COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Unit 11: Computer Networks. Part I

Sistemas Informáticos
Juan José Martínez Zaballos - IES SERRA PERENXISA
 Dedication : 20 hours
INDEX

1. Introduction 5. Hardware Network Components

2. Types of Networks 5.1. Network Interface Card
3. Architecture 5.2. Media
3.1. Topology 5.2.1. Wired
3.2. Layers and Protocols 5.2.2. Wireless
4. Internet Layer 5.3. Modem
4.1. IPv4 y IPv6 5.4. HUB
4.2. Special addresses 5.5. Switch
4.3. IP Addressing / Network Mask 5.6. Router
4.4. IPv4 Classes
4.5. Subnetting
4.6. Routing
4.7. NAT
1. Introduction

The evolution of computer science is parallel to the evolution of networks technologies. Those
that allow connect computers and interchange information.

SENDER CODE CHANNEL DECODE RECEIVER

INTERFACE INTERFACE
1. Introduction

Elements

● Message: the information to transmit.

● Sender/Receiver: the device that sends/receives the message. They are usually called hosts.
● Channel: it is the medium that transmits the message.
● Transducer: the device which converts the message in a signal to be transmitted. For
instance, in a human, the vocal cords or the ears or, in a computer, the network card.
● Accessory elements: elements that help make communication better: a telephone, an
antenna or, in computer networks, a hub, a router, a repeater…
● Protocols: the sets of rules that control the data flow and define physical parameters of the
other components in the communications system.
1. Introduction

Computer Network Objectives

● Share Information
● Share Services
● Share Resources

Benefits
● Enhance the communication options
● Reduce costs
● Improve the efficiency
● Improve services availability
● …
2. Types of Networks

There are many criteria to classify Networks

GEOGRAPHIC AREA

● LAN (Local Area Network): The main feature is that the distance between computers should be
small (from a room to a few kilometres). They are widely used to connect personal computers and
workstations in company and factory offices in order to share resources (printers, etc.) and
exchange information.
● WAN (Wide Area Network): It is a type of network that covers distances of between 100 and 1,000
kilometres, which allows it to provide connectivity to several cities or even a whole country. They
are usually implemented by a company or an organization for private use, or even by an Internet
Service Provider (ISP), to provide connectivity to all its customers

● PAM (Personal Area Network) : standard IEEE 802.15. Types of technologies: Bluetooth, Zigbee or NFC
● MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) : Bigger than a LAN, usually a city or campus
 2. Types of Networks

SERVICES PHYSICAL MEDIA

● Client - Server: Some computers (clients) demand ● Wired
services and others, the servers, offer ● Wireless
them. ● Hybrid
● Peer to Peer: all computers can work as both
clients and servers PRIVACY OR OWNERSHIP
● Public Access
TYPE OF COMMUNICATIONS ● Private Access
● Simplex: one direction ● VPN (Virtual Private Network)
● Half -Duplex: both directions but not at the
same time.
● Duplex: both directions and simultaneous
3. Architecture

Include the Topology and communications Protocols.

Topology: refers to the physical form in which the network hosts are connected.

Protocols :

A protocol in computer networks is a set of rules and standards that define how data is transmitted and
received between devices. These rules ensure that different systems can communicate efficiently,
regardless of their underlying hardware or software differences.

Protocols operate at various layers of a network, as defined by models like the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model and the TCP/IP model.
3.1 Topology

Wired Networks Topologies

● Bus
● Star
● Ring
● Tree
● Mesh
● All connected
● Line

Important : Definition, Advantages, Disadvantages

Open discussion in class.

3.1 Topology

Wireless Networks Topologies

● Wireless Infrastructure
● Ad-hoc
Require Access Point equipment
Do not require an Access Point. Also
known as peer to peer
3.1 Topology

Logical Map: scheme to allow represent the

different elements of a network : host,
servers, network infrastructure, media,
sub-networks, etc, … Programs to help :
Cisco Packet Tracer, GNS3, Dynamips.

Physical Map: additionally it is represented

the real space where the infrastructure is
located. Software programs to help :
Smart-Draw, Microsoft Visio,
 3.1 Topology
Feature Cisco Packet Tracer GNS3 Dynamips

Developer Cisco Community-driven Community-driven

Purpose Network simulation and learning Advanced network emulation Cisco router emulation

Complexity Easy to use, designed for beginners More complex, requires real images Technical, used inside GNS3

Supported Devices Simulated Cisco devices Real Cisco images, third-party Cisco routers only
devices

Operating System Windows, macOS, Linux Windows, macOS, Linux Windows, macOS, Linux (used via GNS3)

Hardware Low High (depends on images used) Medium

Requirements

Realism Limited, uses simulated behavior High, real IOS images High, real IOS images

Usage Scenario Learning and certification practice Advanced network design and testing Used inside GNS3 to emulate Cisco
(CCNA, CCNP) routers

Free/Paid Free (by Cisco) Free (open-source) Free (open-source)

 3.2 Layers and protocols. Definitions

1. Protocols 3. Layers

A protocol is a set of rules that define how data is transmitted In networking, layers are levels in a structured model that break
and received between devices in a network. down communication processes into smaller, manageable tasks.
Each layer has a specific role and interacts with the layers
Example: The HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) governs above and below it.
how web browsers and servers communicate, allowing you to
load websites. Example: In the OSI model, the Transport Layer is
responsible for ensuring data is delivered reliably using
2. Standard protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).

