Machine Drawing ----Contents (Theory) Hrs/week

Note: The teachers should use some of the practical hours for teaching basic
Theory during practical’s as required.

Unit -1 Sectional Views.

1.1 Types of sections
09 10
1.2 Conversion of pictorial view into sectional orthographic views (First Angle
Projection Method only)
Unit -2 Missing Views.
2.1 Draw missing view from the given Orthographic views - simple components 03 05
(First Angle Projection Method only)
Unit – 3 Isometric Projection
3.1 Conversion of Orthographic Views into Isometric view/projection (Including rectangular,
cylindrical objects, representation of slots on sloping as well 09 15
as plane surfaces)
Unit – 4 Projections of Solids.
4.1 Projections of Prism, Pyramid, Cone, Cylinder, Tetrahedron, Cube with their axes 06 05
inclined to one reference plane and parallel to other.
Unit – 5 Sections of Solids.
5.1 Solids: -Prism, Pyramid, Cone, Cylinder, Tetrahedron, Cube.
5.2 Cone, Pyramid and Tetrahedron resting on their base on Horizontal Plane.
5.3 Prism, Cylinder: -a)Axis parallel to both the reference plane 09 10
b) Resting on their base on HP.
5.4 Section plane inclined to one reference plane and perpendicular to other.

Unit – 6 Developments of Surfaces.

Developments of Lateral surfaces of cube, prisms, cylinder,
06 05
pyramids, cone and their applications such as tray, funnel, Chimney, pipe
bends etc.
Unit – 7 Free Hand Sketches
7.1 Free hand sketches of nuts, bolts, rivets, threads, split pin, foundation bolts, 06 10
keys and couplings.
Total 48 60
Practical
Skills to be Developed
List of Practical
Intellectual skill Motor Skill
1.Sectional View 1)To interpret sectional views Develop ability to draw
- (Total 2 Sheets) of given object. sectional views
Two objects by First Angle Projection Using computer.
Method – (1 Sheet)

Redraw the same sheet using CAD

- (1 Sheet)

2. Isometric projection 1) Develop ability to differentiate between Develop ability to draw isometric views and
- (Total 2 sheets) isometric view and isometric projections. isometric projections from given orthographic
Two objects one by true scale and another by 2) To differentiate between views of an object using computer.
isometric scale
Isometric scale and true scale.
- (1 sheet)
Draw one sheet having two problems in each sheet using
CAD – ( Plot any one)

S. Missing Views 1) To interpret the missing 1) To develop ability to draw

Two problems by first angle projection view from given orthographic missing view from given
method - (1 Sheet) views. orthographic views.
 S. Projection of 1) To interpret the different
solids positions of solids with 1) To draw projections of
Two problems on two different solids, reference planes. different solids when axis is
one by axis of solid inclined to HP and parallel 2) To develop ability to inclined or perpendicular to one
to VP and another problem by axis of solid of the reference plane.
differentiate between true
inclined to VP and parallel to HP. – (1 Sheet)
length of axis and apparent
length of axis.
3) To develop ability to
differentiate between true shape
and apparent shape of solids.

S. Section of solids 1) To differentiate between

1) To develop ability to draw
Two problems on different solids. One true shape and apparent shape of
sectional orthographic views of
problem, section plane inclined to HP and section.
given solids, when it is cut by
perpendicular to VP and in another problem, 2) To interpret the positions of section plane in different position
section plane inclined to VP and section plane with reference with reference planes.
Perpendicular to HP. planes.
2) Ability to draw true shape of
- (1 Sheet)
section.

S. Development of S. Ability to draw the

S. Able to interpret the
surfaces development of
development of
Any two problems on development of surfaces of different
surfaces of different
surfaces of different objects. objects in different
solids.
- (1 Sheet) shapes.
S. To differentiate
S. Free Hand Sketches between
Any six figures on different topics. scale drawing and free hand 1) Develop ability to draw
- (1 Sheet) drawing. orthographic views of different
2) To differentiate between machine elements.
various parts of machine like
nuts, bolts, screws, different
threads, couplings etc.

