Data analysis
Data analysis is a process of data QC, understanding the data and preparing Inputs for Property
Modeling. In petrel we do discrete data analysis & Petreophysical data analysis and prepare inputs for
Facies Modeling & Petrophysical modeling respectively.
Statistical Discrete Data Analysis:
Petrel provides statistical discrete data analysis functions including vertical facies proportion, facies
thickness, facies probability, and discrete (indicator) variogram analysis. These functions allow you to
quality check the input well data, understand statistical facies variation, and prepare input for facies
modeling.
The data analysis results can, together with the conceptual sedimentological model, be used in the
facies modeling process to build a more realistic facies model. This analysis is the first step in facies
modeling and can be performed after an upscaled facies property is available.
In Data analysis process for discrete properties the following functionalities are available:
Facies Proportion : vertical facies variation
Facies Thickness : thickness of individual facies intervals
Facies Probability : calibration with secondary attributes
Discrete Variogram : spatial facies continuity
Vertical Proportion
A method to investigate and edit the vertical
distributions of each facies in a selected zone.
Applied as vertical probability curves based on the
original fraction of facies in each K-layer. The
probability of using the given fractions is given by a
curve that can be edited manually.
Thickness Histogram
This analysis allows you to review the thickness distribution
for each facies type. This particular analysis is for
informative purposes only (no editing is supported). The
information may serve as geometry input to subsequent
facies modeling (e.g., thickness distributions for object
modeling). The bin interval can be specified in project units
to increase / decrease the resolution. In this example, with
the given bin interval of 4m lobe facies from 12 to 32m,
channel facies from 24-28m & levee varies from 4-20m.
Probability
Shows the relationship between the original upscaled facies and the secondary attribute, which must
exist in the cells to be populated (e.g. seismic attribute that have been sampled into the same 3D grid).
This relationship can be used both with the Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) and the Truncated
Gaussian Simulation algorithms.
It is important that the secondary property has a good correlation (positive or negative) to the facies. A
common secondary property to use is Acoustic impedance, as it correlates well with porosity which
again correlates well with standard clastic facies types. In this example of a channel ,levee and lobe
facies with increasing Impedence shale is more probable facies.
Variogram:
This analysis allows you to compute and model indicator variograms for each facies. Such variograms
serve as input to the Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) and to Truncated Gaussian Simulation, with
and without trends algorithms. Anisotropy (major direction and the ratio between the major and minor
range) may also indirectly provide valuable parameters for object modeling. It is generally recommened
to start with vertical variogram because this is generally better defined, establish a nugget based on this
and then use this nugget for horizontal variogram.
Indicator Variogram Calculation:
Variogram- Simbox mode
When doing data analysis for modeling
purposes the sample variogram must be
visualized in simbox [Link] simbox on
by clicking the Toggle simbox mode
icon.
For the horizontal/vertical direction: Use upscaled logs and simbox mode to ensure that only samples
from equivalent geological layers are compared.
Variogram- Search Cone
If the search cone is set up correctly, the sample variogram will automatically plot as well as data quality
will allow. Here you can see the concepts of direction, search radius, angular tolerance, bandwidth, lag,
and lag tolerance. Together, these parameters define lag ‘bins.’ Data pairs are identified based on a lag
bin methodology. All data pairs to the same base lag contribute to the experimental variogram value for
that respective lag distance.
Bandwidth: A distance cutoff used to prevent the lag bin search area from becoming too large (i.e.,
wide) at lag distances far from point of origin.
Angle Tolerance: It would be too restrictive to expect all pairs in a given direction to lie along the exact
line representing the selected direction. This tolerance provides some leeway so that data pairs can be
identified that approximate a given direction without being too restrictive.
Lag tolerance: Distance +/- the lag spacing within which data will be considered a belonging to a given
lag. Typically, this tolerance defaults to ½ the lag spacing. This ensures that all data pairs within the
maximum lag distance and angle tolerance-bandwidth end up contributing to some lag distance or
another.
Variogram Modeling Process
1. Vertical variogram model: usually plenty data available and easy to make
2. Fit the model variogram to the sample variogram- Spherical, Gaussian and exponential
3. Horizontal variogram model: usually limited data, hard to make a good variogram. This can be
inferred from implied from geology knowledge and can be derived from correlated data source.
