits
stepa : Positioning the redundant bits.
Calculating the values ot . Gach redundant bit
step3:
the 4-bit hammirg code toord veceived by a receive
O11Olt Assuming the eveh pasity tate ohether the
corTect oy
rceived code wor.is
bcote the bit having eos
D4 D6 D5 Py Dg Py P,

-to tal no of ts
Dy 3 (odd)

D3 D6
r

D5 Dy
3(odd)
5th bit is having
D6 D5
C
r'ys
CorYet code code is
cRC check bits are
poynorrial or
determine
geneoaHng It1b0o0,
* is
message word
(
code wovd

Sol:

Sender
1|0o!

CRC

tI00!tLUoo00IOtO

I00!
 Ner chernt detection o fSk o
ryunes
"evtnte wooye does not expleit prae
ho

Non
icohengearmati
rert de
on: thon Coteret
tection is less cornplex
The
modutated Fsk
pndpass tlter d 4 u s torwarde dfrom the te
gpace
and
marh requencies trequencies equal
the inuarted signal onponerts oan be
So,
fromt h e
BPF Gthe elirinated
the two noditied FSk are applied 95
envelope tectors
de
This enuelope detector is a circuit houing adiode (o),
Posed upon the ip to the envelope detec tol it de vers
4he
olp signal
EThis envelope detector used in the arnpitude dermodulati
ro Ce 5S Based upon its lp t genercrtey the signal t,
then t is
torwarded to the thres hold deuice ey
his threhold deice gves the logic 16o tor the
Aerent treaquencies This Loould be equal to the origiral
narg ip equence
1Erelbpe
BPF de tectos
sk
delie
BPFa Ervelope
detectos
Genenaton detection o Coherert BPSk->
Gcrexator: -
generate the BPSk, toce build on the tact that the
+ To DSB -Sc modulation
pecial case
í5 a
Cornsisting
tuse a pIo duet modutator
Speifeally
too Compenents
encodey : the io bin ay data
i. Nen vetirn to zero level
oth
Stoquene is encoded inpolan torm
Rpresented by the nstont amplitud theIruelencoded
nulflas amplitud to
Produet medulaha : wheh amies d6
ret,
snusoida! pulses use asies
by the ting snuseidal
inany
produce the BP5k
Thethe
u e6 extoctedtom
omn
binay
the level encedednot n cessoly,
but
usually
master clock
th.
t'sço's,
sequence veceivey thot
binary toa
Detection onigínal eto is applied
tect the channel
4 o de
Signal at the
sections ippled ith
the ayi
BPSK tour also
Consists d modulatoy: which
is eplica
sinat that ís
Product
ference double Aho
genexated emove the
designed to modulator op E pass the
tow-pass fter:y the preduct
wave

components
components olp c the b
-ncytrequency
mpks the
Tero unionly
local elock goveyning
the cpena
tohich
Sampler: the cloek
i whee;the with
flto al synchronized
in the transmitte.
pass Samplex 6
-tiong the timing
sibletor bit Compares -he Sampled
Despon :
dev)ce wheh
Decision making olp to an ertenaly
y loo-pass filters thresholdi
the Conds. I the
Value o Se
Auplicd theshold,eVery
yonhol olvel.
i: decides in tou
CRC code is xx'43
* 1 geneathy poynormial fox
de iexmine chect
wOyd is I||| 00o0,
tresse
bits & code uord.
Sol
 Itl10C00oc
dd 4oes to toord ie,
mesSag

O0000

10100

L check bits
Add this check bits to nessage wosd. I4 remaindn
,zero ie, no eros I remainder iS hoteIo thexe
exvo in spec1bic position

1O10

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