List of Practice Oriented Projects:

To find out the total sheet metal required for a given object.
UNIT -01
Machine drawing
Machine drawing is a field of engineering graphics used to represent machines and their components, providing detailed information for
manufacturing, assembly, and maintenance through standardized drawings and symbols.
Machining drawings are the language of the manufacturing world, serving as the blueprint for turning raw materials into precision-
engineered components, including CNC machined parts.
There are two common styles of mechanical drawing – pictorial and orthographic drawings. information about the object in one view.
Styles of pictorial representation include isometric, oblique, and perspective drawings, with isometric projection being the most common.
What is Machine Drawing?
Machine Drawing is a specialized type of technical drawing that shows the details and specifications of mechanical components and
assemblies. It is used to represent the size, shape, material, and manufacturing method of machine parts.It is essential in mechanical
engineering, manufacturing, and product design.
Types of Machine Drawings
1. Assembly Drawing
 Shows how various parts of a machine fit together.
 May include exploded views or sectional views.
 Used during assembly and maintenance.
2. Part Drawing (Detail Drawing)
 Focuses on a single component.
 Includes all necessary views (front, top, side), dimensions, tolerances, and material specifications.
 Used for manufacturing a specific part.
3. Exploded View Drawing
  Shows parts separated but positioned to indicate how they fit together.
 Often used in instruction manuals.
4. Sectional Drawing
 A cut-through view to show internal features not visible from the outside.
 Useful for complex internal components like gearboxes or pumps.
5. Schematic Diagram
 Represents the function of the machine or part rather than its physical appearance (e.g., hydraulic or electrical circuits).
Standard Conventions in Machine Drawing

1. Lines Used
Purpose
Line Type
Thick continuous Visible edges and outlines

Thin continuous Dimension lines, extension lines

Dashed Hidden features

Chain (long dash-short dash) Centerlines

Zig-zag / break lines Interrupted parts

2. Dimensioning
 Always in mm (unless otherwise noted).
 Includes:
o Linear dimensions (length, width, depth)
o Angular dimensions
o Diameter (⌀) and Radius (R)
3. Tolerances
 Allowable variation in dimensions.
 Important for parts that must fit together precisely.
 Specified using limits or general tolerance notes.
4. Surface Finish Symbols
 Indicate how smooth a surface should be.
 Shown as checkmark-like symbols with roughness values (e.g., Ra 3.2 μm).
5. Material & Heat Treatment Notes
 Often mentioned in the title block or near the part drawing.
 E.g., Material: Mild Steel, Hardening: 58 HRC

Views in Machine Drawing

 Orthographic Views – Top, front, and side views
 Isometric Views – 3D-like representation
 Sectional Views – Internal features through cutting planes

Title Block
Every machine drawing usually includes a title block, containing:
 Part name
 Drawing number
 Scale
 Material
 Drafter’s name
 Date
 Revision history
 VIEWS
Views are one of the important parameters in engineering drawings. Based on the different types of views, the shape and size of the
object/part are shown properly to the observer. Views significantly contribute to how the overall design is understood.
The real-life object/part is a three-dimensional structure, which is to be represented accurately in two-dimensional sheets. This is where
the views play a pivotal role in representing objects.
Various types of views in engineering drawing are used to represent different sides and shapes/sizes of objects. Views are always related
to projections.
TYPES OF VIEWS
Types of views
The following are the different types of views often used in engineering drawing:
1. Isometric view (dimetric and trimetric view)
2. Orthographic view (front, side, top, bottom and back views)
3. Section view
Isometric view
Isometric drawings show parts as three-dimensional. The horizontal lines (parallel lines) are drawn with a 30° angle to the horizontal axis
and the vertical line of the parts are normal to the vertical axis or perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
The term “isometric” is derived from the Greek word meaning “same measure”. Lines that are vertical and parallel are true in dimension.
If you directly measure the lines from the drawing with the help of a ruler, the scaling of the drawing easily measures the length of the
paper drawing.
Isometric drawings are a type of axonometric projection, used by product / industrial designers to help pitch new product concepts. These
are of two types:
1. Dimetric view
2. Trimetric view
Dimetric view
A dimetric view is a way to project the object such that two faces are more inclined than the third one.
In this type of view, the parallel lines are the same in length, the vertical lines are not the same in the length in the view. But in actuality,
all the sides are of the same in length.
Trimetric view
A trimetric view is the type of view where the projection of the three angles between the axes is unequal. There is a separate scale needed
to create a trimetric view.