A standard is an agreed-upon set of guidelines developed by 4. Protocol Stack

organizations to ensure interoperability and compatibility
between different technologies and systems. A protocol stack is a collection of multiple protocols that work
together across different layers to enable complete network
Example: IEEE 802.11 defines the standard for Wi-Fi networks, communication.
allowing devices from different manufacturers to connect
wirelessly. Example: The TCP/IP stack consists of four layers (Link,
Internet, Transport, and Application), with protocols like IP
Organizations: ISO, IEEE, IETF. (Internet Protocol) for addressing and TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol) for reliable communication.
3.2 Layers and protocols
3.2 Layers and protocols

Link Layer
3.2 Layers and protocols
https://www.educatica.es/redes/3-modelo-osi-y-pila-de-protocolos-tcp-ip/

ACT 01 : Work in two tables with the following columns to be fulfilled for the OSI Model

Level Name Function Data Unit

1
3.2 Layers and protocols
ACT 01 : Work in two tables with the following columns to be fulfilled for the TCP/IP Model

Level Name Function Examples

4 Application
Layer

3 Transport
Layer

2 Internet
Layer

1 Link Layer
 3.2 Layers and protocols. TCP / IP

ACT 02 : Research all the protocols in one particular layer and prepare one slide with the most
important things to be compared. (Applications Protocols will be splitted in two)
 3.2 TCP / IP . Port Number

https://smalltec.es/puerto-tcp/#:~:text=Los%20puertos%20TCP%20funcionan%20como,origen%20y
%20el%20de%20destino.

It is used to identify the final destination of the data. Main functions:

● To differentiate services inside the same computer.
● To Manage the connections properly and reliable

Each protocol has a default port to be used.

IP Address + Port Number = socket

Port number = 16 bits (0 - 65535)

● 0 - 1023 : Reserved by well known apps and services
● 1024 - 49151 : used by user applications and reserved
● 49152 - 65535 : private and dynamics.
4. Internet Layer. 4.1 IPv4

IP ADDRESS

Necessary to address and route packets (datagrams). Each Network Interface inside the computer have a
unique IP Address.

IPv4 : 32 bits = 4 groups of 8 bits. Representation: 4 decimal numbers (0-255) separated by points
4. Internet Layer. IPv6

IPv6 : 128 bits = 8 groups of 16 bits.

Representation: 8 groups of 4 Hex Numbers separated by two points

Conventions: Zeros at the left could be avoided. 15BA:0000:0000:0000:0000:20EF:2020:2200 eq to 15BA:0:0:0:0:20EF:2020:2200

When there is no confusion Zeros in between could be also missed : 15BA::20EF:2020:2200

Network ID is represented by left 64 bits and Host ID right 64 bits.

Network ID = 15BA:: / HOST ID = 20EF:2020:2200

4.2 Special Addresses

● Loopback Address :

It is referenced as you own local network interface. It used to be 127.0.0.1

localhost - the purpose should be testing.

● Broadcast Address:

It is used to send a message to all the host in your local network. All the host bits to 1 for the IP network
address.

● IP Private and Public : Any network component has a unique IP Address.

Public : The ones visible in Internet, assigned by Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Privates : The ones in your own LAN.

NAT (Network Address Translator) : Technical mechanism to translate Privates IPs into Public IPs for
communications with an equipment in the internet world.
4.3 IP Addressing / Network Mask

IP Address (v4) : 32 bits = Network Identifier + Host Identifier

Network mask : binary number to allow obtain the Network Identifier with an AND operation.

Example : IPv4 Network : 192.168.0.0 / Network Mask : 255.255.255.0 : 192.168.0.0/24

Computer IP = 192.168.0.32

192.168.0.32 AND 255.255.255.0 = 192.168.0.0

24 bits dedicated to the network and 16 dedicated to the hosts

4.4 IPV4 classes

Notes : 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 not used (your own interface, testing purposes). 0.0.0.0 not used

PRIVATE NETWORK RANGES RESERVED :

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255, 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

4.4 IPV4 classes

DEFAULT NETWORK :

This is the IP address for the device to allow you connect to Internet.

