THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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adult [ˈædʌlt], [əˈdʌlt] дорослий
appendicular skeleton [ˌæpənˈdɪkjələ ˈskelət̬ən] апендикулярний скелет
average [ˈævərɪdʒ] середній, пересічний
axial skeleton [ˈæksiəl ˈskelət̬ən] осьовий скелет
be knit together [nɪt təˈɡeðə(r)] бути з’єднаним
birth [bɜːθ] народження
bone [bəʊn] кістка
breastbone [ˈbrestbəʊn] груднина, грудна кістка
covering [ˈkʌvərɪŋ] покриття, зовнішній шар
definite [ˈdefɪnət] визначений, певний
fiber [ˈfaɪbə(r)] волокно
fibrous [ˈfaɪbrəs] волокнистий
framework [ˈfreɪmwɜːk] каркас
function [ˈfʌŋkʃn] функція
injury [ˈɪndʒəri] травма
joint [dʒɔɪnt] суглоб
junction [ˈdʒʌŋkʃn] з’єднання
layer [ˈleɪə(r)] шар
membrane [ˈmembreɪn] мембрана, оболонка
motor apparatus [ˈməʊtə(r) ˌæpəˈreɪtəs] руховий апарат
movement [ˈmuːvmənt] рух
muscle [ˈmʌsl] м’яз
nerve [nɜːv] нерв
pelvis [ˈpelvɪs] таз
periosteum [ˌperɪˈɒstiəm] окістя, надкісниця
protection [prəˈtekʃn] захист
rib [rɪb] ребро
shoulder girdle [ˈʃəʊldə ˈɡɜːdl] плечовий пояс
skull [skʌl] череп
spine [spaɪn] хребет
spongy [ˈspʌndʒi] губчастий
structure [ˈstrʌktʃə(r)] структура
substance [ˈsʌbstəns] речовина
supply [səˈplaɪ] постачати
support [səˈpɔːt] підтримка; підтримувати
tissue [ˈtɪʃuː] тканина
vital [ˈvaɪtl] життєво важливий
The bony structure of the body is called the skeleton. It is a framework of the
body. The average adult skeleton has around 206 bones. At birth there are around 270
bones in the skeleton. Bones are knit together by fibrous tissues. The junction
between two bones is called a joint.
Bones have a complex structure. They consist of compact and spongy bony
substance. Bones contain organic and inorganic substances. Each bone is supplied
with nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels. Bones have the outer covering called the
periosteum. It is a fibrous membrane which has two layers. The outer layer performs
a protective function. The inner one contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels.
Bones are classified by their shape as long, short, flat, and irregular.
The skeleton performs functions of support, movement, and protection. The
supporting function includes supporting all the organs and giving the body a definite
form and position. The skeleton with muscles form motor apparatus which allows
movement. Bones protect the central nervous system and vital organs from external
injuries. Bones also produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.
Bones are grouped into two categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton. The axial skeleton is the central supporting part of the body. It is composed
of the skull, spine, ribs, and breastbone. The appendicular skeleton consists of the
upper and lower limbs, which include the shoulder girdle and the pelvis.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the skeleton?
2. How many bones are there in the adult skeleton?
3. How many bones does the skeleton contain at birth?
4. What do bones consist of?
5. What is the periosteum?
6. What functions does the skeleton perform?
7. What do bones protect vital organs from?
8. What categories are bones grouped?
9. What is the axial skeleton?
10. What is appendicular skeleton composed of?
SUMMARY
The bony structure of the body is called the skeleton. It is a framework of the
body. The average adult skeleton has around 206 bones. Bones are knit together by
fibrous tissues.
Bones consist of compact and spongy bony substance. Bones contain organic
and inorganic substances. Each bone is supplied with nerves, blood and lymphatic
vessels. Bones have the outer covering called the periosteum. Bones are classified by
their shape as long, short, flat, and irregular.
The skeleton performs functions of support, movement, and protection. Bones
also produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bones are grouped into
two categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