 Orthographic view
An orthographic view/projection is a way of representing 3D objects in two dimensions. A 2D view has to effectively convey
everything necessary for part production. This kind of representation allows avoiding any kind of distortion of lengths.
There are different types of views under orthographic views, such as front, back, right, left, top and bottom views.
As the names suggest, the front view shows the front face of the model and so on. Essentially, the front, side and top views are
sufficient to show the detail of a simple 3D model in a two-dimensional sheet. For complex 3D models, more than three views
would be needed, as per requirements. The following example shows a simple 3D model in different orthographic views.

 Section view
A section view can easily display part features that are not visible/clear at the first glance. The cross-section is the preferred option
compared to hidden lines as it brings more clarity. Hidden lines can take away the detailing of the drawing, and the drawing becomes
complex if we try adding internal features.
The cross-hatching feature is an indicator for cross-sectional views. The portions which cut in the solid model are essentially hatched.The
below example demonstrates a section view:

The line A-A in the side view represents where the model is cut. In this model, the mid portion is exactly cut.
 TYPE SOF SECTIONAL VIEWS
In technical drawing and engineering graphics, sectional views are used to show the internal features of a part or assembly that would be
hidden in a standard exterior view. There are several types of sectional views, each used depending on the complexity and shape of the
object. Here's a breakdown:
1. Full Section
 The object is cut completely along a single plane.
 The front half is removed to show the internal structure.
 Used when a single straight cut reveals all necessary internal features.
2. Half Section
 One-quarter of the object is removed (cut along two perpendicular planes).
 One half remains as an exterior view, and the other half as a sectional view.
 Used for symmetrical objects like cylinders or bearings.
3. Offset Section
 The cutting plane is bent or offset to pass through important internal features that aren't in a straight line.
 The resulting section looks straight but follows the bent path.
 Ideal for showing complex interiors without multiple views.
4. Broken-Out Section
 Only a small portion of the object is cut away using a jagged or irregular line (break line).
 The rest of the object remains untouched.
 Used to expose localized interior features without a full section.
5. Revolved Section
 A thin slice is taken and revolved 90° in place to show the cross-section.
 Commonly used in shafts, rods, or symmetrical parts.
 Keeps the drawing compact.
6. Removed Section
 Similar to a revolved section, but the section is moved (removed) from the object and placed elsewhere on the drawing.
 Often labeled (e.g., Section A-A).
7. Aligned Section
 The cutting plane is bent to follow features like holes or arms that aren't in a straight line, but it is shown as if straight in the
view.
 Often used in circular parts like crankshafts.
8. Assembly Section
 Used in assembly drawings to show how components fit together.
 Typically shows half the assembly in section and half in full view.
Steps to Convert Pictorial View into Sectional Orthographic Views:
1. Understand the Object Geometry
 Identify visible and hidden features: holes, slots, pockets, etc.
 Visualize where internal features lie.
 Decide which plane will best show the interior.
2. Choose the Type of Section View
Based on the complexity and symmetry:
 Full Section → For symmetrical, simple parts.
 Half Section → For symmetrical objects with both interior and exterior features.
 Offset Section → If internal features are not aligned.
 Broken-Out Section → For focusing on a small internal area.
3. Draw the Cutting Plane on the Pictorial View
 Represent the cutting plane with a line (labeled as A-A, B-B, etc.).
 The arrows show the viewing direction.
 In CAD or manual drawing, this is usually done with a thick dashed line.
4. Project the Sectional View
 Project the sliced part onto the appropriate orthographic view (front, top, or side).
 Draw the cut surfaces with hatching lines (typically 45° lines).
 Remove the material in front of the cutting plane.
 Keep the uncut portion behind the plane visible.
5. Add Labels and Dimensions
 Label the section (e.g., “Section A-A”).
 Include centerlines, dimensions, and feature annotations.
 Hidden lines are usually omitted in sectional views unless needed for clarity.