It is usually the one that finished in 1. Examples : 10.0.2.1 or 192.168.0.1

PRACTICAL EXERCISES:

https://www.educatica.es/redes/ejercicios-de-redes/2/
4.5 Subnetting

● Number of IP address is finite and a limited resource. To optimize the number of IP is introduce the
concept of Subnetting.

Example:

192.168.40.0/24 : This is a Private Network Type C

Network mask : 255.255.255.0 : 8 bits dedicated to Host ->

2 ^8 - 2 Host Available - remove 192.168.40.0 (Network IP ) and 192.168.40.255 (Broadcast IP).

Host Available = 254 From 192.168.40.1 to 192.168.40.254

Subnetting means to divide the network into several Subnetworks. The process consists of including in
the network address (in addition to the ID network) some other bits: the subnet ID, which is obtained by
"stealing" bits to the host ID.
4.5 Subnetting

● Number of IP address is finite and a limited resource. To optimize the number of IP is introduce the
concept of Subnetting.

Example:

192.168.40.0/24 : This is a Private Network Type C

Network mask : 255.255.255.0 : 8 bits dedicated to Host ->

2 ^8 - 2 Host Available - remove 192.168.40.0 (Network IP ) and 192.168.40.255 (Broadcast IP).

Host Available = 254 From 192.168.40.1 to 192.168.40.254

Subnetting means to divide the network into several Subnetworks. The process consists of including in
the network address (in addition to the ID network) some other bits: the subnet ID, which is obtained by
"stealing" bits to the host ID.
 4.5 Subnetting. Example 1
Clase C : 24 Bits Red / 8 Bits de Host
 4.5 Subnetting. Example 2
SubNet Addresses:
24 Bits Red / 1 Bit SubRed + 7 Bits de Host
192.168.0.0

192.168.0.128
4.5 Subnetting.

Practical Exercises:
https://www.educatica.es/redes/ejercici
os-de-redes/3/
 Planification Exercises

One of the main important challenges it is planning the IP addressing of one complete network
dependent on the organization requirements.

Practical Exercises:
https://www.educatica.es/redes/8-direccionamiento-ip-subredes/3/
4.6 Routing. 4.7 Nat

Routing is the technique that allows to move a package from one computer to another, even if they
belong to different networks.

NAT (Network Address Translation). It the technique that allows the information to be transmitted from
a public IP to private IPs and vice versa transparently for the user.

https://www.educatica.es/redes/7-funcionamiento-de-la-comunicacion-en-redes-ip/
5. Hardware Networks components

https://www.educatica.es/redes/4-dispositivos-de-red/

5.1 Network Interface Card (NIC)

Connect the computer with the Media. Wired or Wireless

They work between the physical and link layer (OSI Model). Level 1 and 2.

Physically identified by a Unique ID = MAC Address (Media Access Card,

Example in HEX : 00:35:AA:28:5F:69 (24 bits for producer : 24 for card network identifier)
5.2 Media

Wired :

● Twisted Pairs: UTP, FTP, STP

Category 5 : 100 Mbps, 5e or 6: 1 Gbps, ..

Cross Cable to connect same devices

Direct to connect a computer to a switch

5.2 Media

Wired :

● Coaxial cable:

Good for isolating interferences

● Optical Fiber

Best performance to be immune to electromagnetic interferences

Monomode / Multimode
5.2 Media

Wireless: The information is sent by electromagnetic signals that are propagated by air or in space.

● Wifi : IEEE 802.11

● WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) : IEEE 802.16
● Bluetooth : IEEE 802.15
● NFC (Near Field Communications) : ISO/IEC 14443
● Zibbee, Z-wave o Thread. Domotic components. IEEE 802.15.4
● IrDA: Infrared

Bandwidth, Throughput, Latency : Define the QoS

5.2 Media
5.4 / 5.5 / 5.6 Equipment

Hub : A Hub is a device with several connection ports and whose task is to forward the packet received by one of
the ports to the rest, previously amplifying it. Share the bandwidth connection.

Switch : A switch is an intelligent HUB. The switch stores a table with the MAC address of the computer
connected to each port. When a packet (message) is sent from one computer to another, the switch re-transmits
the packet only to the destination port.

Router : It works on the Internet layer, so it understands IP addresses. So, it can determine the path that a packet
must follow to reach a computer that is not included in any segment of the local network. That is, the router is able
to decide whether the packet is directed to a computer in the local network or to one of the external networks
and to route it correctly (adding the necessary information to the packet so that the recipient knows who to
respond to). To do it, it has at least two NIC connected to different networks (local and external).

WAP (Wireless Access Point): Network equipment to interconnect computers through wireless media. (Wifi).

https://www.educatica.es/redes/4-dispositivos-de-red/8/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHrZJtJ1OgM