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Basic Definitions Basic Definitions
Basic Definitions Basic Definitions
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06-01-2024
Basic Definitions Basic Definitions
Classification of Control System Basic Elements in Control Systems
• Major components a traditional control loop
has
– Sensor
– Controller
– FCE
(Final Control Element)
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Classification Classification
Classification
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Classification
Classification Classification
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Classification
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Feedback Systems Feedback Systems
• A generalised feedback system • By inspection of diagram we can add values
Xo Xo A
X i BX o
A or rearranging X i 1 AB
Feedback Systems Effects of Feedback Systems
• Thus • Effects of the product AB
Xo A – If AB is negative
Overall gain G
X i 1 AB • If AB is negative and less than 1, (1 + AB) < 1
• In this situation G > A and we have positive feedback
– If AB is positive
• If AB is positive then (1 + AB) > 1
• This the transfer function of the arrangement • In this situation G < A and we have negative feedback
• Terminology: • If AB is positive and AB >>1
• A is also known as the open-loop gain A A 1
G
1 AB AB B
• G is the overall or closed-loop gain
- gain is independent of the gain of the forward path A
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Effects of Feedback Systems Effects of Feedback Systems
• Consider the following example • We will use our active
Design an arrangement with a stable voltage gain of 100 using a amplifier for A and a stable
high-gain active amplifier. Determine the effect on the overall gain feedback arrangement for B
of the circuit if the voltage gain of the active amplifier varies from
100,000 to 200,000. Since we require an overall gain of 100
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• We will base our design on our standard feedback arrangement G
B
so we will use B = 1/100 or 0.01
Effects of Feedback Systems Effects of Feedback Systems
• Now consider the gain of the • Now consider the gain of the
circuit when the gain of the circuit when the gain of the
active amplifier A is 100,000 active amplifier A is 200,000
A 100 000 A 200 000
G G
1 AB 1 (100 000 0.01) 1 AB 1 (200 000 0.01)
100 000 200 000
1 1 000 1 2 000
99.90 99.95
1 1
B B
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Effects of Feedback Systems Feedback Characteristics
• Note that a change in the gain • Effects on Gain
of the active amplifier of 100% – Negative feedback produces a gain given by
causes a change in the overall A
G
gain of just 0.05 % 1 AB
• Thus the use of negative feedback makes the
gain largely independent of the gain of the – Feedback reduces the gain by a factor of 1 + AB
active amplifier – This is the price we pay for the beneficial effects of
negative feedback
• However, it does require that B is stable
Feedback Characteristics Feedback Characteristics
• Effects on frequency response • Effects on distortion and noise
– With feedback, we make the overall gain largely – Since feedback tends to stabilise the gain it also
independent of the gain of the active amplifier tends to reduce distortion - often by a factor of (1
– This has the effect of increasing the bandwidth + AB)
– Noise produced within an amplifier is also
reduced by negative feedback – again by a factor
of (1 + AB)
